Greek War of Independence
Part of Wars of Independence
Germanos blessing the flag at Agia Lavra (depiction of a fictional account). Oil painting by Theodoros Vryzakis, 1865.
Date 1821 – 1829 Location The Balkans (mainly Greece) and the Aegean Sea. Result Greek victory, establishment of the Kingdom of Greece.
Belligerents
Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom France Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate
Commanders
Theodoros Kolokotronis Alexander Ypsilanti Andreas Miaoulis Georgios Karaiskakis †	Omer Vryonis Mahmud Dramali Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha.
Strength
35,000 Greek [citation needed]	40,000 Ottomans [citation needed] 12,000 Egyptian [citation needed]
Casualties and losses
25,000 Greek, 181 British, French and Russians [citation needed]	15,000 Ottoman; 5,000 Egyptian[citation needed]

The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Turkish: يؤنان ئسياني Yunan İsyanı), was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the Great Powers, independence was finally granted by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to secure recognition as an independent sovereign power. The anniversary of Independence Day (25 March 1821) is a National Day in Greece, which falls on the same day as the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. The term War of Independence is generally use to describe a war occurring after a territory that has declared independence. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (726x1000, 570 KB) el:Category:Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821 el:Category:Ελληνική ιστορία Licence File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Greek War of Independence Germanos of Patras Metadata This file contains additional... Germanos was an Orthodox Metropolitan of Patras, who, on March 25, 1821, proclaimed national uprising. ... Coordinates 38°2′ N 22°7′ E Country Greece Periphery West Greece Prefecture Achaea The monastery of Agia Lavra was built in 961 AD, on Helmos Mountain, at an altitude of 961 meters, and can be described as the birth-place of modern Greece, and her national regeneration a Hellenic... Germanos blessing the flag at Agia Lavra. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Balkan redirects here. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Capital Athens Language(s) Greek Religion Greek Orthodox Government Constitutional Monarchy King  - 1832-1862 Otto  - 1863-1913 George I  - 1913-1917 Constantine I  - 1917-1920 Alexander  - 1920-1922 Constantine I  - 1922-1924 George II Historical era Enlightenment Era  - London Protocol August 30, 1832  - Military junta April 21, 1967 The Kingdom... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Flag Capital Nafplion Language(s) Greek Religion Greek Orthodox Government Republic Governor  - 1828-1831 Ioannis Kapodistrias  - 1831-1832 Augustinos Kapodistrias  - 1832-1833 Governmental Commission History  - Start of Greek Revolution March, 1821  - Established January 1, 1822  - Treaty of Constantinople May 7, 1832  - Disestablished June 18, 1832  - London Protocol August 30, 1832... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Image File history File links Egypt_flag_1882. ... The reign of Muhammad Ali and his successors over Egypt was a period of rapid reform and modernization that led to Egypt becoming one of the most developed states outside of Europe. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis, (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης; Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti) (1792—1828) was a Phanariot Greek military commander and national hero. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Andreas Vokos (or Bokos) Miaoulis (1768 - June 24, 1835), Greek admiral and politician, was born in Negropont. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Georgios Karaiskakis (Greek, Γεώργιος Καραϊσκάκης) (1782-1827) was a famous Greek klepht, armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ... Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Omer Vryonis (also Omar Vrioni) was a leading Ottoman figure in the Greek War of Independence. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... 19th century portrait of Mahmud Pasha Mahmud Pasha, called Dramalı (Greek: , Drama ca. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... ReÅŸid Mehmed Pasha also known as Kütahı (Greek: , 1780 - 1839) was a prominent Ottoman general and Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence. ... Image File history File links Egypt_flag_1882. ... Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Ibrahim Pasha (Arabic: إبراهيم باشا) ‎ (1789 – November 10, 1848), a 19th century general of Egypt. ... Combatants Greek rebels (Filiki Etaireia) Ottoman Empire Commanders Alexander Ypsilantis Sultan Mahmud II The Battle of Dragashani (or Battle of Dragasani) was fought on June 19, 1821 in Drăgăşani, Wallachia between the Ottoman forces of Sultan Mahmud II and Greek rebel forces. ... Combatants Greek rebels Ottoman Empire Commanders Prince George Catakouzenos, Georgakis of Mount Olympus Sultan Mahmud II Strength 500 soldiers 5000 soldiers Casualties 375 soldiers The Battle of Skuleni (or Battle of Sculeni) was fought on June 29, 1821 in Skuleni, Moldavia between the Ottoman forces of Sultan Mahmud II and... The siege and capture of Tripoli (Greek: ) by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821 marked the first decisive victory of the Greek insurgency against the Ottoman Empire, which had began earlier that year. ... Combatants Greece Ottoman Empire Commanders Athanasios Diakos, Panourgias Panourgias, Yiannis Dyovouniotis Omer Vryonis Strength 1,500 irregulars 9,000 troops Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Alamana was fought between the Greeks and the Turks during the Greek War of Independence. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Th. ... Combatants Greek rebels Ottoman Empire Commanders Alexandros Mavrokordatos Markos Botsaris Athanasios Ratzikotsikas Omer Vryonis ReÅŸid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Strength ca. ... The Battle of Karpenisi took place near the town of Karpenisi (in Evrytania, central Greece) on the night of August 8, 1823 between revolting Greek irregulars and Ottoman troops. ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Papaflessas Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Strength 3000 soldiers 6000 soldiers Casualties 800-1000 Greek soldiers 400 Arabs The Battle of Maniaki was fought on June 1, 1825 in Maniaki, Greece (in the hills east of Gargaliano) between Egyptian forces led by Ibrahim Pasha and... Combatants Greek revolutionaries Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Ioannis Makrygiannis, Konstantinos Mavromichalis Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Strength 350 soldiers 5000 soldiers Casualties 13 Arabs The Battle of the Lerna Mills was fought on June 24, 1825 in Lerna, Greece between the Egyptian forces of Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Captain... Combatants Greek rebels Ottoman Empire Egypt Commanders Notis Botsaris ReÅŸid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Strength 5,000 20,000 Ottomans 15,000 Ottoman auxiliaries ca. ... Combatants Mani Ottoman Empire, Egypt Commanders Ilias Mavromichalis Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Strength 7,500+ men 14,500+ infantry and cavalry Casualties - 4,400 The Ottoman-Egyptian Invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence with three battles. ... Combatants Greece Ottoman Empire Commanders Georgios Karaiskakis Mustafa Bey Strength 2,000 The Battle of Arachova occurred between 18-24 November 1826 between forces under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek irregulars under Georgios Karaiskakis. ... The battle of Phaleron took place on the 24th April 1827. ... Combatants United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Vilayet of Egypt Ottoman Vilayet of Tunisia Commanders Edward Codrington (C-in-C) Henri de Rigny Login Heyden Ibrahim Pasha (C-in-C) Amir Tahir Pasha (Adm comm) Moharram Bey Capitan Bey Strength 10 battleships 10 frigates 4 brigs 2 schooners... Combatants Greek revolutionaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Demetrios Ypsilantis Aslan Bey Strength 2000 irregular but battle hardened troops 7000 infantry Casualties Light Several hundred The Battle of Petra - not to be confused with the Battle of Peta - was the last battle fought in the Greek War of Independence. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: ‎ ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... One of the hallmarks of contemporary great power status is permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. ... The Τreaty of Constantinople was the product of the Constantinople Conference which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation). ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a country. ... For other uses, see Annunciation (disambiguation). ... Virgin Mary redirects here. ...

Background

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent fall of Trebizond (Greek: Trapezous or Trapezounda) and Mystras in 1461 marked the end of Greek sovereignty for almost four centuries, as the Ottoman Empire ruled the whole of Greece, with the exception of the Ionian Islands and the Mani Peninsula, after its conquest of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries. While the Greeks preserved their culture and traditions largely through the institution of the Greek Orthodox Church, they were a subject people and lacked basic political rights. However, in the 18th and 19th centuries, as revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe, including Greece (due, in large part, to the influence of the French Revolution), the Ottoman Empire's power was declining, and Greek nationalism began to assert itself, with the Greek cause beginning to draw support not only from Western European philhellenes, but also the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia which had flourished after the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) and the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, which gave Greek merchants the right to sail under the Russian flag. Combatants  Byzantine Empire Ottoman Sultanate Commanders Constantine XI †, Loukas Notaras, Giovanni Giustiniani †[1] Mehmed II, ZaÄŸanos Pasha Strength 80,000[2] 80,000[1]-200,000[1][3] Casualties 4,000 dead[4] [5][6] unknown The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empires... April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond (Greek: ), is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. ... Mystras (also Mistra, Mystra and Mistras Greek: Μυστράς, Μυζηθράς Mizithras or Myzithras in the chronicle of Morea ) was a fortified town in Morea (the Peloponnesus), on Mt. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Mortimers Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek: , Ionioi NÄ“soi) are a group of islands in Greece. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: HellÄ“northódoxÄ“ EkklÄ“sía) can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Philhellenism (the love of Greek culture) was the intellectual fashion at the turn of the 19th century that led Europeans like Lord Byron to lend their support for the Greek movement towards independence from the Ottoman Empire. ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a decisive conflict that brought Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, and Crimea within the orbit of the Russian Empire. ... The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was signed on July 21, 1774, between the Russian Empire (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. ...

