Roman Catholic Church of Lares and Monument to the Grito at the Plaza de la Revolución

El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares)—also referred as the Lares uprising, the Lares revolt, Lares rebellion or even Lares Revolution—was the revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico on September 23, 1868, in the town of Lares, Puerto Rico. Image File history File links ChurchofLares. ... Image File history File links ChurchofLares. ... This article is about revolution in the sense of a drastic change. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Flag Nickname: Cuidad del Grito, Los Patriotas Gentilic: Lareños Location Location of Lares, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded April 26, 1827 Mayor Hon. ...

Seeds for revolt

Original Lares Revolutionary Flag Lares Revolutionary Flag

In the 1860s, the government of Spain was involved in several conflicts across Latin America. It became involved in a war with Peru and Chile, and had to address slave revolts in Cuba. Puerto Rico and Cuba also suffered at the time a severe economic crisis due to increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by a mercantilist Spain on most import and export goods — the Spanish crown badly needed these funds to subsidize its troops in an effort to regain control of the Dominican Republic. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links 1868_Lares_Revolutionay_Flag. ...

In the mid 19th century in Puerto Rico, many supporters of independence from Spain and others who simply called for liberal reforms were jailed or exiled. However, in 1865 Spain attempted to appease the growing discontent of the citizens of its remaining colonies in the continent by setting up a board of review that would receive complaints from representatives of the colonies and attempt to adjust legislation that affected them. This board, the "Junta Informativa de Reformas de Ultramar" (Overseas Informative Reform Board) would be formed by representatives of each colony, in proportion to their collective population, and would meet in Madrid. The Junta would report to the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, Emilio Castelar. Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (1832-1899) was a Spanish republican, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. ...

The Puerto Rican delegation was freely elected by those eligible to vote (male caucasian property owners), in a rare exercise of political openness in the colony. Segundo Ruiz Belvis was elected to the Junta representing Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, something that horrified the then governor general of the island. To the frustration of the Puerto Rican delegates, including their leader, José Julián Acosta, the Junta had a majority of Spanish-born delegates, which would vote down almost every measure they suggested. However, Acosta could convince the Junta that abolition could be achieved in Puerto Rico without disrupting the local economy (including its Cuban members, who frowned upon implementing it in Cuba because of its much higher numbers of slave labor). Once he became prime minister in 1870, Castelar did approve an abolition bill, praising the efforts of the Puerto Rico members, sincerely moved by Acosta's arguments. Segundo Ruiz Belvis (May 13, 1829 – November 3, 1867) born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico was a dedicated abolisionist who also fought for Puerto Ricos right to independence. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Gentilic: Mayagüezanos Location Location of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Coordinates , , Government Founded July 19 1760 Mayor José Guillermo Rodríguez Rodríguez Political party PPD Senatorial district Mayagüez Representative district 18 and 19 Geographical characteristics Area Total 709. ... José Julián Acosta (February 16, 1825 – August 26, 1891) was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was a distinguished journalist and a fervent advocate of the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico. ...

However, beyond abolition, proposals for autonomy were voted down, as were other petitions to limit the unlimited power the governor general would have upon virtually all aspects of life in Puerto Rico. Once the Junta members returned to Puerto Rico, they met with local community leaders in a famed meeting at the Hacienda El Cacao in Carolina, Puerto Rico in early 1865. Ramón Emeterio Betances, who supported independence from Spain and had been exiled by the Spanish government twice by that time, was invited by Ruiz and did attend. After listening to the Junta members' list of voted-down measures, Betances stood up and retorted: "Nadie puede dar lo que no tiene^{[citation needed]}" (No one can give others what they don't have for themselves), a phrase that he would constantly use through the rest of his life when referring to Spain's unwillingness to grant Puerto Rico or Cuba any reforms. He would then suggest setting up a revolt and proclaim independence as soon as possible.^{[citation needed]} Many of the meeting's attendants sided with Betances, to Acosta's horror. Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán (April 8, 1827 – September 16, 1898) was a Puerto Rican nationalist. ...

Frustrated by the lack of political and economic freedom, and enraged by the continuing repression on the island, an armed rebellion was staged by the pro-independence movement soon after.

