Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Whereas environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990 the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in an original and innovative way. Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. ... // Air pollution Motor vehicle emissions are likely the leading cause of air pollution. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...

As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry derives from organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, even physical chemistry. However, the philosophy of green chemistry tends to focus on industrial applications. Contrast this with click chemistry which tends to favor academic applications, although industrial applications are possible. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds consisting of primarily carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, including nitrogen, oxygen, halogens as well... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. ... Physical chemistry is the application of physics to macroscopic, microscopic, atomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems[1]within the field of chemistry traditionally using the principles, practices and concepts of thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics. ... Click chemistry is a concept introduced by K. Barry Sharpless in 2001 and describes chemistry tailored to generate substances quickly and reliably by joining small units together as nature does. ... Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. ...

In 2005 Ryoji Noyori identified three key developments in green chemistry: use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.^[1] Examples of applied green chemistry are supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions and dry media reactions. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) (born September 3, 1938) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001. ... Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram Supercritical carbon dioxide refers to carbon dioxide with some unique properties. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Supercritical water oxidation or SCWO is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixtures thermodynamic critical point. ... A On water reaction is a group of organic reactions that take place as an emulsion in water and that exhibit a unusual reaction rate acceleration compared to the same reaction in an organic solvent or compared to the dry media reaction. ... A dry media reaction or solid-state reaction is a chemical reaction system in the absence of a solvent. ...

Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as shikimate, a Tamiflu precursor which is fermented by Roche in bacteria. Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems. ... Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. ... Tamiflu manufactured by ROCHE active principle Oseltamivir Phosphate Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: GS-4104/002; Oseltamivir, fosfato de; Ro-64-0796/002 USAN: Oseltamivir Phosphate rINNM: Oseltamivir Phosphate erINNM: Fosfato de oseltamivir Chemical name: Ethyl (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate phosphate (1... Fermentation in progress Fermentation is a process of energy production in a cell in an anaerobic environment (with no oxygen present). ...

Principles

Paul Anastas, then of the EPA, and John C. Warner developed 12 principles of green chemistry,^[2] which help to explain what the definition means in practice. The principles cover such concepts as: EPA redirects here. ...

• the design of processes to maximise the amount of raw material that ends up in the product;
• the use of safe, environment-benign solvents where possible;
• the design of energy efficient processes;
• the best form of waste disposal, aiming not to create it in the first place.

The 12 principles are:

1. Prevent waste: Design chemical syntheses to prevent waste, leaving no waste to treat or clean up.
2. Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical products to be fully effective, yet have little or no toxicity.
3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses to use and generate substances with little or no toxicity to humans and the environment.
4. Use renewable feedstock: Use raw materials and feedstock that are renewable rather than depleting. Renewable feedstock are often made from agricultural products or are the wastes of other processes; depleting feedstock are made from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are mined.
5. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: Minimize waste by using catalytic reactions. Catalysts are used in small amounts and can carry out a single reaction many times. They are preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which are used in excess and work only once.
6. Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or protecting groups or any temporary modifications if possible. Derivatives use additional reagents and generate waste.
7. Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final product contains the maximum proportion of the starting materials. There should be few, if any, wasted atoms.
8. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If these chemicals are necessary, use innocuous chemicals. If a solvent is necessary, water is a good medium as well as certain eco-friendly solvents that do not contribute to smog formation or destroy the ozone.
9. Increase energy efficiency: Run chemical reactions at ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.
10. Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: Design chemical products to break down to innocuous substances after use so that they do not accumulate in the environment.
11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process real-time monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the formation of byproducts.
12. Minimize the potential for accidents: Design chemicals and their forms (solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment.

In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ... Waste inside a wheelie bin Waste in a binbag Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. ... Waste treatment refers to the activities required to ensure that waste has the least practicable impact on the environment. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... // Toxic and Intoxicated redirect here – toxic has other uses, which can be found at Toxicity (disambiguation); for the state of being intoxicated by alcohol see Drunkenness. ... Renewable energy (sources) or RES capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows. ... A feedstock is a petrochemical used as a raw material to be fed into a machine or processing plant. ... material is the substance or matter from which something is or can be made, or also items needed for doing or creating something. ... Depletion is the process of running down or reducing the total resource available. ... Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Natural gas is gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... This article is about mineral extraction. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. ... A reagent or reactant is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration (increase in rate) or slowing down of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Atom economy describes the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... A reaction is the following: In physics, a reaction (physics) is defined by Newtons third law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The idea that any given force has a pair or opposite force. ... ... In physics and engineering, including mechanical and electrical engineering, energy efficiency is a dimensionless number, with a value between 0 and 1 or with times 100 given in percent. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (68–72 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Diurnal (daily) rhythm of air pressure in northern Germany (black curve is air pressure) Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any point in the Earths atmosphere. ... Biodegradation is the decomposition of organic material by microorganisms. ... // Air pollution Motor vehicle emissions are likely the leading cause of air pollution. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards

The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards[1] began in 1995 as an effort to recognize individuals and businesses for innovations in green chemistry. Typically five awards are given each year, one in each of five categories: Academic, Small Business, Greener Synthetic Pathways, Greener Reaction Conditions, and Designing Greener Chemicals. Nominations are accepted the prior year, and evaluated by an independent panel of chemists convened by the American Chemical Society. Through 2006, a total of 57 technologies have been recognized for the award, and over 1000 nominations have been submitted. The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. ...