The Greeks under the Ottoman Empire

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Main article: Ottoman Greece

The Greek Revolution was not an isolated event; there were numerous failed attempts at regaining independence throughout the history of the Ottoman occupation of Greece. In 1603, an attempt took place in Morea to restore the Byzantine Empire. Throughout the 17th century there was great resistance to the Turks in the Peloponnese and elsewhere, as evidenced by revolts led by Dionysius in 1600 and 1611 in Epirus.^[1] Ottoman rule over Morea was interrupted with the Morean War, as the peninsula came under Venetian rule for 30 years between the 1680s and Ottoman reconquest in 1715, after the Turkish–Venetian War; the province would remain in turmoil from then on, as over the span of the 17th century, the bands of the klephts multiplied. The first great uprising was the Russian-sponsored Orlov Revolt of the 1770s, which was crushed by the Ottomans. The Mani Peninsula in the southern Peloponnese continually resisted Turkish rule, enjoying virtual autonomy and defeating several Turkish incursions into the region, the most famous of which was the Ottoman Invasion of Mani (1770). The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... The Helladic is a modern term to identify a sequence of periods characterizing the culture of mainland ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. ... Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea, spanning the period from approximately 3000 BC-2000 BC. // Cycladic marble figurine of the Keros Culture type The significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic... The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. ... Mycenaean Greece, the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. ... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... The Greek Dark Ages (ca. ... The archaic period in Greece is the period during which the ancient Greek city-states developed, and is normally taken to cover roughly the 9th century to the 6th century BCE. The Archaic period followed the dark ages, and saw significant advancements in political theory, and the rise of democracy... Parthenon This article is on the term Classical Greece itself. ... The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the Greek peninsula and islands by Rome in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which... Roman Greece is the period of Greek history following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by Emperor Constantine I as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova... Roman Greece The Greek peninsula became a Roman protectorate in 146 BC, and the Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Capital Athens Language(s) Greek Religion Greek Orthodox Government Constitutional Monarchy King  - 1832-1862 Otto  - 1863-1913 George I  - 1913-1917 Constantine I  - 1917-1920 Alexander  - 1920-1922 Constantine I  - 1922-1924 George II Historical era Enlightenment Era  - London Protocol August 30, 1832  - Military junta April 21, 1967 The Kingdom... German soldiers raising the Reich War Flag over the Acropolis. ... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans United Kingdom Communist Party of Greece (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, James Van Fleet Markos Vafiadis Strength 150,000 men 50,000 men and women Casualties 15,000 killed 32,000+ killed or captured The Greek Civil War (Ελληνικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος [ellinikos emfilios polemos]) was... The Greek military junta of 1967-1974, alternatively The Regime of the Colonels (Greek: ), or in Greece The Junta (Greek: ) and The Seven Years (Greek: ) are terms used to refer to a series of right-wing military governments that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974. ... The history of the Hellenic Republic constitutes three discreet periods in Greek History: 1827 - 1832, 1924 - 1935 and 1974 - present. ... The economic history of the Greek World spans several millennia and encompasses many modern day nation states. ... The military history of Greece is the history of the wars and battles of the Greek people in Greece, the Balkans and the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea since classical antiquity. ... In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions (with the exception of the Constitutions of 1968 and 1973 imposed by a dictatorship). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Greece has a rich and varied artistic history, spanning some 5000 years and beginning in the Cycladic and Minoan prehistorical civilization, giving birth to Western classical art in the ancient period (further developing this during the Hellenistic Period), to taking in the influences of Eastern civilizations and the new religion... Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. ... The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Dionysius the Philosopher (Greek: Διονύσιος ο Φιλόσοφος) was a Greek monk who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Turks. ... Epirus, spanning Greece and Albania. ... Combatants Republic of Venice Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Papal States Knights of St. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic Doge  - 1789–97 Ludovico Manin History  - Established 697  - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358  - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... Events and Trends The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers. ... Klephts (Greek κλέφτης, pl. ... The Orlov Revolt (1770) was a precursor to the Greek War of Independence (1821), which saw a Greek uprising in the Peloponnese at the instigation of Count Orlov, commander of the Russian Naval Forces of the Russo-Turkish War. ... Events and Trends For more events, see 18th century United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress (July 4, 1776). ...

At the same time, a small number of Greeks enjoyed a privileged position in the Ottoman state as members of the Ottoman bureaucracy. Greeks controlled the affairs of the Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate, based in Constantinople, and the higher clergy of the Orthodox Church was always Greek. Thus, through the Ottoman millet system, the predominantly Greek hierarchy of the Church enjoyed control over the Empire's Orthodox subjects. From the 18th century onwards, Phanariote Greek notables (Turkish-appointed Greek administrators from the Phanar district of Constantinople) played an increasingly influential role in the governance of the Ottoman Empire. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of... Fanar (formerly Phanar, Fener in Turkish) is a neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople). ...

Rigas Feraios, the apostle of the Greek Revolution

A strong maritime tradition in the islands of the Aegean, together with the emergence over the 18th century of an influential merchant class, generated the wealth necessary to found schools and libraries and pay for young Greeks to study in the universities of Western Europe. Here they came into contact with the radical ideas of the European Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Educated and influential members of the large Greek diaspora, such as Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis, tried to transmit these ideas back to the Greeks, with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity. This was achieved through the dissemination of books, pamphlets and other writings in Greek, in a process that has been described as the "Diafotismos". Image File history File linksMetadata Rigas_Feraios_01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Rigas_Feraios_01. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The word Enlightment redirects here. ... Adamantios Korais (April 27, 1748 - April 6, 1833) was a graduate of the University of Montpellier in 1788 and he spent most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. ... Anthimos Gazis was a scholar and philosopher during the Greek Enlightenment. ...

The most influential of these writers and intellectuals helping to shape opinion among Greeks both in and outside the Ottoman Empire was Rigas Feraios. Born in Thessaly and educated in Constantinople, Feraios wrote articles for the Greek-language newspaper Ephimeris in Vienna in the 1790s; deeply influenced by the French Revolution, he published a series of revolutionary tracts and proposed republican Constitutions for the Greek and later also pan-Balkan nations. Arrested by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to Belgrade along with his co-conspirators. All were strangled to death and their bodies dumped in the Danube, in June 1798; Feraios' death fanned the flames of Greek nationalism. His nationalist poem, the Thourios (war-song), was translated into a number of Western European and later Balkan languages, and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule: Rigas Feraios Rigas Feraios or Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Ρήγας Βελεστινλής-Φεραίος, born Αντώνιος Κυριαζής, Antonios Kyriazis; also known as Κωνσταντίνος Ρήγας, Konstantinos or Constantine Rhigas; Serbian: Рига од Фере, Riga od Fere; 1757—June 13, 1798) was a Greek revolutionary and poet, remembered as a Greek national hero, the forerunner and first victim of the uprising against the Ottoman Empire... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... Events and Trends French Revolution (1789 - 1799). ... Balkan redirects here. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Belgrade (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Danube River. ...

Klephts and Armatoloi

See also: Klepht and Armatoloi

Armatolos. Water Colour by Carl Haag.

Central to the Greek Revolution were the Klephts (Κλέφτες) and Armatoloi (Αρματολοί). After the conquest of Greece by the Ottomans in the 15th century, many surviving Greek troops, whether regular Byzantine forces, local militia, or mercenaries, had either to join the Ottoman army as janissaries or serve in the private army of a local Ottoman notable, or fend for themselves. In this environment many Greeks wishing to preserve their Greek identity, Orthodox Christian religion and independence, chose the difficult but free life of a bandit. These bandit groups soon found their ranks swollen with impoverished and/or adventurous peasants, societal outcasts and escaped criminals. Those that chose to go to the hills and form independent militia bands were called Klephts, while those that chose to serve the Ottomans were known as Armatoloi but many men would alternate between these two groups. Klephts (Greek κλέφτης, pl. ... The Armatoloi (Αρματωλοι in Greek meaning Armed People) were local Greek villagers that functioned as military/police units governing Byzantine lands. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Armatolos-haag. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Armatolos-haag. ... The Armatoloi (Αρματωλοι in Greek meaning Armed People) were local Greek villagers that functioned as military/police units governing Byzantine lands. ... Carl Haag (1820 - 1915), a naturalized British painter, court painter to the duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was born in Bavaria, and was trained in the academies at Nuremburg and Munich. ... Klephts (Greek κλέφτης, pl. ... The Armatoloi (Αρματωλοι in Greek meaning Armed People) were local Greek villagers that functioned as military/police units governing Byzantine lands. ... The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish: ينيچرى (yeniçeri) meaning new soldier) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...

For the Ottomans, it became progressively more difficult to distinguish the armatoloi from the klephts; both groups began to establish relations with one another under a common ethnic identity. This collaboration was also based on mutual sentiments against foreign conquerors, and many armatoloi took up arms against the Turks at the outbreak of the revolution: among them were Odysseas Androutsos, Georgios Karaiskakis, Athanasios Diakos and Markos Botsaris. Odysseas Androutsos (also Odysseus Androutsos, Greek: Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος) was a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ... Georgios Karaiskakis (Greek, Γεώργιος Καραϊσκάκης) (1782-1827) was a famous Greek klepht, armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ... Athanasios Diakos (1788-1821). ... Markos Botsaris (c. ...