Rebellion

Planning stage

Tomb of Ramón E. Betances in Cabo Rojo, with the Lares flag in front, 2007

The Lares uprising, commonly known as the "Grito de Lares" occurred on September 23, 1868, but was planned well before that date by a group led by Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis, who on January 6, 1868 founded the "Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico" (Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico) from their exile in the Dominican Republic. Betances authored several "Proclamas" or statements attacking the exploitation of the Puerto Ricans by the Spanish colonial system and called for immediate insurrection. These statements soon circulated throughout the island as local dissident groups began to organize. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 657 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1623 × 1482 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 657 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1623 × 1482 pixel, file size: 1. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Ramón Emeterio Betances (Image: Library of Congress) Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (April 8, 1827 - September 18, 1898), born in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, was the main leader of the Grito de Lares revolution. ... Segundo Ruiz Belvis (May 13, 1829 – November 3, 1867) born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico was a dedicated abolisionist who also fought for Puerto Ricos right to independence. ...

That same year, poetess Lola Rodríguez de Tió inspired by Ramon Emeterio Betances's quest for Puerto Rico's independence, wrote the patriotic lyrics to the existing tune of La Borinqueña. Lola Rodríguez de Tió (September 14, 1848-November 10, 1924), born in San Germán, Puerto Rico was the first Puerto Rican born poetess to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin-America. ... Ramón Emeterio Betances (Image: Library of Congress) Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (April 8, 1827 - September 18, 1898), born in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, was the main leader of the Grito de Lares revolution. ... asBold textelashely doesnt have anyfriends no1 likes her she is a bitch. ...

Condition of Manuel Rojas' house in 1960

Secret cells of the Revolutionary Committee were established in Puerto Rico by Mathias Brugman, Mariana Bracetti and Manuel Rojas bringing together members from all sectors of society, to include landowners, merchants, professionals, peasants, and slaves. Most were "criollos" (born on the island). The critical state of the economy, along with the increasing repression imposed by the Spanish, served as catalysts for the rebellion. The stronghold of the movement were towns located on the mountains of the west of the island. Image File history File links Casaroja. ... Image File history File links Casaroja. ... Mathias Brugman a. ... Mariana Bracetti (1825-1903), born in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico was a patriotic firm believer in the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Manuel Rojas (1820-18??), born in Caracas, Venezuela from a Puerto Rican father and a Venezuelan mother was one of the main leaders of the Grito de Lares uprisng against the Spanish colonial government in 1868. ...

Although original plans called for the insurrection to begin in Camuy on September 29, Spanish authorities on the island discovered the plan forcing the rebels to move up the date. On the night of September 19 a Spanish captain stationed in Quebradillas, Juan Castañón, overheard two cell members commenting on the plans: on September 29 the troop at Camuy would be neutralized by poisoning the bread rations. Given the fact that September 29 would be a holiday for most laborers, simultaneous uprisings would occur, beginning with the cell in Camuy, and following with the ones in various other points; reinforcements would come in through a ship, "El Telégrafo", and the cells would be reinforced by more than 3,000 mercenaries. Castañón alerted his commanding officer in Arecibo, and the cell leaders at the Lanzador del Norte cell in Camuy were soon arrested.^[1] Flag Seal Nickname: Gentilic: Camuyanos Location Location of Camuy, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1807 Mayor Hon. ...

Proclamation of the Republic of Puerto Rico

It was then agreed to first strike at the town of Lares on September 24. Some 400–600 rebels (Spanish journalist José Perez Morís puts the number closer to 1000) gathered on that day in the hacienda of Manuel Rojas, located in the vicinity of Pezuela, on the outskirts of Lares. Poorly trained and armed, the rebels reached the town by horse and foot around midnight. They looted local stores and offices owned by "peninsulares" (Spanish-born men) and took over the city hall. Spanish merchants and local government authorities, considered by the rebels to be enemies of the fatherland, were taken as prisoners. The revolutionaries then entered the town's church and placed the revolutionary flag knitted by Bracetti on the High Altar as a sign that the revolution had began and the Republic of Puerto Rico was proclaimed at (2:00 AM local time) under the presidency of Francisco Ramírez Medina. All slaves who had joined the movement were declared free citizens. Francisco Ramírez Medina (born c. ...

Confrontation at San Sebastián

The rebel forces then departed to take over the next town, San Sebastián del Pepino. The Spanish militia, however, surprised the group with strong resistance, causing great confusion among the armed rebels who, led by Manuel Rojas, retreated back to Lares. Upon an order from the governor, Julián Pavía, the Spanish militia soon rounded up the rebels and quickly brought the insurrection to an end. San Sebastián is a municipality of Puerto Rico. ...

