The Second Sino-Japanese War was a major invasion of eastern China by Japan preceding and during World War II. It ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945. In Chinese, the war is known as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance (中国人民抗日战争) or War of Resistance (抗战). The war is also known in Japan as HEI, the "C" Operation, The Chinese Invasion, or the Japanese-Chinese War (日中戦争, nicchuusensou,), which was a Strategic Plan made by the Japanese Army as part of their large-scale plans to control the Asian mainland. The early manifestations of this plan were commonly known as "China Incidents": Luokouchiao or Marco Polo Bridge Incident (for the reason that on this bridge occurred the first provocations that resulted in Japanese invasion); similarly, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was called the Mukden Incident. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... World map showing location of Asia A satellite composite image of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... Marco Polo, after a painting in Badia, Rome Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father and uncle, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited the Great... The Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, occurred in northern Manchuria when the Japanese blew up a section of their own railroad near Mukden (todays Shenyang). ...

These plans resulted in failure for the Japanese Armed Branch, much like The "Othsu" or The "B" Operation (Russian Invasion). Both plans only produced more trouble and grave losses with no real favorable results for the Japanese.

Chinese soldiers march to the front in 1939

Invasion of China

Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on the Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) on July 7, 1937. However, Chinese historians place the starting point at the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931. Following the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Guandong Army occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo (February 1932). Japan pressured China into recognising the independence of Manchukuo. China and Japan did not formally declare war against each other until after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, occurred in northern Manchuria when the Japanese blew up a section of their own railroad near Mukden (todays Shenyang). ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: ; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria (Northeastern China) which existed from 1931 to 1945. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Following the Battle of Lugou Bridge in 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Northern Shanxi as part of campaigns involving approximately 200,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers. Chinese historians estimated that as many as 300,000 people died in the Nanjing Massacre, after the fall of Nanjing. Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ) is Chinas largest city and is situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta. ... Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking, formerly Jinling 金陵, Jiangning 江宁, and Tianjing 天京) is the central city of downstream Yangtze Basin and is a renowned historical and cultural city. ... Not to be confused with the neighboring province of Shaanxi Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... WOWSERS ... The Battle of Nanjing ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing in 1937 to Japanese troops two months after the Republic of China Government had evacuated the city and relocated to Chongqing. ...

This Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of open, though undeclared, war between China and Japan but also hastened the formal announcement of the second Kuomintang-Communist Party of China (CPC). The collaboration took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CPC. The distrust between the two parties, however, was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down after late 1938, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich Yangtze River Valley in central China. After 1940, conflicts between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional: 中國國民黨; Simplified: 中国国民党; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Length 6,380 km Elevation of the source  ? m Average discharge 31,900 m³/s Area watershed 1,800,000 km² Origin Qinghai Province and Tibet Mouth East China Sea Basin countries China The Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: 长江; Traditional Chinese: 長江; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng; Wade-Giles: Chang Chiang...

The Japanese had neither the intention nor the capability of directly administering China. Their goal was to set up friendly puppet governments that would be favorable to Japanese interests. However, the actions of the Japanese army made the governments that they did set up very unpopular, and the Japanese refused to negotiate with either the Kuomintang or the Communists, which could have brought popularity. Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Chinese Strategy

Compared to Japan, China was unprepared for war and had little military industrial strength, few mechanized divisions, and virtually no armor support. Up until the mid 1930s China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in an internal war against the Communists. All these disadvantages forced China to adopt a strategy whose first goal was to preserve its army strength, whereas a full frontal assault on the enemy would often prove to be suicidal. Also, pockets of resistance were to be continued in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. These formed the basis of Chinese strategy during the war, which can be divided into three periods: Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the First World War at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. ...

• First Period: July 7, 1937 (Battle of Lugou Bridge) - October 25, 1938 (Fall of Hankou (汉口)).
  • In this period, one key concept is the trading of "space for time" (Chinese: 以空间换取时间). The Chinese army would put up token fights to delay Japanese advance to northeastern cities, to allow the home front, along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat further west into Chongqing (重庆) to build up military strength.
• Second Period: October 25, 1938 (Fall of Hankou) - July, 1944
  • During the second period, the Chinese army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of Changsha (长沙) numerous times.
• Third Period: July 1944 - August 15, 1945
  • This period employs general full frontal counter-offensive.