The armatoloi considered concepts of sacrifice and martyrdom honourable when fighting on the field of battle. Sacrifices from individuals such as Athanasios Diakos merely continued a tradition of martyr-like efforts by armatoloi such as Vlachavas and Antonis Katsantonis. During feasts, the armatoloi would traditionally prepare for conflict with phrases such as (καλό βόλι, literally meaning 'good shot') or kalo molivi (καλό μολύβι literally meaning 'good lead'). In times of warfare, these wishes also took on the connotation 'May the shot that kills you be a good shot', and on a number of occasions where armatoloi were seriously wounded during battle they demanded that their own comrades bring about their death; for this group, it was better to be killed by your own kind than to be captured by the enemy. Antonis Katsantonis (Greek: Αντώνης Κατσαντώνης) was a Greek klepht of the era just before the Greek War of Independence. ...

Preparation for the uprising - The Filiki Eteria

In 1814 three Greek merchants, Nikolaos Skoufas, Manolis Xanthos, and Athanasios Tsakalov, inspired by the ideas of Feraios and influenced by the Italian Carbonari, founded the secret Filiki Eteria ("Society of Friends"), in Odessa, an important center of the Greek mercantile diaspora. With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Great Britain and the United States and the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe, they planned the rebellion. The basic objective of the society was a revival of the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as the capital, not the formation of a national state.^[2] In early 1820, Ioannis Kapodistrias, an official from the Ionian Islands who had become the Russian Foreign Minister, was approached by the Society to be named leader but declined the offer; the Filikoi (members of Filiki Eteria) then turned to Alexander Ypsilantis, a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Tsar Alexander I, who accepted. Nikolaos Skoufas (Νικόλαο Σκουφά) (1779-31. ... The Carbonari (charcoal burners[1]) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. ... The Filiki Eteria (spelt also Philikí Etaireía), meaning Friendly Society in Greek, was a secret organisation working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state. ... The ODESSA, which stands for the German phrase Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, which phrase in turn translates as “Organization of Former Members of the SS,” is the name commonly given to an international Nazi network alleged to have been set up towards the end of World War II... statue of John Capodistria in Panepistimiou Street, Athens John Capodistria, (in Greek Ioannis Kapodistrias or Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας, and in Italian Giovanni Capo dIstria, Count Capo dIstria) (February 11, 1776 - October 9, 1831), Greek-born diplomat of the Russian Empire and later first head of state of independent Greece... The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia; Ancient Greek: , Ionioi NÄ“soi) are a group of islands in Greece. ... This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: // Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Ivan Viskovatyi 1549-70 Brothers Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 1570-1601 Ivan Gramotin 1605-06, 1610-12, 1618-26, 1634-35 Pyotr Tretyakov 1608-10, 1613-18 Almaz Ivanov 1635-67... Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis, (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης; Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti) (1792—1828) was a Phanariot Greek military commander and national hero. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ...

The Filiki Eteria rapidly expanded, gaining members in almost all regions of Greek settlement, amongst them figures who would later play a prominent role in the war, such as Theodoros Kolokotronis, Odysseas Androutsos, Papaflessas and Laskarina Bouboulina. In 1821, the Ottoman Empire found itself occupied with war against Persia, and most particularly with the revolt by Ali Pasha in Epirus, which had forced the vali (governor) of the Morea, Hursid Pasha, and other local pashas to leave their provinces and campaign against the rebel force. At the same time, the Great Powers, allied in the "Concert of Europe" in their opposition to revolutions in the aftermath of Napoleon I of France, were preoccupied with revolts in Italy and Spain. It was in this context that the Greeks judged the time to be ripe for their own revolt.^[3] The plan originally involved uprisings in three places, the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople.^[3] The start of the uprising can be traced to on February 22, 1821 (O.S.), when Alexander Ypsilantis and several other Greek officers of the Russian army crossed the river Prut into Moldavia. Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ... For the Greek municipality see Papaflessas, Messenia. ... An 1827 engraving of Bouboulina by Friedel. ... Flag Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. ... Engraving of Ali Pasha Ali Pashë Tepelena, commonly known as Ali Pasha, (1741 – January 24, 1822) was the military ruler (pasha) of a large area of the Ottoman Empires European territories. ... Hursid Pasha was a Turkish General during the Greek War of Independence. ... One of the hallmarks of contemporary great power status is permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. ... The Concert of Europe also known as the Congress System was the result of a custom, following the era of Napoleon and the French Revolution, adopted by the old great powers of Europe of meeting from time to time in an International Conference, or Congress, in order to plan a... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Prut river (also known as Pruth) is 950 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube river near Reni, east of Galaţi. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ...

Philhellenism

Main article: Philhellenism

Due to Greece's classical heritage, there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. Many wealthy Americans and Western European aristocrats, such as the renowned poet Lord Byron, took up arms to join the Greek revolutionaries. Many more also financed the revolution. The Scottish historian and philhellene Thomas Gordon took part in the revolutionary struggle and later wrote the first histories of the Greek revolution in English.^[4] Philhellenism (the love of Greek culture) was the intellectual fashion at the turn of the 19th century that led Europeans like Lord Byron to lend their support for the Greek movement towards independence from the Ottoman Empire. ... Byron redirects here. ... This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ... Major-General Thomas Gordon, (1788 –20 April 1841), was a British army officer and historian. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Lord Byron was a prominent English philhellene who died during the Greek revolution

Once the revolution broke out, Ottoman atrocities were given wide coverage in Europe, including also by Eugene Delacroix, and drew sympathy for the Greek cause in western Europe, although for a time the British and French governments suspected that the uprising was a Russian plot to seize Greece (and possibly Constantinople) from the Ottomans. The Greeks were unable to establish a coherent government in the areas they controlled, and soon fell to fighting among themselves. Inconclusive fighting between Greeks and Ottomans continued until 1825, when Sultan Mahmud II asked for help from his most powerful vassal, Egypt. Image File history File links Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_dress. ... Image File history File links Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_dress. ... Byron redirects here. ... Eugène Delacroix (portrait by Nadar) Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (April 26, 1798 - August 13, 1863) was an important painter from the French romantic period. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...

The sortie of Messolonghi by Theodoros Vryzakis.

In Europe, the Greek revolt aroused widespread sympathy among the public but was met at first with the lukewarm reception above from the Great Powers, with Britain then backing the insurrection from 1823 onward after Ottoman weakness was clear, despite the opportunities offered it by Greek civil conflict and the addition of Russian support aimed at limiting British influence over the Greeks.^[5] Greece was viewed as the cradle of western civilization, and it was especially lauded by the spirit of romanticism of the time and the sight of a Christian nation attempting to cast off the rule of a decaying Muslim Empire also found favour amongst the western European public. Image File history File links The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis. ... Image File history File links The_sortie_of_Messologhi_by_Theodore_Vryzakis. ... Messolonghi (Greek: Μεσολόγγι, Mesolóngi, older forms Mesolongi, Misolonghi, Mesolongion) is a town of about 18,000 people (2001) in central Greece. ... Romantics redirects here. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

Lord Byron spent time in Albania and Greece, organising funds and supplies (including the provision of several ships), but died from fever at Messolonghi in 1824. Byron's death did even more to add European sympathy for the Greek cause. This eventually led the Western powers to intervene directly. Byron's poetry, along with Delacroix's art, helped arouse European public opinion in favour of the Greek revolutionaries: Messolonghi (Greek: Μεσολόγγι, Mesolóngi, older forms Mesolongi, Misolonghi, Mesolongion) is a town of about 18,000 people (2001) in central Greece. ... Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (April 26, 1798 – August 13, 1863) was one of the most important of the French Romantic painters. ...

