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Grigore Alexandru Ghica or Ghika (1803 or 1807-August 24, 1857) was a Prince of Moldavia between October 14, 1849 and June 1853, and again between October 30, 1854 and June 3, 1856. His wife was Helena, a member of the Sturdza family and daughter of Ioan Sturdza, who had been Prince of Moldavia from 1822 to 1828. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...
August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ...
1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ...
For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ...
October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ...
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ...
1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Sturdza or Sturza is the name of an ancient Romanian family, of unknown origin, which probably came from Trebizond and settled in Moldavia. ...
Ioan Sturdza was a prince of Moldavia (1822-1828) and the most famous descendant of Alexandru Sturdza. ...
Biography
Early life and first rule Born sometime between 1800 and 1810, Grigore Alexandru was a member of the Ghica family of boyars, and a descendant of Phanariotes. After being educated in France and the German Confederation, he returned to his native country and rallied with the nationalist and liberal opposition to Prince Mihail Sturdza under the Regulamentul Organic regime.[1] Following the 1848 Revolution and Sturdza's deposition, despite his political choices, with Russia's approval, a Moldavian Divan appointed Ghica as ruler for a seven-year term[1] (recognition from the Ottoman Empire, the country's other overseer, was obtained through the Treaty of Balta Liman). Ghica family was a Romanian noble family. ...
A boyar (also spelt bojar; Romanian: boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian (Russian) and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century. ...
An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: ΦαναÏιώτες, Romanian: FanarioÅ£i) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (ΦανάÏι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. ...
Mihail Sturdza (1795-1884) was a prince of Moldavia from 1834 to 1849. ...
The National Assembly of Wallachia in 1837 Regulamentul Organic (Romanian name, translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Russian: OрганичеÑкий регламент, Organichesky reglament)[1] was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831–1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities...
This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...
Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–22 Mehmed VI...
The Treaty of Balta Liman was written when international power was shifting to the west and away from the Ottoman Empire. ...
Soon after receiving the throne in Iaşi, Ghica carried out a series of moderate reforms, and prepared to implement more radical ones.[1] He was responsible for creating a corps of Gendarmes (April 3, 1850), which was to serve as an embryo for the present-day Romanian Gendarmerie.[2] In 1851, he nominated the Transylvanian-born intellectual August Treboniu Laurian, himself a noted supporter of ethnic Romanian nationalism, as Inspector of the Schools in Moldavia.[3] Additionally, his rule relaxed censorship, and became noted for an increase in literary activities.[4] County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ...
A gendarmerie (French) is a military body charged with general police duties. ...
April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ...
For the game, see: 1850 (board game) Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Jandarmeria Română is the military branch of the Romanian police force. ...
Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...
August Treboniu Laurian (1810-1881) was a Transylvanian Romanian intellectual. ...
Languages Romanian language Religions Predominantly Romanian Orthodox, but also including Romanian Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Atheist. ...
jen is wroong about censorship For other uses, see Censor. ...
Grigore Alexandru Ghica's program was ended by the Crimean War, when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities as a means to attack the Ottoman Empire.[1] Deposed in June 1853, he went into exile in October, crossing into the Austrian Empire and settling in Vienna.[1] When occupying troops were forced to retreat the following year, and Russian influence remained marginal,[4] he was allowed to regain his position, and attempted to fulfill his platform.[1] Combatants Allies: Second French Empire United Kingdom Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1854–1856) was fought...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Anthem: Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) Capital Vienna Language(s) German Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Disestablished 1867 Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was an empire centred on what is modern day Austria that officially lasted from 1804...
Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
Second rule and reforms As such, Ghica ordered the abolition of Roma slavery. This came at the end of a gradual process: since slaves owned by the state and the Orthodox Church had been set free by Mihail Sturdza in 1844, the order applied to the sizable category of privately-owned Roma.[5] The legislative project was drafted by Mihail Kogălniceanu and Petre Mavrogheni, and passed with the Divan's unanimous vote on December 22, 1855,[6] providing compensation for all adult and able Roma, part of which was to be collected from former state-owned slaves.[5] In the end, as the sums owed were threatening to drain state resources, payment was settled with state bonds (while 264 boyars agreed to free their slaves at no expense to the state).[5] As many as 30,000 Roma[5] or as few as 5,000[6] gained their freedom as a direct result of the move. This English poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require a spell check. ...