The three periods are each divided into finer phases. Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆; Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Ch ng; Wade-Giles: Chung-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four municipalities, which have provincial-level status. ... The term Battle of Changsha can refer to at least six separate events. ...

Stalemate and foreign aid

By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate. While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China, guerrilla fighting continued in the conquered areas. The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek struggled on from a provisional capital at Chongqing City; however, realizing that he also faced a threat from communist forces of Mao Zedong, he mostly tried to preserve the strength of his army and avoid heavy battle with the Japanese in the hopes of defeating the Communists once the Japanese left. Moreover, Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and unorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large. Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Chiang Kai-shek ( October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆; Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Wade_Giles: Chung_ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four municipalities, which have provincial_level status. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Mao. ...

Most military analysts predicted that the Chinese could not keep up the fighting with most of the war factories located in the prosperous areas under or near Japanese control. Other global powers were reluctant to provide any support — unless supporting an ulterior motive — because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war. They expected any support given to China might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the Kuomintang with the prospect of conquest within 3 months.

Germany and the Soviet Union did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theatre of World War II. The Soviet Union was exploiting the Kuomintang government to hinder the Japanese from invading Siberia, thus saving itself from a two-front war. Furthermore, the Soviets expected any major conflict between the Japanese and the Chinese to hamper any Kuomintang effort to remove the Communist Party of China (CCP) opposition or, in the best case, hoped to install a friendly Communist government surreptitiously after the dwindling of Kuomintang authority. Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport. Military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet war hero Georgy Zhukov, who witnessed the battle of Tai er zhuang (台儿庄). Siberian federal subjects of Russia Siberia ( Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Гео́ргий Константи́нович Жу́ков) (December 1, 1896 - June 18, 1974), Soviet military commander and politician, considered by many as one of the most successful field commanders of World War II. Prewar career Born into a peasant family in Strelkovka, Maloyaroslavets... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ...

Because of Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist policy and hopes of defeating the CCP, Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports. German military advisors modernized and trained the Chinese armies; Chinese officers (including Chiang's second son) were educated in and served in the German army before World War II.

Nevertheless the proposed 30 new divisions equipped with all German arms did not materialize as the Germans sided with the Japanese later in World War II.

Other prominent powers, including the United States of America, Britain and France, only officially assisted in war supply contracts up to the attack on Pearl Harbor in late 1941, when major influx of trained military personnels and supplies boosted Chinese chance of keeping up the fighting. In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Attack on Pearl Harbor Conflict World War II, Pacific War Date December 7, 1941 Place Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Result Japanese victory The Attack on Pearl Harbor occured on the morning of December 7, 1941, when planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo...

Unofficially, public opinion in the United States was becoming favorable to China. At the start of the 1930's, public opinion in the United States had tended to support the Japanese. However, reports of Japanese brutality added to Japanese actions such as the attack on the U.S.S. Panay swung public opinion sharply against Japan. By the start of 1941, the United States had begun to sponsor the American Volunteer Group otherwise known as the Flying Tigers to boost Chinese air defenses. In addition, the United States began an oil and steel embargo which made it impossible for Japan to continue operations in China without another source of oil from Southeast Asia. This set the stage for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Panay underway during the standardization trial off Woosung, China on 30 August 1928. ... For the airline, see Flying Tiger Line. ... For the airline, see Flying Tiger Line. ... In international commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce and trade with a certain country. ... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ...

Joseph Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek

With that attack, both the United States and China officially declared war against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek received some supplies from the United States once the conflict was escalated to the Asian theatre of WWII, and he was appointed Commander-in-chief of the China war zone by the Allies in 1942. Notoriously poor relations between General Joseph Stilwell and Chiang led to Stilwell's devious criticism and his minimizing of the Chinese contribution in World War II in the American media and to President Franklin Roosevelt. The Allies thus underestimated the Chinese need for supplies and trained personnels. Stilwell also incited power struggles within the Kuomintang which eventually contributed to the rise of the CCP. photo courtesy of http://www. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... Chiang Kai-shek ( October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Stilwell in Burma (1942). ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... 1942 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ...