Outbreak of the Revolution

The Revolution in the Danubian Principalities

Alexander Ypsilantis was the selected as the head of the Filiki Eteria in April 1820, and set himself the task of planning the insurrection. Ypsilantis' intention was to raise all the Christians of the Balkans in rebellion, and perhaps force Russia to intervene on their behalf. On February 22, 1821, he crossed the river Prut with his followers, entering the Danubian Principalities, while in order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, he announced that he had "the support of a Great Power", implying Russia. Two days after crossing the Prut, on the February 24, Ypsilantis issued a proclamation calling on all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans: Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis, (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης; Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti) (1792—1828) was a Phanariot Greek military commander and national hero. ... The Filiki Eteria (spelt also Philikí Etaireía), meaning Friendly Society in Greek, was a secret organisation working in the early 19th century, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and to establish an independent Greek state. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Prut river (also known as Pruth) is 950 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube river near Reni, east of Galaţi. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Sacred Band battles in Dragatsani by Peter von Hess, Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece

Instead of directly advancing on Brăila, where he arguably could have prevented Ottoman armies from entering the Principalities, and where he might have forced Russia to accept a fait accompli, he remained in Iaşi, and ordered the executions of several pro-Ottoman Moldovans. In Bucharest, where he had arrived on March 27 after some weeks delay, he decided that he could not rely on the Wallachian Pandurs to continue their Oltenian-based revolt and assist the Greek cause; Ypsilantis was mistrusted by the Pandur leader Tudor Vladimirescu, who, as a nominal ally to the Eteria, had started the rebellion as a move to prevent Scarlat Callimachi from reaching the throne in Bucharest, while trying to maintain relations with both Russia and the Ottomans. the Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece The Benaki Museum was established and endowed in 1930 by Antonis Benakis in memory of his father Emmanuel Benakis, at the Benakis family mansion in downtown Athens. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... County Status County capital Mayor Constantin Sever Cibu, National Liberal Party, since 2004 Area 33. ... Here are some examples of French words and phrases used by English speakers. ... County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official record) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km² (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Pandurs were a non-linear (irregular) army, whose main objective was to assassinate enemy officers, conduct guerrilla warfare, and to fight in extended formations. ... Map of Romania with Oltenia highlighted Oltenia or Lesser Wallachia is a historical province of Romania. ... Tudor Vladimirescu (1780, Vladimiri - 27 May 1821 Târgovişte) was a Romanian revolutionary hero and the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821. ...

At that point, former Russian Foreign Minister, the Corfu-born Greek Ioannis Kapodistrias, sent Ypsilantis a letter upbraiding him for misusing the mandate received from the Tsar, announcing that his name had been struck off the army list, and commanding him to lay down arms. Ypsilantis tried to ignore the letter, but Vladimirescu took this to mean that his commitment to the Eteria was over. A conflict erupted inside his camp, and he was tried and put to death by the Eteria on May 27. The loss of their Romanian allies, followed an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil sealed defeat for the Greek exiles, culminating in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on June 7. This article is about the Greek island Kerkyra known in English as Corfu or Corcyra. ... statue of John Capodistria in Panepistimiou Street, Athens John Capodistria, (in Greek Ioannis Kapodistrias or Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας, and in Italian Giovanni Capo dIstria, Count Capo dIstria) (February 11, 1776 - October 9, 1831), Greek-born diplomat of the Russian Empire and later first head of state of independent Greece... Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich) (December 23, 1777 – December 1?, 1825) served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Greek rebels (Filiki Etaireia) Ottoman Empire Commanders Alexander Ypsilantis Sultan Mahmud II The Battle of Dragashani (or Battle of Dragasani) was fought on June 19, 1821 in Drăgăşani, Wallachia between the Ottoman forces of Sultan Mahmud II and Greek rebel forces. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Alexander Ypsilantis, accompanied by his brother Nicholas and a remnant of his followers, retreated to Râmnic, where he spent some days negotiating with the Austrian authorities for permission to cross the frontier. Fearing that his followers might surrender him to the Turks, he gave out that Austria had declared war on Turkey, caused a Te Deum to be sung in the church of Cozia, and, on pretext of arranging measures with the Austrian commander-in-chief, he crossed the frontier. But the reactionary policies of the Holy Alliance were enforced by Emperor Francis I and the country refused to give asylum for leaders of revolts in neighbouring countries. Ypsilantis was kept in close confinement for seven years.^[7] In Moldavia, the struggle continued for a while, under Giorgakis Olympios and Yiannis Pharmakis, but by the end of the year, the provinces had been pacified by the Ottomans. Te Deum is an early Christian hymn of praise. ... Giorgakis Olympios (Greek: Γιωργάκης Ολύμπιος) (1772 - 1821) was a Greek armatolos and military commander during the Greek War of Independence. ... Yiannis Pharmakis (Greek: Ιάννης Φαρμακης; Romanian: Ioan Farmache), d. ...

The Revolution in the Peloponnese

The Peloponnese, with its long tradition of resistance to the Ottomans, was to be the heartland of the revolt. In the early months of 1821, with the absence of the Turkish governor Mora valesi Hursid Pasha and many of his troops, the situation was favourable for the Greeks to rise against Ottoman occupation. Theodoros Kolokotronis, a renowned Greek klepht who had served in the British army in the Ionian Islands during the Napoleonic Wars, returned on 6 January 1821, and went to the Mani Peninsula. The Turks found out about Kolokotronis' arrival, and demanded his surrender from the local bey, Petros Mavromichalis, also known as Petrobey. Mavromichalis refused, saying he was just an old man.^[8] Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Hursid Pasha was a Turkish General during the Greek War of Independence. ... Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ... Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia  Spain[d]  Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ... Bey is originally a Turkish[1][2] word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Petros Mavromichalis (1765-1848) (in Greek Πέτρος Μαυρομιχάλης) also known as Petrobey (Πετρομπέης), was the leader of the Maniot people during the first half of the 19th century. ...

Equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Nafplion, Greece

The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa (modern Aigion), where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on January 26. There the klepht captains declared their readiness for the uprising, while most of the civil leaders presented themselves skeptical, and demanded guarantees about a Russian intervention. Nevertheless, as news came of Ypsilantis' march into the Danubian Principalities, the atmosphere in the Peloponnese was tense, and by mid-March, sporadic incidents against Muslims occurred, heralding the start of the uprising. The traditional legend that the Revolution was declared on March 25 in the Monastery of Agia Lavra by the archbishop of Patras Germanos is a later invention. However, the date has been established as the official anniversary of the Revolution, and is celebrated as a national day in Greece. Image File history File links Kolokotronis_statue. ... Image File history File links Kolokotronis_statue. ... Apotheosis of Saint Louis by Charles H. Niehaus In sculpture, an equestrian (from the Latin equus meaning horse) is a statue consisting of a horse with mounted rider. ... Nafplion (Ναύπλιο; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... Aigion or Aigio (Greek: Modern: Αίγιο, Ancient/Katharevousa: -on, Latin: Aegium) also, Egio or Egionis a town in northeast Achaea that has a population of around 12,000, with a square, a bus terminal and a fountain in downtown. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Coordinates 38°2′ N 22°7′ E Country Greece Periphery West Greece Prefecture Achaea The monastery of Agia Lavra was built in 961 AD, on Helmos Mountain, at an altitude of 961 meters, and can be described as the birth-place of modern Greece, and her national regeneration a Hellenic... Germanos was an Orthodox Metropolitan of Patras, who, on March 25, 1821, proclaimed national uprising. ... The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a country. ...

The most popular early revolutionary flag, linked to the Kolokotronis family

On March 17, 1821, war was declared on the Turks by the Maniots at Areopoli. An army of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis, which included Kolokotronis, his nephew Nikitaras and Papaflessas advanced on the Messenian town of Kalamata. The Maniots reached Kalamata on March 21 and after a brief two day siege it fell to the Greeks on the 23rd.^[9] On the same day, Andreas Londos, a Greek primate, rose up at Vostitsa.^[10] On March 28, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its first session at Kalamata. is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A map showing Mani. ... Areopoli (Greek: Αρεόπολη) is the second largest town in Mani. ... Nikitaras, or Νικηταρας was a Greek revolutionary who fought for Greeces freedom during the Greek War of Independence. ... For the Greek municipality see Papaflessas, Messenia. ... Messenia (Greek: , in Modern Greek Messinia; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a prefecture in the Peloponnese, a region of Greece. ... Kalamata (Greek, Modern: Καλαμάτα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -ai), older forms: Kalamai is a city in southern Greece, on the Peloponnesos, by the Mediterranean. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Andreas Londos was a Greek primate (in Ottoman Greece) and politician. ... Primate (from the Latin Primus, first) is a title or rank bestowed on some bishops in certain Christian churches. ... Aigion or Aigio (Greek: Modern: Αίγιο, Ancient/Katharevousa: -on, Latin: Aegium) also, Egio or Egionis a town in northeast Achaea that has a population of around 12,000, with a square, a bus terminal and a fountain in downtown. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In Achaia, the town of Kalavryta was besieged on March 21. In Patras, in the already tense atmosphere, the Ottomans had transferred their belongings to the fortress on February 28, followed by their families on March 18. On March 22 the revolutionaries declared the Revolution in the square of Agios Georgios in Patras, in the presence of archbishop Germanos. On the next day the leaders of the Revolution in Achaia sent a document to the foreign consulates explaining the reasons of the Revolution.^[11] On March 23 the Ottomans launched sporadic attacks towards the town while the revolutionaries, led by Panagiotis Karatzas, drove them back to the fortress.^[12] Yannis Makriyannis who had been hiding in the town referred to the scene in his memoirs: This article is about the modern Greek district Achaea. ... Kalalvryta or Kalavrita (Greek: Καλάβρυτα) is a town, a province and a municipality in the eastcentral part of the prefecture of Achaia. ... Patras (Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, IPA: , Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Latin: ) is Greeces third largest city and the capital of the prefecture of Achaea, located in northern Peloponnese, 215 kilometers west of Athens. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Yannis Makriyannis (Ιωάννης Μακρυγιάννης, also anglicized as Ioannis, Ioannes and Makriyiannis, Makrygiannis, Makrygiannēs, Macriyannis, ) (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. ...