Slave redirects here. ...
The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ...
Mihail Kogălniceanu Mihail Kogălniceanu (September 6, 1817, Iasi - July 1, 1891, Paris) was a Romanian statesman, historian and publicist, he became the first Prime minister of Romania October 11, 1863, after the union of Moldavian and Wallachian principalities. ...
December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
A government bond is a bond issued by a national government denominated in the countrys own currency. ...
The order was the direct consequence of a public scandal involving the family of Dimitrie Cantacuzino-Paşcanu, who had been Moldavia's logofăt during the 1830s. Dimitrie's widow Profira had adopted and educated Dincă, a son of her husband's from an adulterous relationship with a Roma slave, who served the estate as a cook.[6] As a result of his upbringing, Dincă had emancipated himself and was even allowed access to French high-society, when he accompanied Profira Cantacuzino to Paris.[6] While there, he made the acquaintance of a chambermaid, Clémentine, who became his fiancée and agreed to accompany him back to Moldavia.[6] Upon his return, Dincă's status as a slave was exposed — impressed by the situation, Ghica agreed to advocate his release, but met opposition from Profira Cantacuzino, who argued that Dincă reminded her of her deceased husband, and stressed that she could not allow him to grow estranged.[6] Confronted with the news and aware that he would not be allowed to marry a free woman, Dincă shot his wife and then himself, an event which served to draw additional support for the abolitionist cause.[6] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Logothetes. ...
City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...
Ghica's overt approval of the nationalist program, which called for uniting Moldavia and Wallachia[1] and implied measures to support Partida Naţională's activities, provoked the opposition of Austria and the Ottoman Empire.[1][7] During the late years of his rule, he appointed several Partida Naţională representatives to government positions.[7] The Partida NaÅ£ională (English: National Party) was a liberal Romanian political party active between 1856 and 1859. ...
In 1856, Prince Grigore legislated an end to censorship and instituted freedom of the press.[4] A notable cultural event during the later years of his rule was a debate over the authenticity of the Chronicle of Huru, a document which claimed to shed light on obscure events in Moldavian history, and which received ideological support from the anti-unionist Gheorghe Asachi.[8] Ghica appointed a Commission of experts, comprising Laurian, Kogălniceanu, and Costache Negruzzi, which reported that the document was a forgery.[9][8] Freedom of the press (or press freedom) is the guarantee by a government of free public press for its citizens and their associations, extended to members of news gathering organizations, and their published reporting. ...
The Chronicle of Huru (Romanian: Cronica lui Huru) was a forged narrative, first published in 1856-1857; it claimed to be an official chronicle of the medieval Moldavian court and to shed light on Romanian presence in Moldavia from Roman Dacia and up to the 13th century, thus offering an...
Gheorghe Asachi (portrait by Constantin D. Stahi) Gheorghe Asachi (1 March 1788-1869) was a Romanian Humanist, prose writer, poet, painter, and dramatist. ...
Constantin or Costache Negruzzi (1808-24 August 1868) was a Romanian poet, novelist, translator, playwright and politician. ...
Later years and suicide After his term expired, Ghica left the country and moved to Paris.[1][6] In his place, after a short hiatus, the Porte appointed a Teodor Balş, with the title of Caimacam.[7] A noted adversary of the unionist cause, Balş focused his attention on becoming titular Prince.[7] Having retreated to his property in Le Mée-sur-Seine, the former ruler continued to advocate the union, which had by then been made more probable by the 1856 Treaty of Paris, and, to this end, attempted to determine the Second French Empire to issue formal approval for free and transparent elections to be carried out in Moldavia — annulling the electoral fraud carried out by Nicolae Vogoride (who had since replaced Balş).[6] This brought him to the attention of anti-unionists, who began publicizing various inflammatory allegations in reference to Ghica.[6] Feeling insulted by the arguments, Ghica also grew disenchanted by Emperor Napoleon III's refusal to grant him an audience (despite the fact that, by then, the French monarch had chosen to endorse new Moldavian elections).[6] Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ...