Both sides fought to a stalemate after 1941, mainly owing to the dispersion of Japanese forces through vast areas of China — Japan could not concentrate its superior armor and firepower. Guerilla activities behind the frontlines also meant constantly deploying stationary Japanese forces in major cities and at road and rail junctions. Control over the countryside and villages gradually swung towards the CCP and Kuomintang. 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... A frontline is a line of confrontation in an armed conflict, most often a war. ...

The United States saw the Chinese theater as a means to tie up a large number of Japanese troops, as well as being a possible location for American airbases. In 1944, as the Japanese position in the Pacific was deteriorating fast, they launched Operation Ichigo to attack the airbases which had begun to operate. This brought the Hubei (湖北), Henan (河南), and Guangxi (广西) provinces under Japanese administration. Not to be confused with the unrelated province of Hebei Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei, also seen as Hupeh), abbreviated to 鄂 (pinyin: È, WG: O), a province of the Peoples Republic of China, lies to the north of the Dongting Lake, giving it the... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan and Hunan Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... Guangxi (Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; pinyin: Guǎngxī; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Nevertheless the Japanese prospect of transferring their troops to fight the Americans was in vain and they only committed the Guandong Army from Manchuria in their "Sho plan", which later facilitated the Soviet advancement after the Soviet war declaration on August 8, 1945. The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: ; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Operation August Storm was the code name for the Soviet invasion of Japanese occupied Manchuria, Korea and southern Sakhalin Island during World War II. The Soviets agreed at the Yalta Conference to enter the war against Japan within 3 months of the end of the war in Europe. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Casualties assessment

The conflict lasted for 97 months and 3 days (measured from 1937 to 1945).

Chinese Casualties

• The Kuomintang fought in 22 major engagements, each of which involved at least one hundred thousand troops from both sides, and in just over 40,000 skirmishes.
• The CCP fought in 111,500 engagements of various sizes.
• The Chinese lost approximately 3.22 million soldiers. 9.13 million civilians died in crossfire, and another 8.4 million as non-military casualties.
• Property loss of the Chinese valued up to 383,301.3 million US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times of the GDP of Japan (770 million US dollars).
• In addition, the war created ninety-five million refugees.

Japanese Casualties

The Japanese recorded around 1.1 million military casualties, killed, wounded and missing.

The Chinese return to Liuchow in July 1945

The Chinese return to Liuchow in July 1945. ...

Aftermath

As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. However it was suddenly ended by the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan capitulated to the allies on August 14, 1945. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 and by the provisions of the Cairo Conference of 1943 the lands of Manchuria, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands reverted to China. However, the Ryukyu islands were maintained as Japanese territory. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the A-Bomb Dome, the closest building to have survived the citys atomic bombing. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Chiang, Roosevelt, and Churchill in Cairo, 11/25/1943 Photocopy of the Cairo Declaration, an unsigned press release The Cairo Conference of November 22- 26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: ; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... The Pescadores Islands (Chinese: 澎湖群島; Wade-Giles: Peng-hu; Pinyin: Pénghú, from Portuguese, fishermen) are an archipelago in the Taiwan Strait. ... The Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島 Ryūkyū-rettō) are an island group, the southern portion belonging to Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, and the northern part belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. ...

In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and the unsettled conditions in many parts of the country. The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted; they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government. After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreement's allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, to say the least. The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. ... A flood (in Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic languages; compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge. ... The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ...

The war left the Nationalists severely weakened and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile the war strengthened the Communists, both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At Yan'an and elsewhere in the "liberated areas," Mao was able to adapt Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts. The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China. In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power. His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as Mao Zedong Thought. With skillful organizational and propaganda work, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945. Soon, all out war broke out between the KMT and CPC, a war that would leave the Nationalists banished to Taiwan and a few outlying Fujianese islands and the Communists victorious on the mainland. The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) (Traditional Chinese: 人民解放軍, Simplified Chinese: 人民解放军, pinyin: Rénmín Jiěfàng Jūn), which includes an army, navy, air force, and strategic nuclear forces, serves as the military of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Fujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: Fújiàn; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal System Pinyin: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of China. ... In this map of China, the light-coloured areas represent Mainland China, while yellow coloured area refers to Taiwan. ...