Glycerine to Propylene Glycol

• In 2006, Professor Galen J. Suppes, from the University of Missouri-Columbia, was awarded the Academic Award for his system of converting waste glycerin from biodiesel production to propylene glycol. Through the use of a copper-chromite catalyst, Professor Suppes was able to lower the required temperature of conversion while raising the efficiency of the distillation reaction. Propylene glycol produced in this way will be cheap enough to replace the more toxic ethylene glycol that is the primary ingredient in automobile antifreeze.

Trans and Cis Fatty Acids

• In 2005, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Novozymes N.A.[2] won the Greener Synthetic Pathways Award for their enzyme interesterification process. In response to the FDA mandated labeling of trans-fats on nutritional information by January 1, 2006, Novozymes and ADM worked together to develop a clean, enzymatic process for the interesterification of oils and fats by interchanging saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The result is commercially viable products without trans-fats. In addition to the human health benefits of eliminating trans-fats, the process has reduced the use of toxic chemicals and water, prevents vast amounts of byproducts, and reduces the amount of fats and oils wasted.

Lactide

• In 2002, Cargill Dow (now NatureWorks)[3] won the Greener Reaction Conditions Award for their improved polylactic acid polymerization process. Lactic acid is produced by fermenting corn and converted to lactide, the cyclic dimer ester of lactic acid using an efficient, tin-catalyzed cyclization. The L,L-lactide enantiomer is isolated by distillation and polymerized in the melt to make a crystallizable polymer, which has use in many applications including textiles and apparel, cutlery, and food packaging. Wal-Mart has announced that it is using/will use PLA for its produce packaging. The NatureWorks PLA process substitutes renewable materials for petroleum feedstocks, doesn't require the use of hazardous organic solvents typical in other PLA processes, and results in a high-quality polymer that is recyclable and compostable.

• In 1996, Dow Chemical won the 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions award for their 100% carbon dioxide blowing agent for polystyrene foam production. Polystyrene foam is a common material used in packing and food transportation. Seven hundred million pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Traditionally, CFC and other ozone-depleting chemicals were used in the production process of the foam sheets, presenting a serious environmental hazard. Flammable, explosive, and, in some cases toxic hydrocarbons have also been used as CFC replacements, but they present their own problems. Dow Chemical discovered that supercritical carbon dioxide works equally as well as a blowing agent, without the need for hazardous substances, allowing the polystyrene to be more easily recycled. The CO₂ used in the process is reused from other industries, so the net carbon released from the process is zero.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The University of Missouri-Columbia (abbreviated UMC and nicknamed Mizzou) is an institution of higher learning located in Columbia, Missouri and is the main campus in the University of Missouri system. ... Glycerin, also well known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. ... In some countries, filling stations sell bio-diesel more cheaply than conventional diesel. ... A man pouring antifreeze into his vehicle. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Archer Daniels Midland Company (NYSE: ADM), based in Decatur, Illinois, operates more than 270 plants worldwide, where cereal grains and oilseeds are processed into numerous products used in food, beverage, nutraceutical, industrial and animal feed markets worldwide. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... A trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to trans fat) is an unsaturated fatty acid molecule that contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms, which makes the molecule less kinked compared to cis fat. Research suggests a correlation between diets high in trans fats and diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 547 pixel Image in higher resolution (1096 × 750 pixel, file size: 71 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Structure of Lactide File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 547 pixel Image in higher resolution (1096 × 750 pixel, file size: 71 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Structure of Lactide File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... The skeletal formula of polylactic acid Polylactic acid or Polylactide (PLA) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic, aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources. ... This is the article about the process. ... Lactic acid (IUPAC systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid), also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Lactide is the anhydride of lactic acid. ... A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ... The international symbol for recycling. ... The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, USA. In terms of market capitalization, it is the second-largest chemical company in the world, smaller than only DuPont. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Polystyrene is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. ... Possible meanings: Certified Financial Consultant Chelsea Football Club Child and Family Canada Chlorofluorocarbon Combined Federal Campaign haloalkane This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram Supercritical carbon dioxide refers to carbon dioxide with some unique properties. ...

Other awards

The Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) presents Australia’s Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. This awards program is similar to that at the EPA, although the Institute has included a category for Green Chemistry education as well as Small Business and Academic or Government. The Royal Australian Chemical Institute is both the qualifying body in Australia for professional chemists and a learned society promoting the science and practice of chemistry in all its branches. ... EPA redirects here. ...