Trials and amnesty

Some 475 rebels were imprisoned, among them Manuel Rojas and Juan Rius Rivera who was later to become the Commander-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army of the west after Gen. Antonio Maceo's death. Manuel Rojas (1820-18??), born in Caracas, Venezuela from a Puerto Rican father and a Venezuelan mother was one of the main leaders of the Grito de Lares uprisng against the Spanish colonial government in 1868. ... General Juan Rius Rivera (1848-1924) born in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, became the Commander-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army upon the death of General Antonio Maceo. ...

Gen. Juan Rius Rivera

On November 17, a military court imposed the death penalty, for treason and sedition, on all prisoners. Nevertheless, in an effort to appease the already tense atmosphere on the island, the incoming governor, José Laureano Sanz, dictated a general amnesty early in 1869 and all prisoners were released. Image File history File links Gen. ... Image File history File links Gen. ...

Aftermath

Even though the revolt in itself failed, its overall outcome was positive, since Spain granted more political autonomy to the island.

Spanish journalist José Pérez Morís (sometimes credited incorrectly as Perez Morris) wrote an extensive book against the Grito and its participants that, while biased heavily against them, served as the most accurate account of the events from a historical perspective. From an ideological standpoint, Pérez's editorializations are still widely used by opponents to Puerto Rican independence to denounce what they perceive as the over-glorification of a minor revolt. However, studies published recently point out that the Grito had far more sympathizers - and its logistics were more widespread within Puerto Rico - than what the event's duration suggested.^[2] During the years immediately following the Grito, there were minor pro-independence protests and skirmishes with the Spanish authorities in Las Marías, Adjuntas, Utuado, Vieques, Bayamón, Ciales and Toa Baja (Palo Seco).^[3] Historians also point out to the length of Pérez's comments versus his actual reporting of events in his book as a clue: had the event really been the minor revolt as he asserted it to be, it would not deserve such an extensive, negative treatment. Las Marías is a municipality of Puerto Rico. ... Adjuntas is a small mountainside town in Puerto Rico. ... Utuado is a municipality of Puerto Rico. ... Vieques is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico. ... Bayamón (not to be confused with Bayamo, Cuba) is a city in northern Puerto Rico. ... Nickname: Gentilic: Cialeños Location Location of Ciales, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded June 24, 1820 Mayor Hon. ... Toa Baja is a municipality of Puerto Rico. ...

The Grito de Lares as a holiday

Commemorating the Grito de Lares as a holiday was outlawed by both Spanish and American^{[citation needed]} authorities in Puerto Rico, during different time periods. The Spanish prohibition lasted until its colonial rule over Puerto Rico formally ended in 1899. Consequently, besides minor yearly events by the people of Lares celebrated afterwards, the Grito was almost forgotten by most people. However, pro-independence supporters such as José de Diego and Luis Lloréns Torres intended to popularize the idea of commemorating the event as a holiday. De Diego, for instance, requested the foundation of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (which he proposed to the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly) to occur on 23 September 1911, as to coincide with the Grito. José de Diego (1866 – 1921), born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, statesman, journalist, poet and advocate for Puerto Ricos independence. ... Luis Llorens Torres (May 14, 1876 - June 16, 1944) born in Juana Diaz, Puwerto Rico, was a poet, journalist, playwright, and politician. ... The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM) —or Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez (RUM) in Spanish— is a state university located in the city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In the late 1920s members of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico staged minor celebrations in the town of Lares as both historical and fund-raising efforts. When Pedro Albizu Campos gained control over the party "frivolous" activities related to the Grito (such as the yearly fundraising dance) were terminated, and a series of rituals developed to commemorate the event in a dignified manner. One of Albizu's better known quotes is: "Lares es Tierra Santa, y como tal, debe entrarse a ella de rodillas" ("Lares is Holy Land, and as such, it must be visited kneeling down"). The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... Pedro Albizu Campos Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 – April 21, 1965) born in Tenerías Village in Ponce, Puerto Rico was the son of Alejandro Albizu and Juana Campos. ...