Major figures

China: Nationalist

• Bai Chongxi (白崇禧)
• Chen Cheng (陈诚)
• Chiang Kai-Shek (蒋介石)
• Du Yuming (杜聿明)
• Fang Xianjue (方先觉)
• Feng Yuxiang (冯玉祥)
• Gu Zhutong (顾祝同)
• He Yingyin (何应钦) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Republic of China
• H. H. Kung (孔祥熙)
• Hu Zongnan (胡宗南)
• Li Zongren (李宗仁)
• Long Yun (龙云)
• Song Zheyuan (宋哲元)
• Soong May-ling (宋美龄)
• T. V. Soong (宋子文)
• Sun Lianzhong (孙连仲)
• Sun Liren (孙立人)
• Tang Enbai (汤恩伯)
• Tang Shengzhi (唐生智)
• Wang Jingwei (汪精卫)
• Wei Lihuang (卫立煌)
• Xue Yue (薛岳)
• Yan Xishan (阎锡山)
• Zhang Zhizhong (张治中)
• Zhang Zizhong (张自忠)

China: Communist Pai Chung-hsi (Chinese: 白崇禧, pinyin: Bái Chóngxǐ) (March 18, 1893 - December 1, 1966) was a general of the Republic of China (ROC) and former warlord. ... Chen Cheng (陳誠 Chén Chéng) (January 4, 1897 - March 5, 1965), was Vice President (1960 - 1965) and Premier (March 7, 1950 - June 7, 1954; June 30, 1958 - December 15, 1963) of the Republic of China and Chairman of Taiwan Province (1948). ... Chiang Kai-shek ( October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Du Yuming (py) or Tu Yü-ming (wg) (杜聿明) (1903-1981) was a Kuomintang field commander active in the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) theatre of World War II and in the Chinese civil war from 1945 to 1949. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Gu Zhutong(顾祝同)(1893～1987) Courtesy name:Moshan(墨山) Gu Zhutong was born in Lianshui,located in Jiangsu. ... H.H. Kung Kung Hsiang-hsi (孔祥熙, pinyin: Kǒng Xiángxī) (1881 - 1967), often known as H. H. Kung, was a wealthy Chinese banker and politician in the early 20th Century. ... Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元) (October 30, 1885-April 5, 1940) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and World War II. Born in the Zhaohong Village, northwest of downtown area of Leling County, Shandong Province, China, he was educated under his uncle from his mother side, a teacher of... Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Stilwell in Burma (1942). ... Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen (Chinese: 宋子文, pinyin: Sòng Zǐwén; 1894 - 1971), a prominent millionaire businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China, had Charlie Soong as a father and the Soong sisters as siblings. ... Sun Li-jen (Traditional Chinese: 孫立人; Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Lìrén]]) (November 19, 1899–November 19, 1990) was a Kuomintang general, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. ... Tang Shengzhi (唐生智) was a Chinese military commander during World War II. He was put in command of Nanking during the citys siege in December 1937 by the Japanese. ... Wang Jingwei (Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛, Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫, Hanyu Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi, Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (1883 - November 1944), was a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang and is most noted from breaking with Chiang Kai-Shek and forming a Japanese supported collaborationist government in Nanjing. ... Xue Yue (Chinese: 薛岳; pinyin: Xuē Yuè) (December 26, 1896 - December 26, 1998) was one of Nationalist Chinas best generals. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Zhāng Zìzhōng (Traditional Chinese: 張自忠, Simplified Chinese: 张自忠; Wade-Giles Chang Tzu-chung) (1891-May 16, 1940) was a Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ...