The Canadian Green Chemistry Medal is an annual award given to an individual or group for promotion and development of green chemistry in Canada and internationally. The winner is presented with a citation recognizing the achievements together with a sculpture.^[3][4]

Green Chemistry activities in Italy center around an inter-university consortium known as INCA. Beginning in 1999, the INCA has given three awards annually to industry for applications of green chemistry. The winners receive a plaque at the annual INCA meeting.[5]

In Japan, The Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network(GSCN), formed in 1999, is an organization consisting of representatives from chemical manufacturers and researchers. In 2001, the organization began an awards program. GSC Awards are to be granted to individuals, groups or companies who greatly contributed to green chemistry through their research, development and their industrialization. The achievements are awarded by Ministers of related government agencies.[6]

In the United Kingdom, the Crystal Faraday Partnership, a non-profit group founded in 2001, awards businesses annually for incorporation of green chemistry. The Green Chemical Technology Awards have been given by Crystal Faraday since 2004; the awards were presented by the Royal Society of Chemistry prior to that time. The award is given only to a single researcher or business, while other notable entries are given recognition as well.[7]

The Nobel Prize Committee recognized the importance of green chemistry in 2005 by awarding Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for "the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis." The Nobel Prize Committee states, "this represents a great step forward for 'green chemistry', reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter production. Metathesis is an example of how important basic science has been applied for the benefit of man, society and the environment."[8] The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ) are awards in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. ... Yves Chauvin (born October 10, 1930) is a French chemist and Nobel Prize winner. ... Robert H. Grubbs (b. ... Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) was one of the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the metathesis method in organic chemistry. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ...

Trends

Attempts are being made not only to quantify the greenness of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield, the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study,^[4] the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline receives 64 points out of 100 marking it as an acceptable synthesis overall whereas a synthesis of an amide using HMDS is only described as adequate with a combined 32 points. Yield in chemistry, also known as chemical yield and reaction yield, is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2. ... Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene (C6H5NH2) is an organic chemical compound which is a primary aromatic amine consisting of a benzene ring and an amino group. ... Amide functional group In chemistry, an amide is one of two kinds of compounds: - the organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom (N), or a compound that contains this functional group (pictured to the right); or - a particular kind of nitrogen anion. ... The chemical compound sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is a strong base used for deprotonation reactions or base catalyzed reaction. ...

Examples

Supramolecular Chemistry

Research is currently ongoing in the area of supramolecular chemistry to develop reactions which can proceed in the solid state without the use of solvents. The cycloaddition of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene is directed by resorcinol in the solid state. This solid-state reaction proceeds in the presence of UV light in 100% yield.^{[citation needed]} Supramolecular chemistry refers to the area of chemistry which focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules. ... A Cycloaddition is a pericyclic reaction in which the net result is loss of two pi bonds and gain of two sigma bonds. ... Resorcin (or resorcinol) is the (1,3) isomer of dihydroxybenzene (dihydric phenol). ... Solid-state chemistry is the study of solid materials, which may be molecular. ... UV redirects here. ... Yield in chemistry, also known as chemical yield and reaction yield, is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. ...

Cycloaddition of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

See also

• Bioremediation - a technique that generally falls outside the scope of green chemistry
• Green computing - a similar initiative in the area of computing

Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. ... Green Computing is the design of technological and computing products that reduce the use of hazardous substances and radiation. ...

External links

• EPA Green Chemistry Program Website
• Green Chemistry Institute
• Interuniversity Consortium - Chemistry for the Environment
• Mediterranean Countries Green Chemistry Network
• Green chemistry takes root (USA Today)
• Green Chemistry PhD Program at University of Massachusetts Lowell
• Green Chemistry Experiments for Education, University of Oregon
• Green Chemistry at the University of Scranton
• Green Chemistry Journal Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
• Next Generation Environmental Technologies Published by RAND
• Clean Chemical Synthesis in Water
• Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards

References

1. ^ Pursuing practical elegance in chemical synthesis Ryoji Noyori Chemical Communications, 2005, (14), 1807 - 1811 Abstract
2. ^ The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
3. ^ For more information about the Canadian Green Chemistry Medal contact: Professor C. J. Li Coordinator of the Canadian Green Chemistry Network Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
4. ^ EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters. Van Aken K, Strekowski L, Patiny L Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2006 2:3 ( 3 March 2006 ) Article

1. The Presidential Green Chemistry Awards. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
2. Novozymes N.A.. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
3. NatureWorks LLC. Cargill. Retrieved on August 1, 2006.
4. Announcing the 2005 Canadian Green Chemistry Medal. RSC Publishing. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
5. Chemistry for the Environment. Interuniversity Consortium. Retrieved on February 15, 2007.
6. Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network, Japan. Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
7. 2005 Crystal Faraday Green Chemical Technology Awards. Green Chemistry Network. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
8. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
9. The MacGillivray Research Group. The MacGillivray Research Group: Research. Retrieved on May 2, 2006.

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