Key to the rituals associated with the Grito is the gift, given by Chilean writer Gabriela Mistral to Albizu's family, of a tamarind tree obtained from Simón Bolivar's estate in Venezuela. The tree was planted at the Plaza de la Revolución with soil taken from the eighteen other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. Albizu meant to give the Plaza a living symbol of solidarity with the struggle for freedom and independence initiated by Bolivar (who, while visiting Vieques, promised to assist the Puerto Rico independence movement, but whose promise never materialized due to the power struggles surrounding him), as well as a symbol of the bittersweet (as the trees' fruit) hardships needed to reach Puerto Rico's independence. As such, the Tamarindo de Don Pedro was meant to resemble the Gernikako Arbola in the Basque Country between Spain and France. Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 – January 10, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator, diplomat and feminist who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1945. ... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree – for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a South American revolutionary leader. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Vieques is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico. ... The tree with the temple in the back and the hermitage to the left. ... Location of the Basque Country The Basque Country divided in seven provinces Capital Pamplona Official languages Basque, French, Spanish Demonym Basque Currency Euro The Basque-speaking areas This article is about the overall Basque domain. ...

In 1969, under the administration of Governor Luis A. Ferré, a statehood supporter, Lares was declared a Historic Site by the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, and is known as the birthplace of Puerto Rican Nationalism. The Grito is not a national holiday in Puerto Rico[1], although it is considered as such by the University of Puerto Rico (see above). Don Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo (February 17, 1904 – October 21, 2003) was an engineer, industrialist, politician, philanthropist, and a patron of the arts. ...

Leaders of El Grito de Lares
	Original Bracetti Lares Flag
Ramon Emeterio Betances	Segundo Ruiz Belvis	Mariana Bracetti
Mathias Brugman	Manuel Rojas	Francisco Ramirez Medina
	Lola Rodríguez de Tió

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image obtained from the Library of Congress File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Segundo_Ruiz_Belvis. ... Image File history File links Bracetti. ... Ramón Emeterio Betances (Image: Library of Congress) Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (April 8, 1827 - September 18, 1898), born in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, was the main leader of the Grito de Lares revolution. ... Segundo Ruiz Belvis (May 13, 1829 – November 3, 1867) born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico was a dedicated abolisionist who also fought for Puerto Ricos right to independence. ... Mariana Bracetti (1825-1903), born in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico was a patriotic firm believer in the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Image File history File links Mathias_Brugman. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Francisco_Ramirez_Medina. ... Mathias Brugman a. ... Manuel Rojas (1820-18??), born in Caracas, Venezuela from a Puerto Rican father and a Venezuelan mother was one of the main leaders of the Grito de Lares uprisng against the Spanish colonial government in 1868. ... Francisco Ramirez Medina (born c. ... Image File history File links Lola_Rodriguez_de_Tio. ... Lola Rodríguez de Tió (September 14, 1848-November 10, 1924), born in San Germán, Puerto Rico was the first Puerto Rican born poetess to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin-America. ...

References

view • talk • edit	Puerto Rican Independence Movement
Indigenous Resistance	Agüeybaná and Agüeybaná II · Arasibo · Hayuya · Jumacao · Urayoán
Political Organizations	Puerto Rican Independence Party · Puerto Rican Nationalist Party · Hostosian National Independence Movement · Socialist Front
Illegal Military Organizations	Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros)
19th century Activists	Ramón Emeterio Betances · Mariana Bracetti · Mathias Brugman · Jose de Diego · Eugenio Maria de Hostos · Francisco Gonzalo Marin · Francisco Ramirez Medina · Lola Rodríguez de Tió · Manuel Rojas · Juan Ruis Rivera · Segundo Ruiz Belvis · Arturo Alfonso Schomburg · Antonio Valero de Bernabe · Manuel Zeno Gandia · Fernando Fernandez · Agustín Stahl
Nationalists	Pedro Albizu Campos · Margot Arce de Vázquez · Julia de Burgos · Blanca Canales · Nemesio Canales · José Coll y Cuchí · Oscar Collazo · Juan Antonio Corretjer · Jose Ferrer Canales · Lolita Lebrón · Luis Llorens Torres · Antonio S. Pedreira · Daniel Santos · Griselio Torresola · Olga Viscal Garriga · Pedro Ortiz Davila · Rene Marques
20th century Activists	Antonio R. Barcelo · Rubén Berríos · Juan Mari Brás · Roy Brown · Julia de Burgos · Gilberto Concepción de Gracia · Juan Dalmau · Elizam Escobar · Rosario Ferré · Victor Manuel Gerena · Maria de Lourdes Santiago · Filiberto Ojeda Ríos · Manuel Rodríguez Orellana · Piri Thomas · Pedro Pietri
Events	Spanish colonization of the Americas · Spanish-American War · Grito de Lares · Ponce Massacre · Jayuya Uprising · Truman assassination attempt · U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954) · Cerro Maravilla Incident
Symbols	Machete · Pitirre · Tamarindo · Puerto Rican Amazon · Flor de Maga · Pirata Cofresí · Agüeybaná