• Chen Yi (陈毅)
• Deng Xiaoping (邓小平)
• Lin Biao (林彪)
• Liu Bocheng (刘伯承)
• Liu Shaoqi (刘少奇)
• Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓)
• Mao Zedong (毛泽东)
• Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻)
• Peng Dehuai (彭德怀)
• Su Yu (粟裕)
• Xu Xiangqian (徐向前)
• Zhou Enlai (周恩来)
• Zhu De (朱德)

Japan Chen Yi (陳毅, Pinyin: Chén Yì; August 26, 1901 - June 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. ... Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping  listen? ( Simplified Chinese: 邓小平; Traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; pronounced Dung Shyao-ping; August 22, 1904— February 19, 1997) was a revolutionary elder in the Communist Party of China (CPC) who served as the de facto ruler of the Peoples... Lin Biao (林彪; pinyin: lín biāo; Wade-Giles: Lin Piao;) (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, once known as Mao Zedongs comrade-in-arms and likely successor, but later discredited as a traitor. ... Liu Bocheng (刘柏承; Wade-Giles: Liu Po-cheng; 1892-1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander. ... Liú Shàoqí (Simplified Chinese: 刘少奇 Traditional Chinese: 劉少奇 Wade-Giles: Liu Shao-chi) (November 24, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was a leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Peoples Republic of China. ... Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓, Wades-Giles: Lo Jung-huan, November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Chinese communist military leader. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Mao. ... Nie Rongzhen (Simplified Chinese: 聂荣臻, Traditional Chinese: 聶榮臻, py: Niè Róngzhēn Wade-Giles:Nieh Jung-chen) (1899-1992) was a Chinese Communist military leader. ... Péng Déhuái (T. Chinese: 彭德懷, S. Chinese: 彭德怀, Wade-Giles: Peng Te-huai) (1898 - November 29, 1974) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader. ... Su Yu (粟裕) (August 10, 1907 - February 5, 1984) was a Chinese Communist military leader. ... Xu Xiangqian (徐向前; Wade-Giles:Hsu Hsiang-chen) (November 8, 1901 - September 21, 1990) was a prominent Communist military leader in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: 周恩来; Traditional Chinese: 周恩來; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Chinese Communist leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death. ... Zhu De Zhū Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: Yùjiē 玉阶) (December 1886 - July 6, 1976) was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. ...

• Anami Korechika (阿南惟幾)
• Abe Nobuyuki (阿部信行)
• Doihara Kenji (土肥原 賢二)
• Fumimaro Konoe (近衛 文麿)
• Kanji Ishiwara (石原莞爾)
• Koiso Kuniaki (小磯國昭)
• Hata Shunroku (畑 俊六)
• Honma Masaharu (本間雅晴)
• Isogai Rensuke (磯谷廉介)
• Itagaki Seishiro (板垣征四郎)
• Matsui Iwane (松井石根)
• Mutaguchi Renya (牟田口 廉也）
• Nakajima Kesago (中島今朝吾)
• Nagumo Chuichi (南雲忠一)
• Nishio Toshizo (西尾壽造)
• Nomura Kichisaburo (野村吉三郎)
• Okamura Yasuji (岡村寧次)
• Umezu Yoshijiro (梅津美治郎)
• Sakai Takashi (酒井隆)
• Sugiyama Hajime (杉山元)
• Suzuki Kantaro (鈴木貫太郎)
• Terauchi Hisaichi (寺内寿一)
• Tojo Hideki (東條英機)
• Yamaguchi Tamon (山口多聞)
• Yamamoto Isoroku (山本五十六)
• Yamashita Tomoyuki (山下奉文)