By the end of March, the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside, while the Turks were confined to the fortresses, most notably those of Patras, Rio, Acrocorinth, Monemvasia, Nafplion and the provincial capital, Tripolitsa, where many Muslims had fled with their families at the beginning of the uprising. All these were loosely besieged by local irregular forces under their own captains, since the Greeks lacked artillery. With the exception of Tripolitsa, all sites had access to the sea and could be resupplied and reinforced by the Ottoman fleet. Rio (Greek: Modern: Ρίο Rio, Ancient: Ρίον Rion, Latin: Rhion or Rhium) is a suburban town north of Patras, Greece, with a population of around 13,000. ... Map of the remains of Acrocorinth Acrocorinth (Gr. ... Monemvassia (Greek: Μονεμβασία, Μονεμβάσια, Μονεμβασιά), is a medieval fortress with an adjacent town, located on a small peninsula off the east coast of the Peloponnese in the Greek prefecture of Laconia. ... Nafplion (Ναύπλιο; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... Tripoli (Greek, Modern: Τρίπολη, Katharevousa: -s; older form and Latin: Tripolis,rarely Tripolitsa, Tripolitza and Tripolizza) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnesos, Greece, and the capital of the prefecture of Arcadia. ...

Kolokotronis, determined to take Tripolitsa, the Ottoman provincial capital in the Peloponnese, moved into Arcadia with 300 Greek soldiers. When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and defeated them.^[15] On April 28, few thousand Maniot soldiers under the command of Mavromichalis' sons joined Kolokotronis' camp outside Tripoli. On September 12, 1821, Tripolitsa was captured by Kolokotronis and his men. This article is about a region of Greece. ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Fall of Tripolitsa (Greek: ) to Greek rebels in the summer of 1821 marked the first decisive victory in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, which had begun earlier that year. ...

The Revolution in Central Greece

The battle of Vassilika secured much of Greece for the revolutionaries

The first region to revolt in Central Greece was Phocis, on March 24, whose capital, Salona (modern Amfissa), was captured by Panourgias on March 27. In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on March 29, followed by Thebes two days later. The Ottoman garrison held out in the citadel of Salona, the regional capital, until April 10, when the Greeks took it. At the same time, the Greeks suffered a defeat at the Battle of Alamana against the army of Omer Vryonis, which resulted in the death of Athanasios Diakos. But the Ottoman advance was stopped at the Battle of Gravia, near Mount Parnassus and the ruins of ancient Delphi, under the leadership of Odysseas Androutsos. Vryonis turned towards Boeotia and sacked Livadeia, awaiting reinforcements before proceeding towards the Morea. These forces, 8,000 men under Beyran Pasha, were however met and defeated at the Battle of Vassilika, on August 26. This defeat forced Vryonis too to withdraw, securing the fledgling Greek revolutionaries. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Central Greece (Greek: Στερεά Ελλάδα - Stereá Elláda) is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece. ... Phocis (Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα/Fokída, Ancient/Katharevousa: Φωκίς/Phokis; named after the Greek mythological personage Phocus) is an ancient district of central Greece and a prefecture of modern Greece located in Sterea Hellas, one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Amphissa redirects here, for the ancient town near todays Roccella Ionica, see Amphissa, Italy Amfissa (Greek: Άμφισσα), other form: Amfissa, Latin: Amphissa is a town and the capital of the Phokida prefecture and the Parnassida province with the population around 10,000. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Boeotia or Beotia (//, (Greek Βοιωτια; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was the central area of ancient Greece. ... Livadeia (Greek: Λιβαδειά - Livadeiá or Λεβάδεια - Levádeia) is a city in central Greece. ... Athanasios Diakos (1788-1821). ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Thebes (Demotic Greek: Θήβα — Thíva; Katharevousa: — Thêbai or Thívai) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Greece Ottoman Empire Commanders Athanasios Diakos, Panourgias Panourgias, Yiannis Dyovouniotis Omer Vryonis Strength 1,500 irregulars 9,000 troops Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Alamana was fought between the Greeks and the Turks during the Greek War of Independence. ... Omer Vryonis (also Omar Vrioni) was a leading Ottoman figure in the Greek War of Independence. ... Mount Parnassus is a mountain of barren limestone in central Greece that towers above Delphi, north of the Gulf of Corinth, and offers scenic views of the surrounding olive groves and countryside. ... For other uses, see Delphi (disambiguation). ... Odysseas Androutsos (also Odysseus Androutsos, Greek: Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος) was a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ... The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Revolution in Crete

Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule due to Egyptian intervention. Crete had a long history of resisting Turkish rule, exemplified by the folk hero Daskalogiannis who was martyred whilst fighting the Turks. In 1821, an uprising by Christians met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders. Between 1821 and 1828, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities and atrocities. The Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and it would appear that as many as 60% of them died from plague or famine while there. The Cretan Christians also suffered severely, losing around 21% of their population. For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... Ioannis Daskalogiannis (Ioannis Vlachos, Δασκαλογιάννης) (?-June 17, 1771) was a Cretan rebel against Ottoman rule in the 18th century. ...

As the Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II, had no army of his own, he was forced to seek the aid of his rebellious vassal and rival, the Pasha of Egypt, who sent troops into the island. Britain decided that Crete should not become part of the new Kingdom of Greece on its independence in 1830, evidently fearing that it would either become a centre of piracy as it had often been in the past, or a Russian naval base in the East Mediterranean. Crete would remain under Ottoman suzerainity, but Egyptians administered the island, such as the Egyptian-Albanian Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha. The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... Capital Athens Language(s) Greek Religion Greek Orthodox Government Constitutional Monarchy King  - 1832-1862 Otto  - 1863-1913 George I  - 1913-1917 Constantine I  - 1917-1920 Alexander  - 1920-1922 Constantine I  - 1922-1924 George II Historical era Enlightenment Era  - London Protocol August 30, 1832  - Military junta April 21, 1967 The Kingdom... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Giritli Mustafa Naili Pasha (Mustafa Naili Pasha the Cretan) is an Ottoman grand vizier who held office twice during the reign of Abdülmecid, the first time between 14 May 1853 and 29 May 1854, and the second time between 6 August 1857 - 22 October 1857 . ...

The Revolution in Macedonia

The Greek population of Macedonia participated in the war of independence , but unfortunately , due to the vicinity to Constantinopolis (which was the center of the Turkish army), it wasn't laureled with success. Leader and coordinator of the Revolution in Macedonia was Emmanuel Papas , from the village of Dobista (modern day Emmanuel Papas in Serres prefecture). Papas was a member of the "Philike Etaireia" and offered a lot of funding from his personal wealth for the Cause , but wasn't a military expert himself. In the Macedonian mountains of Olympus and Vermion lived a large number of Greek klefts. The revolt 'typically' started on March 1821; with Emmanuel Papas from Serres (one of the main figures, who -though- lacked a military background) making provisions and transporting them to Mt.Athos at the orders of prince Alexandros Ipsilantis (leader, at the time, of the Greek Revolution). At Papas' request for naval support, Psara (an island of the N.Aegean) responded and provided the insurgents with sea-coverage. On the news of the Psarian landing, there were Turkish retaliations in Papas' hometown and Greek shops were sacked and Greek traders along with the metropolitan bishop were imprisoned. In Thessaloniki, too, governor Yusuf Bey, took hostages from the Greek community (civic and religious). Upon learning that Polygyros had joined the revolt, that Ottoman detachments were annihilated and the insurrection was spreading in the Chalkidiki and villages of Langadas, he executed several of them. Subsequently, he proceeded with a more massive slaughter of several thousands Thessalonian Greeks in the cathedral and market area. In his history D.Dankin (1972) says that it was to take over half a century for the Greeks of the city to recover from the blow. Nevertheless, the revolt gained ground and was proclaimed at the 'protaton' of Karyes on May, in the district of Olympos, and was joined by Thasos. Subsequently the insurgents cut communications between Thrace and the south, and attempted to prevent Hadji Mehmet Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from E.Macedonia to S.Greece: Although delaying him, were defeated. On late October a general Ottoman offensive lead by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki, Mehmet Emin, scored another crashing Ottoman victory at Kassandra. Papas and the survivors escaped on board the Psarian fleet to join the Peloponnesians, though the protagonist died en route. Sithonia, mt.Athos and Thasos surrender on terms. In the meanwhile, the insurrection west of the Thermaic Gulf mangaged to spread from Olympos to Bermion and Pieria. It was conducted by Anastasios Karatasos from the district of Beroia, Angelos Gatsos from the vicinity of Edessa, Zaferakis Logothetis from Naousa, and was also assisted by the Psarian naval force. On March of 1822, the insurgents were joined by more boats from Psara and Gregory Salas, who had been appointed commander-in-chief of the campaign in Macedonia, and German philhellenes. These too, Mehmet Emin defeated at Kolindros (near Methoni); then another detachment under captain Diamantis at Kastania (inland, on the other end of the Pierian mountains) and after pushing them eastwards towards the sea, he finally dispersed them at Milia on Easter Sunday. Further north, in the vicinity of Naousa, the detachment of Karatasos, some 5,000 strong, recorded a victory, but was checked by the arrival of fresh Ottoman reinforcements, and then by Mehmet Emin himself who appeared with 20,000 regulars and irregulars. Failing to get the insurgents to surrender Mehmet Emin launched a number of attacks pushed them back and finally took their base of operations itself, the town of Naousa, on April. (The expeditionary force sent from south Greece by prince Demetrios Ipsilants arrived too late to assist Naousa and was subsequently defeated.) Reprisals and executions ensued, and women are reported to have flung themselves over the Arapitsa waterfall to avoid dishonor and being sold in slavery. Those who broke through the siege fall back in Kozani, Siatista and Aspropotamos, or were carried by the Psarian fleet to the N.Aegean islands. Nikolaos Kasomoulis from Serres, who was present, later wrote of the events in his "Military Memoirs from the Revolution of the Hellenes 1821-1833" (Athens, 1839).