Flag of Puerto Rico The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia Puertorriqueña) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to... Image File history File links Flag_of_Puerto_Rico. ... Cacique Agüeybaná greeting Juan Ponce de León upon his arrival. ... Arasibo (born c. ... Hayuya (born c. ... Jumacao (born c. ... Urayoán was a Taíno Cacique (Chief) famous for ordering the drowning of Diego Salcedo to determine if the Spanish were gods. ... The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Spanish: Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño, PIP) is a Puerto Rican political party that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States. ... The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was first organized on September 17, 1922. ... The Hostosian National Independence Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano, MINH) is a leftist and pro-independence organization in Puerto Rico. ... Socialist Front (Spanish: Frente Socialista) is a Puerto Rican alliance of four political parties with the common objectives of independence and socialism. ... Ejercito Popular Boricua logo. ... Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán (April 8, 1827 – September 16, 1898) was a Puerto Rican nationalist. ... Mariana Bracetti (1825-1903), born in the City of Añasco, Puerto Rico was a patriotic firm believer in the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Mathias Brugman a. ... Jose de Diego (1866-1921), born in the City of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, was considered as one of the islands greatest speakers. ... Eugenio María de Hostos (1839-1903) born Río Cañas, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican educator and independence advocate known as El Cuidadano de las Americas (The Citizen of the Americas). ... Lieutenant Francisco Gonzalo Marin a. ... Francisco Ramirez Medina (born c. ... Lola Rodríguez de Tió (September 14, 1848-November 10, 1924), born in San Germán, Puerto Rico was the first Puerto Rican born poetess to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin-America. ... Manuel Rojas (1820-18??), born in Caracas, Venezuela from a Puerto Rican father and a Venezuelan mother was one of the main leaders of the Grito de Lares uprisng against the Spanish colonial government in 1868. ... General Juan Ruis Rivera (1848-1924) born in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, became the Commander-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army upon the death of General Antonio Maceo. ... Segundo Ruiz Belvis (May 13, 1829 – November 3, 1867) born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico was a dedicated abolisionist who also fought for Puerto Ricos right to independence. ... Arturo Alfonso Schomburg a. ... Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabe (October 26, 1790 - June 7, 1863), born in the city of Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was a military leader who wanted the independence of Puerto Rico and who believed in the formation of a confederation of Latin American nations. ... Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandia (January 10, 1855-1930) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, wrote the novel La Charca (The Pond), which is considered to be the first Puerto Rican novel. ... Fernando Fernandez (c. ... Dr. Agustín Stahl (January 21, 1842 – July 12, 1917), born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico - scientist. ... Pedro Albizu Campos Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 – April 21, 1965) born in Tenerías Village in Ponce, Puerto Rico was the son of Alejandro Albizu and Juana Campos. ... Dr. Margot Arce de Vazquez (March 10, 1904-November 14, 1990) born in Caguas, Puerto Rico, was a writer, essayist and educator who founded the Puerto Rican Academy of the Spanish Language. ... Julia de Burgos (February 17, 1914 – July 6, 1953), born in Carolina, Puerto Rico has been considered by many as the greatest poet to have been born in Puerto Rico. ... Blanca Canales (1906 – 1996) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican nationalist. ... Nemesio R. Canales (December 18, 1878 - September 14, 1923) born in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was a poet, essayist, journalist, novelist, playwright and a politician who defended womens civil rights. ... José Coll y Cuchí (January 12, 1877 – July 2, 1960) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, writer and the founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. ... Oscar Collazo (1914 – February 21, 1994) born in Florida, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Ricans who attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman. ... Juan Antonio Corretjer (March 3, 1908-January 19, 1985) was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico and was a well known poet, journalist and independence political activist. ... Dr. Jose Ferrer Canales (September 18, 1913-July 20, 2005) born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, was an educator, writer and political activist. ... Lolita Lebron (born Dolores Lebrón Sotomayor in 1920 in Lares, Puerto Rico) is an active advocate for Puerto Rican independence. ... Luis Llorens Torres (May 14, 1876 - June 16, 1944) born in Juana Diaz, Puwerto Rico, was a poet, journalist, playwright, and politician. ... Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira (June 13, 1899-October 23, 1939) born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was a renown author and educator. ... Daniel Santos a. ... Griselio Torresola (1925 – November 1, 1950) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Rican Nationalists who attempted to assassinate United States President Harry Truman. ... Olga Viscal Garriga (born (May 5, 1929-June,1995) in Brooklyn, New York), was a public orator and political activist. ... Pedro Ortiz Davila a. ... Rene Marques (October 4, 1919-March 22, 1979) born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, was a renowned short story writer and playwright. ... Antonio R. Barcel (April 15, 1868 - October 15, 1938), born in the City of Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, businessman and the father of what was to become one of Puerto Ricos most prominent political families. ... Date of birth June 21, 1939 Place of birth Aibonito, Puerto Rico Occupation Law Professor at the University of Puerto Ricos Law School President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP). ... Juan Mari Brás (born December 2, 1925 in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican independence advocate who founded the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). ... Roy Brown Ramírez (born 1950 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a composer, singer and a fervent believer in the cause for the independence of Puerto Rico. ... Julia de Burgos (February 17, 1914 – July 6, 1953), born in Carolina, Puerto Rico has been considered by many as the greatest poet to have been born in Puerto Rico. ... Dr. Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia (July 9, 1909 – March 16, 1968), born in the town of Vega Alta, Puerto Rico, was a lawyer, journalist, author, politician and independence activist. ... Juan Dalmau Ramírez (born 1973 in Caguas, Puerto Rico) is a lawyer and politician. ... Elizam Escobar (May 24, 1948) born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, is a poet, author and renowned painter. ... Dr. Rosario Ferré (born September 28,1938, in Ponce, Puerto Rico), is a well known Puerto Rican writer, poet and essayist. ... Victor Manuel Gerena (born June 24, 1958) is a New York native of Puerto Rican descent who is linked by the Federal Bureau of Investigation with the armed robbery of a Wells Fargo bank, in connection with the Los Macheteros group. ... Maria de Lourdes Santiago, vice-president of the Puerto Rican Independence Party and candidate for Senator of Puerto Rico in the 2004 General Elections. ... Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (April 26, 1933 – September 23, 2005) was the Responsible General of the Boricua Popular Army, or Ejército Popular Boricua – Los Macheteros, a clandestine paramilitary, organization, considered by United States law enforcement agencies to be a terrorist organization, based on the island of Puerto Rico, with... Manuel Rodríguez Orellana (b. ... Piri Thomas (born Juan Pedro Tomas September 30, 1928 in Spanish Harlem in New York City) is a Puerto Rican-Cuban who is influential in the Nuyorican Movement as a writer and poet. ... Pedro Pietri (March 21, 1944-March 3, 2004) born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, was a Nuyorican poet and playwright who co-founded the Nuyorican Poets Cafe. ... The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. ... Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Ramón Blanco Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Jayuya Uprising, also known as the Jayuya Revolt or El Grito de Jayuya, refers to the revolt against the Government of the United States in Puerto Rico which occurred on October 30, 1950 in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. ... The assassination attempt on Harry S. Truman occurred on November 1, 1950. ... The U.S. Capitol shooting incident of 1954 was an attack on March 1, 1954 by four Puerto Rican nationalists who shot thirty rounds of a Luger and automatic pistol from the Ladies Gallery (a balcony for visitors) of the U.S. House of Representatives into the floor of the... Communication towers at Cerro Maravilla where the shootings took place. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name (Gmelin, 1788) The Gray Kingbird, also known as Pitirre, Tyrannus dominicensis, is a passerine bird. ... Binomial name Tamarindus indica L. This article refers to the tree – for other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Amazona vittata Boddaert, 1783 Subspecies A. v. ... Flor de Maga Flor de Maga is Puerto Ricos Official National Flower. ... Roberto Cofresí (June 17, 1791-March 29, 1825) born Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, is Puerto Ricos most famous pirate and is better known as El Pirata Cofresí. Monument of Roberto Cofresí // The origin of Cofresís father is unknown and has... Cacique Agüeybaná greeting Juan Ponce de León upon his arrival. ...

See also

• Ramón Emeterio Betances
• List of famous Puerto Ricans