Others Korechika Anami (阿南 惟幾 Anami Korechika, 1887_1945) was a Japanese general in World War II. In April of 1945 he was made the War Minister of Japan, giving him great power in Japan as a member of the Japanese Cabinet and the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War. ... Nobuyuki Abe (阿部 信行 November 24, 1875–September 7, 1953) was a Japanese soldier and politician, and was the 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940. ... Kenji Doihara (土肥原 賢二 Doihara Kenji, 1883 - December 23, 1948) was a Japanese spy who served in northeastern China since 1913. ... Fumimaro Konoe (近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) (sometimes Konoye, October 12, 1891–December 16, 1945) was a Japanese politician and the 34th (June 4, 1937–January 5, 1939), 38th (July 22, 1940–July 18, 1941) and 39th (July 18, 1941–October 18, 1941) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Kanji Ishiwara (石原 莞爾, 1889 - 1949) was a Japanese military officer in the Guandong Army. ... Kuniaki Koiso Kuniaki Koiso (小磯 国昭 Koiso Kuniaki, March 22, 1880–November 3, 1950) was the 41st Prime Minister of Japan from July 22, 1944 to April 7, 1945. ... Itagaki Seishiro (板垣 征四郎) (1885-1948) was a Japanese military officer in the Guandong Army. ... Gen. ... Categories: People stubs | 1887 births | 1944 deaths | Japanese military leaders | Japanese World War II people | Imperial Japanese Navy admirals | Suicides ... General Yoshijiro Umezu (梅酢芳次郎 Umezu Yoshijirō, 1882-1949) was the chief commander of the Japanese army in World War II. Along with War Minister Korechika Anami and Soemu Toyoda, Chief of Staff of the Navy, Umezu opposed surrender in August of 1945; he believed that the military should fight on... Takashi Sakai (酒井 隆 Sakai Takashi; 1887–September 30, 1946) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. He commanded the Japanese Army at the Battle of Hong Kong and was later captured and sentenced to death for war crimes. ... Admiral Kantarō Suzuki (鈴木 貫太郎 Kantarō Suzuki, December 24, 1867 - April 17, 1948) was the 42nd Prime Minister of Japan from April 7, 1945 to August 17, 1945. ... Count Terauchi Hisaichi (寺内 寿一) (1879 - June or November 1945) was the field marshal in command of Japans Southern Expeditionary Army Group during the World War II era. ... Hideki Tojo Hideki Tojo (東條 英機 Tōjō Hideki) (December 30, 1884–December 23, 1948) was a Japanese general and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. ... Vice-Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi (山&#21475 ;多聞 1892-June 4, 1942), was one of Japans most able admirals. ... Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku Yamamoto (山本 五十六 Yamamoto Isoroku) (April 4, 1884 - April 18, 1943) was the outstanding Japanese naval commander of World War II. Family background Yamamoto was born Isoroku Takano (高野 五十六 Takano Isoroku) in Nagaoka in Niigata. ... General Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下 奉文 Yamashita Tomoyuki) (November 8, 1885 - February 23, 1946) was a general of the Japanese Army during the WWII era. ...

• Norman Bethune
• Claire Chennault
• Joseph Stilwell
• Albert Coady Wedemeyer

Dr. Henry Norman Bethune (March 30, 1890 - November 12, 1939) was a Canadian physician, medical innovator, and humanitarian. ... Maj. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897–1989) born July 9, 1897, Omaha, Neb. ...

Military engagements

Campaigns

• Burma-Yunnan Campaign
• Honan-Hupeh Campaign
• Western Hunan Campaign

Battles

• Battle of Lugou Bridge
• Battle of Shanghai
• Battle of Nanjing (also known as the Defense of Nanjing)
• Battle of Taierzhuang
• Battle of Wuhuan
• Battle of Changsha
• Retreat of Xianggui
• Battle of Hengyang
• Hundred Regiments Offensive
• Battle of Sinkow
• Battle of Hsuchow
• Battle of Wuchang and Hankow
• Battle of Nanchang
• Battle of Suihsien-Tsaoyang
• Battle of Southern Kwangsi
• Battle of Tsaoyang-Ichang
• Battle of South Honan
• Battle of Shangkao
• Battle of Southern Shansi
• Battle of Chekiang-Kiangsi
• Battle of Western Hupeh
• Battle of Changteh
• Battle of Central Honan
• Battle of Central Hunan
• Battle of Kwangsi-Kewichow
• Battle of West Hupei
• Battle of Chungyuang
• Battle of Changteh
• Battle of Hunan
• Battle of Beijing-Hankow Rails
• Battle of West Hopei
• Battle of Changsa-Hengyang
• Battle of Kweilin-Liuchow
• Battle of Lungling
• Battle of Tengchung
• Battle of Wanting
• Battle of North Hupei
• Battle of West Honan
• Battle of West Hunan
• Battle of Ninhsiang
• Battle of Yiyang
• Battle of Wuyang
• Battle of Nanning
• Battle of Liuchow
• Battle of Kweiling
• Battle of Tengchung
• Battle of Lungling
• Battle of Beijing-Tientsin
• Battle of Linchi
• Battle of North Ahnwei
• Battle of West Shangtung
• Battle of Lutsun
• Battle of Lienshui
• Battle of Laohoko
• Battle of Hsueh-Feng Shan
• Battle of Hsihsiakao