For more information about the Revolution in Macedonia: http://www.macedoniaontheweb.com/forum/modern-macedonian-history/123-greek-war-independence-macedonia-1821-a.html

The war at sea

From the early stages of the revolution, success at sea was vital for the Greeks. If they failed to counter the Ottoman Navy, it would be able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire's Asian provinces at will, crushing the rebellion. The Greek fleet was primarily outfitted by prosperous Aegean islanders, principally from three islands: Hydra, Spetses and Psara. Each island equipped, manned and maintained its own squadron, under its own admiral. Although they were crewed by experienced crews, the Greek ships were mostly armed merchantmen, not designed for warfare, and equipped with only light guns.^[16] Against them stood the Ottoman fleet, which enjoyed several advantages: its ships and supporting craft were built for war; it was supported by the resources of the vast Ottoman Empire; command was centralized and disciplined under the Kaptan Pasha. The total Ottoman fleet size was 23 masted ships of the line, each with about 80 guns and 7 or 8 frigates with 50 guns, 5 corvettes with about 30 guns and around 40 brigs with 20 or fewer guns.^[17] Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... For other uses, see Hydra. ... Spetses ( Modern Greek: Σπέτσες, Ancient/Katharevousa: Σπέτσαι, Spetsai) is an island of Greece, sometimes included as one of the Saronic Islands. ... Psara (Greek: Ψαρά) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. ... Ships of the line were 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-rated ships in the rating system of the Royal Navy. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Brigantine. ...

The destruction of the Turkish flagship at Chios by Kanaris

In the face of this situation, the Greeks decided to use fire ships (Greek: πυρπολικά or μπουρλότα), which had proven effective for the Psarians during the Orlov Revolt in 1770. The first test was made at Eresos on 27 May 1821, when a Turkish frigate was successfully destroyed by a fire ship under Dimitrios Papanikolis. In the fire ships, the Greeks found an effective weapon against the Ottoman vessels. In subsequent years, the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation, with acts such as the destruction of the Ottoman flagship by Constantine Kanaris at Chios, after the massacre of the island's population in June 1822, acquiring international fame. Overall, 59 fire ship attacks were carried out, of which 39 were successful. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... This article is not about the fireboats that fight fire Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-08-08 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796, depicts Drakes fire ship attack on the Spanish Armada. ... The Orlov Revolt (1770) was a precursor to the Greek War of Independence (1821), which saw a Greek uprising in the Peloponnese at the instigation of Count Orlov, commander of the Russian Naval Forces of the Russo-Turkish War. ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... Eresos (Greek: Ερεσός) and its twin beach village Skala Eresou are located in the southwest part of the Greek island of Lesbos. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Constantine Kanaris Constantine Kanaris (or Canaris, Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κανάρης) (1793 or 1795 – September 2, 1877) was a Greek admiral, freedom fighter and politician. ... Chios (IPA: )[2] (Greek: , alternative transliterations Khios and Hios) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea seven kilometres (five miles) off the Turkish coast. ... After the beginning of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, Turkish soldiers began the massacre of thousands of Greeks around the Ottoman Empire. ...

At the same time, conventional naval actions were also fought, at which naval commanders like Andreas Miaoulis, Nikolis Apostolis, Iakovos Tombazis and Antonios Kriezis distinguished themselves. The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetses gave the crews confidence, and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese. Andreas Vokos (or Bokos) Miaoulis (1768 - June 24, 1835), Greek admiral and politician, was born in Negropont. ... Nikolis Apostolis (Greek: ) was a Greek naval commander during the Greek War of Independence. ... Iakovos Yiakoumakis Tombazis (Greek: , about 1782-1829) was a merchant and ship-owner from the Greek island of Hydra who became the first Admiral of the Greek Navy during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire (1821 - 1829). ... Portrait of Antonios Kriezis Antonios Kriezis (Greek: Αντώνιος Κριεζής) (1796–1865) was a soldier who fought in the Greek War of Independence of 1821 and later served as a Prime Minister of Greece. ...

Later however, as Greece became embroiled in a civil war, the Sultan called upon his strongest subject, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, for aid. Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni. Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas, the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827. There the Ottoman fleet was decisively defeated by the combined fleets of the Britain, France and the Russian Empire, effectively securing the independence of Greece. This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Kasos is a Greek island in the Dodecanese. ... The destruction of Psara was the Turkish annihilation of every civilian on the Greek island of Psara during the Greek Revolution. ... Methoni (Greek Μεθώνη) is a town on the southwestern coast of the prefecture of Messinia, Greece. ... Samos (Greek: Σάμος) is a Greek island in the Eastern Aegean sea, located between the island of Chios to the North and the archipelagic complex of the Dodecanese to the South and in particular the island of Patmos and off the coast of Turkey, on what was formerly known as Ionia. ... Combatants United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Vilayet of Egypt Ottoman Vilayet of Tunisia Commanders Edward Codrington (C-in-C) Henri de Rigny Login Heyden Ibrahim Pasha (C-in-C) Amir Tahir Pasha (Adm comm) Moharram Bey Capitan Bey Strength 10 battleships 10 frigates 4 brigs 2 schooners... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...

The Revolution in peril

Greek infighting

The Greeks held a national legislative assembly in the Peloponnese January 1822. Demetrius Ypsilanti (brother of Alexander Ypsilantis) was elected president. Demetrius Ypsilanti, sometimes spelled Ypsilantis, (1793 - January 3, 1832), second son of Prince Constantine, distinguished himself as a Russian officer in the campaign of 1814, and in the spring of 1821 went to the Morea, where the war of Greek independence had just broken out. ... Alexander Ypsilantis may refer to: Alexander Ypsilantis (1725-1805), Prince of Wallachia from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Prince of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. ...

In 15-20 November 1821, another unrelated council was held in Salona, where the main local notables and military chiefs participated. Under the direction of Theodoros Negris, they set down a proto-constitution for the region, the "Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece" (Νομική Διάταξις της Ανατολικής Χέρσου Ελλάδος), and established a governing council, the Areopagus, composed of 71 notables from Eastern Greece, Thessaly and Macedonia. is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article concerns the Classical judicial body. ... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ...

Officially, the Areopagus was superseded by the central Provisional Administration, established in January 1822 after the First National Assembly, but the council continued its existence and exercised considerable authority, albeit in the name of the national government. Tensions between the Areopagus which was dominated by Central Greeks, and the National Assembly which was dominated by Peloponnesians caused an early rift in the fledgling Greek state. The relationship between the two governments was extremely tense, and Greece soon entered a phase of virtual civil war based on the regional governments. The First National Assembly of Epidaurus (1821–1822) was the first metting of the Greek National Assembly, a national representative political gathering of the Greek revolutionaries. ...

The flag of Mani - "Victory or Death, back with the shield or on the shield"

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Egyptian intervention

See also: Egyptian Invasion of Mani

Petros or Petrobey Mavromichalis, who liberated Kalamata and defended Mani.

Seeing that the Greek forces had defeated the Turks, the Ottoman Sultan asked his Egyptian vassal, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who hailed from Kavala in today's Greece, for aid. The Egyptians agreed to send their French-trained army to Greece in exchange for Crete, Cyprus and the Peleponnese. Muhammad Ali accepted the offer and sent his son Ibrahim in command of the expedition. They planned to pay for the war by expelling most of inhabitants and resettling Greece with Egyptian peasants.^[18] Meanwhile, the Greeks were in political disarray, verging on civil war. Combatants Mani Ottoman Empire, Egypt Commanders Ilias Mavromichalis Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Strength 7,500+ men 14,500+ infantry and cavalry Casualties - 4,400 The Ottoman-Egyptian Invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence with three battles. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, (Greek) (2001 pop. ...

Under command of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the leader of Egypt, Muhammad Ali invaded Greece, landing at Methoni and capturing the city of Kalamata and razing it to the ground.^[15] With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Peloponnese and after a brief siege he captured the city of Messolonghi. He then tried to capture Nauplio but he was driven back by Dimitrios Ypsilantis and Konstantinos Mavromichalis, Petros' brother.^[19] Much of the countyside was ravaged by Egyptian troops. He then turned his attention to the only place in the Peloponnese that remained independent: Mani. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Ibrahim Pasha (Arabic: إبراهيم باشا) ‎ (1789 – November 10, 1848), a 19th century general of Egypt. ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Methoni (Greek Μεθώνη) is a town on the southwestern coast of the prefecture of Messinia, Greece. ... Kalamata (Greek, Modern: Καλαμάτα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -ai), older forms: Kalamai is a city in southern Greece, on the Peloponnesos, by the Mediterranean. ... Messolonghi (Greek: Μεσολόγγι, Mesolóngi, older forms Mesolongi, Misolonghi, Mesolongion) is a town of about 18,000 people (2001) in central Greece. ... Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... Monument of Demetrius Ypsilanti in Athens Demetrius Ypsilanti, sometimes spelled Ypsilantis, (1793 - January 3, 1832), second son of Prince Constantine, distinguished himself as a Russian officer in the campaign of 1814 and, in the spring of 1821, went to the Morea, where the war of Greek independence had just broken... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ...

Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots simply replied:

Ibrahim tried to enter Mani from the north-east near Almiro on the June 21, 1826, but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas,Mani. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece. Ibrahim again tried to enter Mani, but again the Maniots defeated the Turkish and Egyptian forces.^[20] The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Vergas. This battle was costly for Ibrahim not only because he suffered 2,500 casualties but also ruined his plan to invade Mani from the north.^[15][21] Ibrahim would try again several times to take Mani, but each time the Turco-Arab forces would be repulsed, suffering much heavier casualties than the Greeks. is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A map showing Mani. ...

European intervention

See also: Battle of Navarino

The Battle of Navarino--The Destruction of the Turco-Egyptian Fleet

On 20 October 1827, the British, Russian and French fleets, on the initiative of local commanders but with the tacit approval of their governments, attacked and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino (Πύλος). This was the decisive moment in the war of independence, although the British Admiral Edward Codrington nearly ruined his career, since he was ordered not to achieve such a victory or destroy completely the Turko-Egyptian fleet. In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under John Capodistria (Καποδíστριας). They then advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes, before the western powers imposed a ceasefire. The Greeks seized the last Turkish strongholds in the Peloponnese with the help of the French general, Nicolas Joseph Maison. Combatants United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Vilayet of Egypt Ottoman Vilayet of Tunisia Commanders Edward Codrington (C-in-C) Henri de Rigny Login Heyden Ibrahim Pasha (C-in-C) Amir Tahir Pasha (Adm comm) Moharram Bey Capitan Bey Strength 10 battleships 10 frigates 4 brigs 2 schooners... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Ottoman Vilayet of Egypt Ottoman Vilayet of Tunisia Commanders Edward Codrington (C-in-C) Henri de Rigny Login Heyden Ibrahim Pasha (C-in-C) Amir Tahir Pasha (Adm comm) Moharram Bey Capitan Bey Strength 10 battleships 10 frigates 4 brigs 2 schooners... Admiral Edward Codrington Sir Edward Codrington (1770-1851) was a British admiral, hero of the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of Navarino. ... Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... For the ancient capital of Upper Egypt, see Thebes, Egypt. ... Nicolas Joseph Maison (December 19, 1770 - February 13, 1840), born in Épinay-sur-Seine, was a Marshal of France and Minister of War. ...

Bust of Demetrius Ypsilanti at the Ypsilanti Water Tower

The final major engagement of the war was the Battle of Petra, which occurred North of Attica. Greek forces under Dimitrios Ypsilantis, for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerrilla bands, advanced against Ottoman forces as Greek commanders realized that under the peace terms the new state would comprise whatever parts of Greece Greek troops occupied. The Greek forces met the troops of Osman Aga and after exchanging fires, the Greeks charged with their swords and decisively defeated the Turkish forces. The Turks would surrender all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece. This battle was significant as it was the first time the Greeks had fought victoriously as a regular army. It also marked the first time that Turks and Greeks had negotiated on the field of battle. The Battle of Petra was the last of the Greek War of Independence. Ironically, Dimitrios Ypsilantis ended the war started by his brother, Alexandros Ypsilantis, when he crossed the Prut River eight and a half years earlier. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (529x748, 220 KB) photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran aka Carptrash 22:32, 22 January 2007 (UTC) . Cross is to just to the left and down brom the bust of Ypsilanti I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (529x748, 220 KB) photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran aka Carptrash 22:32, 22 January 2007 (UTC) . Cross is to just to the left and down brom the bust of Ypsilanti I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to... Combatants Greek revolutionaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Demetrios Ypsilantis Aslan Bey Strength 2000 irregular but battle hardened troops 7000 infantry Casualties Light Several hundred The Battle of Petra - not to be confused with the Battle of Peta - was the last battle fought in the Greek War of Independence. ... Monument of Demetrius Ypsilanti in Athens Demetrius Ypsilanti, sometimes spelled Ypsilantis, (1793 - January 3, 1832), second son of Prince Constantine, distinguished himself as a Russian officer in the campaign of 1814 and, in the spring of 1821, went to the Morea, where the war of Greek independence had just broken...

Massacres during the Revolution

See also: Massacres during the Greek Revolution

Eugène Delacroix's Massacre of Chios

Almost as soon as the revolution began, there were large scale massacres of civilians by both Greek revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Greek revolutionaries massacred Turks and Muslims identified with their rule inhabiting the Peloponnese and Attica where Greek forces were dominant, whereas the Turks massacred many Greeks identified with the revolution especially in Ionia (Asia Minor), Crete, Constantinople and the Aegean islands where the revolutionary forces were weaker. Some of the more infamous atrocities include the Massacre of Chios, the Destruction of Psara, the massacres of Turks and Jews following the Fall of Tripolitsa and the Navarino Massacre. Harris J. Booras and David Brewer claimed that massacres by Greeks were responses to the prior events (such as the massacre of the Greeks of Tripoli, after the failed Orlof revolution of 1770 and the destruction of the sacred band).^[22][23] However, according to historians W.Alison Phillips, George Finlay, William St. Clair and Barbara Jelavich massacres started simultaneously with the outbreak of the revolt.^{[24][25][26][27]} There were numerous massacres during the Greek Revolution perpetrated by both the Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman authorities. ... Image File history File links {PD-old} File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links {PD-old} File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (April 26, 1798 – August 13, 1863) was one of the most important of the French Romantic painters. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Location of Ionia Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Ä°zmir,) on the Aegean Sea. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Aegean Sea Islands: map showing island groups. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The destruction of Psara was the Turkish annihilation of every civilian on the Greek island of Psara during the Greek Revolution. ... The Fall of Tripolitsa (Greek: ) to Greek rebels in the summer of 1821 marked the first decisive victory in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, which had begun earlier that year. ... Navarino Massacre[1] was one of the series of massacres that occurred following the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, which had resulted in the extermination of the Turkish civilian population inhabiting the region over hundreds of years. ...

Tens of thousands of Greek civilians were killed ; the Turks also sold tens of thousands of captives into slavery. A large number of Christian clergymen were also killed, including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Throne inside the Patriarchade of Constantinople. ...

Muslim Turkish and Albanian populations of the Peloponnese also suffered huge losses.

Sometimes identified with Ottoman rule in the Peloponnese , Jewish populations too suffered massacres in the area  ; however, many Jews around Greece and throughout Europe were supporters of the Greek revolt, using their wealth (as in the case of the Rothschilds) as well as their political and public influence to assist the Greek cause. Following its establishment, the new state attracted a number of Jewish immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, as one of the first countries to grant legal equality to Jews.

Diplomatic endgame

John Capodistria, who had been the only Greek that various rebel leaders could agree upon as President of the new state, was assassinated in 1831 in Nafplion, leading to civil war. He was killed by the Maniots because he had demanded that they pay taxes to the new Greek state, and when the freedom-loving Maniots refused Capodistias put Petrobey in jail, sparking vows of vengeance from his clan. As a state of confusion continued in the Greek peninsula, the Great Powers sought a formal end of the war and a recognized government in Greece. The Greek throne was initially offered to Léopold I of Belgium, but he refused, as he was not at all satisfied with the Aspropotamos-Zitouni borderline, which replaced the more favourable Arta-Volos line considered by the Great Powers earlier. Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). ... Léopold I, first King of the Belgians, (December 16, 1790 - December 10, 1865), was born in Ehrenburg Castle in the Bavarian town of Coburg, and named Leopold Georg Christian Friedrich (Léopold Georges Chrétien Frédéric in French, Leopold Georg Christiaan Frederik in Dutch). ...