A kaymakam (also spelled kaimakam) is the title used for the governor of a provincial district in the Republic of Turkey; additionally, it was a title used for roughly the same official position in the Ottoman Empire. ...
Le Mée-sur-Seine is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. ...
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between Russia and Ottoman Empire and its allies France and Britain. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Prince (Knyaz or Bey) Nicolae Vogoride (-Romanian version; Bulgarian: Ðикола or Ðиколай Богориди, Nikola or Nikolay Bogoridi; Greek: Îικόλαος ΒογοÏίδης, Nikolaos Vogoridis; Turkish: Nikolaki Bey; 1820-April 23, 1863) was the Ottoman-nominated caimacam (governor) of Moldavia (1857-1858) following the Crimean War. ...
Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile at Reims in 1223; a miniature from the Grandes Chroniques de France, painted in the 1450s, kept at the National Library of France See also List of Queens and Empresses of France The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later...
Napoléon III of France, born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was President of the French Republic from 1848 to 1851, then from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852 the ruler of a dictatorial government, then Emperor of the French under the name...
He committed suicide in his home.[6] Shortly before this, he drafted his last will, which was introduced by the statement:
"I am the victim of a foul deed and cannot live any longer, although I know myself to be completely innocent. The day shall come when truth will be exposed. I await my enemies in front of God's court."[6] Last Judgment. ...
Legacy Just two days after his death, Ottoman authorities agreed to overturn the elections sanctioned by Vogoride.[6] When the Moldo-Wallachian union was effected by the 1859 double election of Alexander John Cuza, who reigned as Domnitor, Ghica's law on censorship served as a model for new legislation, and was generalized throughout Romania.[4] In recognition of his role in creating the Gendarmerie, the School for Subordinate Officers in Drăgăşani (originally located in Bumbeşti-Jiu) was named after him.[10] Alexander John Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (March 20, 1820, GalaÅ£i – May 15, 1873, Heidelberg), more commonly known in English as Alexander John Cuza, was the domnitor (ruler) of the United Principalites of Romania between 1859 and 1866. ...
Domnitor (pl. ...
Jandarmeria Română is the military branch of the Romanian police force. ...
Drăgăşani is a town in the Vâlcea county, Romania, near the right bank of the Olt river, and on the railway between Caracal and Râmnicu Vâlcea. ...
BumbeÅŸti-Jiu is a town in Gorj county, Muntenia, Romania. ...
A section Ion Creangă's book Amintiri din copilărie, which details the Prince's visit to the school in Târgu Neamţ at a time when Creangă was a student there, contains an admiring portrait of Ghica ("handsome in features and gentle"), as well as a section of his speech on the occasion.[11] Ion Creangă Ion Creangă (March 1 or June 10, 1837—1889) was a Romanian childrens writer and memoirist. ...
Târgu Neamţ is a town in Neamţ county, Romania, on the Neamţ river. ...
Grigore Alexandru Ghica was the grandfather of Roman Catholic Archbishop Vladimir Ghika, who was a victim of the Romanian Communist regime.[6] The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...
Anthem Zdrobite cătuşe (1947 - 1953) Te slăvim Românie (1953 - 1968) Trei Culori (1968-1989) Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Socialist republic Head of State - 1947–1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - 1965-1989 Nicolae Ceauşescu Legislature Marea Adunare Naţionalǎ Historical era Cold War - Monarchy abolished...
References - ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ghika, Grégoire", in Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, Tome 20, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1857, p.394
- ^ (Romanian) "Repere istorice", at the Romanian Gendarmerie site
- ^ "Lauriano, Augustin-Tribonius", in Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, Tome 29, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1859, p.939
- ^ a b c d Alex Drace-Francis, The Making of Modern Romanian Culture: Literacy and the Development of National Identity, I. B. Tauris, London, 2006, p.160
- ^ a b c d Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004, p.111-112
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995, p.275-278, 355-356
- ^ a b c d William Miller, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927, Routledge, London, 1966, p.244
- ^ a b Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2001, p.47-49
- ^ (Romanian) Gheorghe Adamescu, Istoria literaturii române. Literatura istorică
- ^ (Romanian) Şcoala Militară de Subofiţeri de Jandarmi Drăgăşani (official site)
- ^ (Romanian) Ion Creangă, Amintiri din copilărie (wikisource)
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