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Chinese as: Incident of July 7 (七七事變 pinyin: qi1 qi1 shi4 bian4) Lugouqiao Incident (蘆溝橋事變 lu2 gou1 qiao2 shi4 bian4) July 7 Lugouqiao (七七蘆溝橋 qi1 qi1... The Battle of Shanghai (Chinese: 淞滬會戰, lit. ... The Battle of Nanjing ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing in 1937 to Japanese troops two months after the Republic of China Government had evacuated the city and relocated to Chongqing. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ... The term Battle of Changsha can refer to at least six separate events. ... The Battle of Changsha (1944), also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... This is formally called the Battle of Wuchang and Hankou. ...

Battles in Burmese Campaign

• Battle of Maingkwan
• Battle of Mogaung
• Battle of Myitkyina
• Battle of Mongyu
• Battle of Lashio
• Battle of Hsipai

Attacks on civilians

• Nanjing Massacre
• Unit 731
• Comfort women
• Tongzhou Incident

WOWSERS ... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a secret military medical unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that researched biological warfare and other topics through human experimentation during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II era. ... Comfort women is a euphemism for women forced to serve in military brothels in Japanese-occupied countries during World War II. Most comfort women were from Korea, with a significant fraction from China, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and other Japanese-occupied nations. ... The Tongzhou Incident (July, 1937) was the assault incident on Japanese troop and residents (including Koreans) which Chinese troop caused. ...

Related topics

• History of China
• History of the Republic of China
• History of Japan
• Military history of Japan
• Military of China
• Military of Taiwan
• Military history of China
• National Revolutionary Army
• New 1st Army
• List of people associated with World War II
• Cochinchina State
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Post-war Germany vs post-war Japan
• Sino-Japanese relations
• Greater East Asia War
• Mitsubishi

China is one of the worlds oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... The Republic of China succeeded the Qing Dynasty in China and ruled mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and has ruled Taiwan (along with several islands of Fujian) since 1945. ... History of Japan Paleolithic Jomon Yayoi Yamato period ---Kofun period ---Asuka period Nara period Heian period Kamakura period Muromachi period Azuchi-Momoyama period ---Nanban period Edo period Meiji period Taisho period Showa period ---Japanese expansionism ---Occupied Japan ---Post-Occupation Japan Heisei Pre-History/The Origin of History Jomon Period Main... The Military history of Japan, like that of most nations, is characterized by a long and fierce period of feudal wars, followed by a long period of domestic stability. ... Alternate meaning: Shining Path The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) (Traditional Chinese: 人民解放軍, Simplified Chinese: 人民解放军, pinyin: Rénmín Jiěfàng Jūn), which includes an army, navy, air force, and strategic nuclear forces, serves as the military of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Republic of China (ROC) maintains a large military establishment, which will account for 16. ... The military history of China extends from circa 1500 BCE to the present day. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... New 1st Army was reputed as the most elite Chinese military unit of the Kuomintang. ... This is a list of people associated with World War II. Albania Enver Hoxha (1908-1985), communist resistance Australia Henry Gordon Bennett (1887-1962), Major General of Australian Imperial Forces Thomas Blamey, General of Australian Imperial Forces John Curtin (1885-1945), Prime Minister from 1941 until his death in 1945... Cochinchina is a term sometimes applied to the puppet state of Wang Chingwei, established by Japanese forces in certain Chinese central areas during the Second Japanese-Chinese War (1937-1945). ... Japan and Qing China fought the First Sino-Japanese War (or the Qing-Japanese War) during 1894 and 1895, primarily over control of Korea. ... In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan, the two major Axis Powers, responded to their role in the war in different ways. ... Goals and nature of relations Japan is the most important to China of the nonsuperpower developed nations. ... The Greater East Asia War (Japanese, dai toa sen), is a translation of one of several terms used in Japan to describe its period of warfare in the 1930s and early 1940s, which includes Japans part in World War II. The two major components of it were the Greater... The Mitsubishi companies, or the Mitsubishi Group of Companies or the Mitsubishi Group is a large group (keiretsu) of independently operated Japanese companies which share the Mitsubishi brand name. ...

External links

• World War 2 Newspaper Archives - War in China, 1937-1945 (http://warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/china_e.html)