Map of the boundaries of the Greek Kingdom after the Treaty of Constantinople

The withdrawal of Léopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece, and the July Revolution in France, delayed the final settlement of the frontiers of the new kingdom until a new government was formed in the United Kingdom. Lord Palmerston, who took over as British Foreign Secretary, agreed to the Arta-Volos borderline. However, the secret note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to the Courts of the United Kingdom, France and Russia, bore no fruit. Image File history File links 30septgrece2. ... Image File history File links 30septgrece2. ... // The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the last of the House of Bourbons, and the ascension of his cousin Louis-Philippe, the Duc dOrléans, who himself, after eighteen precarious years on the throne, would in turn... The Right Honourable Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid 19th century. ... The title of Foreign Secretary has been traditionally used to refer to the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

In May 1832, Palmerston convened the London Conference of 1832. The three Great Powers (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, July Monarchy France and the Russian Empire) offered the throne to the Bavarian prince, Otto Wittelsbach, without regard to Greek views on this. The line of succession was also established which would pass the crown to the heirs of Otto, or his younger brothers in succession, should he have no heirs. In no case would the crowns of Greece and Bavaria be joined. As co-guarantors of the monarchy, the Great Powers also empowered their Ambassadors in the Ottoman capital to secure the end of the war. Under the protocol signed on May 7 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting Powers, and basically dealing with the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority (while also concluding the second Greek loan, for a sum of £2,400,000 sterling), Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos line as its northern frontier. The Ottoman Empire was given 40,000,000 piastres in compensation for the loss of the territory. This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927). ... Kingdom of France Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy King of the French  - 1830-1848 Louis-Phillipe Legislature Parliament  - Upper house Chamber of Peers  - Lower house Chamber of Deputies History  - July Revolution 1830  - Revolution of 1848 1848 Currency French Franc The July Monarchy (1830-1848) was a period of... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... King Otto or Othon of Greece, (Greek: , Othon, Vasileus tis Ellados) also Prince of Bavaria (June 1, 1815 – July 26, 1867) was made the first modern king of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... King Otto or Othon of Greece, (Greek: , Othon, Vasileus tis Ellados) also Prince of Bavaria (June 1, 1815 – July 26, 1867) was made the first modern king of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers...

On July 21, 1832, British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte Sir Stratford Canning and the other representatives of the Great Powers concluded the Treaty of Constantinople, which set the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at a line running from Arta (Αρτα) to Volos (Βολος). The borders of the Kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of August 30, 1832, signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of the Constantinople Arrangement. is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire often confusing the Sublime Porte and the High Porte. ... Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe KG GCB PC (4 November 1786 - 14 August 1880) was a British diplomat and longtime ambassador to the Sublime Porte. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... The Τreaty of Constantinople was the product of the Constantinople Conference which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. ... Arta may refer to: Djibouti Arta District Arta, Djibouti Greece Arta Prefecture Arta, Greece Italy Piano dArta Ancient People Arta Kamuia or Arta Kamuio This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... This article is about Volos, Greece. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Aftermath

The first national flag of Greece adopted 1822

The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France claiming a major role in Greek politics, an imported Barvarian dynast as ruler, and a mercenary army.^[28] The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting, was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.^[3] Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ...

The new state also contained 800,000 people, fewer than one third of the two and a half million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and for much of the next century the Greek state was to seek the liberation of the “unredeemed” Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Megale Idea, the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.^[3] irredentism is position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ... Megali Idea (Μεγάλη Ιδέα) (Greek for Great Idea) is a concept of Greek nationalism expressing the goal of establishing a Greek state that encompasses all ethnic Greeks. ...

As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. Phanariotes who had up to then held high office within the Ottoman Empire were thenceforth regarded as suspect and lost their special, privileged category. In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant, Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking and Bulgarian merchants gained importance.^[28] An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of...

In the long term historical perspective, this marked a seminal event in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, despite the small size and impoverishment of the new Greek state. For the first time, a Christian subject people had thrown off the Turkish yoke and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. This would give hope to the other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire, as Serbs, Bulgars, Romanians, and Arabs would all successfully throw out the Turks and establish free states. Kurds and Armenians would try and follow suit, but would fail and suffer horribly in the process. The newly established Greek state would become a springboard for further expansion, and over the course of a century Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, the Aegean and other parts of Greece would throw off the Turkish yoke and unite with the new Greek state. Greece, poor and backward during the Ottoman occupation, achieved satisfactory economic growth during the later 19th century that allowed it to build one of the world's largest merchant fleets.

There is a parade in Manhattan annually in either March or April celebrating the start of the war and Greek Culture in general. In the parade there is the Mayor of New York City, New York Senators, and other various politicians. Greek American politicians and individuals are particularly highlighted as well as members of the Greek Orthodox Church. This article is about the borough of New York City. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ... A Greek-American is a citizen of the United States who has significant Greek heritage. ... Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) can refer to any of several hierarchical churches within the larger group of mutually recognizing Eastern Orthodox churches. ...

Theodoros Kolokotronis Image File history File links Theodoros_Kolokotronis. ... Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ...	Laskarina Bouboulina Image File history File links Bouboulina_Friedel_engraving_1827. ... An 1827 engraving of Bouboulina by Friedel. ...	Manto Mavrogenous Image File history File links Manto_Mavrogenous2. ... Manto Mavrogenous Manto Magdalena Mavrogenous (Greek: Μαντώ Μαγδαληνή Μαυρογένους), (1796-July 1840) was a Greek heroine of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. ...	Athanasios Diakos Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (722x928, 90 KB) Athanasios Diakos, Hero of the Battle of Alamana. ... Athanasios Diakos (1788-1821). ...
Odysseas Androutsos Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Odysseas Androutsos (also Odysseus Androutsos, Greek: Οδυσσέας Ανδρούτσος) was a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ...	Georgios Karaiskakis Georgios Karaiskakis (Greek, Γεώργιος Καραϊσκάκης) (1782-1827) was a famous Greek klepht, armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence. ...	Markos Botsaris Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Markos Botsaris (c. ...	Petros Mavromichalis Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Petros Mavromichalis (1765-1848) (in Greek Πέτρος Μαυρομιχάλης) also known as Petrobey (Πετρομπέης), was the leader of the Maniot people during the first half of the 19th century. ...
Yannis Makriyannis Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... General Yannis Makriyannis (Ιωάννης Μακρυγιάννης, also anglicized as Ioannis, Ioannes and Makriyiannis, Makrygiannis, Makrygiannēs, Macriyannis, ) (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. ...	Nikitaras Image File history File links Size of this preview: 460 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (612 × 797 pixel, file size: 50 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Nikitaras the nom de guerre of Nikitas Stamatelopoulos (1784?–1849), a Greek revolutionary who fought the Greek War of Independence [[:el:Nikitaras, Lithography by Karl Krazeisen... Nikitaras, or Νικηταρας was a Greek revolutionary who fought for Greeces freedom during the Greek War of Independence. ...	Dimitris Plapoutas Dimitris Koliopoulos Plapoutas was a Greek General who fought during the Greek War of Independence against the rule of the Ottoman Empire. ...	Germanos of Patras Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Germanos was an Orthodox Metropolitan of Patras, who, on March 25, 1821, proclaimed national uprising. ...
Constantine Kanaris Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 549 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (612 × 668 pixel, file size: 56 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Konstantinos Kanaris (1793 or 1795 – 2 September 1877) Greek admiral, freedom fighter and politician. ... Constantine Kanaris Constantine Kanaris (or Canaris, Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κανάρης) (1793 or 1795 – September 2, 1877) was a Greek admiral, freedom fighter and politician. ...

Gallery of paintings glorifying the uprisings

Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi. Eugène Delacroix, 1826. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x3047, 672 KB) Description: Title: de: Griechenland auf den Ruinen von Missolonghi sterbend Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 208 × 147 cm Country of origin: de: Frankreich Current location (city): de: Bordeaux Current location (gallery): de: Musée des Beaux... Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (April 26, 1798 – August 13, 1863) was one of the most important of the French Romantic painters. ...

Greek boy defending his wounded father. Ary Scheffer, 1827. Image File history File links Ary_Scheffer_(1795-1858)_Greek_boy_defending_his_wounded_father,_1827_Oil_on_oilcloth_45_×_37_cm. ... Ary Scheffer (February 10, 1795 _ June 15, 1858), French painter of Dutch extraction, was born at Dordrecht. ...

Detail of "The Entry of King Othon of Greece in Athens". Peter Von Hess, 1839. Image File history File linksMetadata Detail_-_The_Entry_of_King_Othon_of_Greece_in_Athens-1839. ...

"Germanos blessing the flag" Theodoros Vryzakis, 1865. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (726x1000, 570 KB) el:Category:Ελληνική Επανάσταση του 1821 el:Category:Ελληνική ιστορία Licence File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Greek War of Independence Germanos of Patras Metadata This file contains additional... Germanos blessing the flag at Agia Lavra. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Yannis Makriyannis (Ιωάννης Μακρυγιάννης, also anglicized as Ioannis, Ioannes and Makriyiannis, Makrygiannis, Makrygiannēs, Macriyannis, ) (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. ... General Yannis Makriyannis (Ιωάννης Μακρυγιάννης, also anglicized as Ioannis, Ioannes and Makriyiannis, Makrygiannis, Makrygiannēs, Macriyannis, ) (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. ...

References

• Finlay, George (1877). A History of Greece (Edited by H. F. Tozer). 
• Finlay, George (1861). History of Greek Revolution. 
• Gordon, Thomas (1844). History of the Greek Revolution. 
• Paroulakis, Peter H. (2000). The Greek War of Independence. Hellenic International Press. ISBN 978-0959089417. 
• St. Clair, William (1972). That Greece Might Still Be Free - The Philhellenes in the War of Independence. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192151940. 

fnklsgbnhkljsfngbkl9tjrhnlkfnhbglmngk./lkgh Major-General Thomas Gordon, (1788 –20 April 1841), was a British army officer and historian. ...

External links

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Greek War of Independence

• Treaty of Constantinople
• of London, 1832
• War of Independence