Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties. Guangdong (Simplified Chinese: 广东; Traditional Chinese: 廣東; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuang-tung; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangtung or Canton Province, Jyutping: gwong2 dung1), is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Standard Cantonese refers to the most prestigious dialect of Cantonese (Yue), a vernacular variety of spoken Chinese. ... The Teochew, Teochiu, or Tiuchiu dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oÄ“, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong. ... Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese. ... Hainanese is a dialect spoken in Hainan Categories: Chinese language ... Spoken Chinese The Chinese spoken language(s) comprise(s) many regional variants. ...

In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles the Mandarin Hanyu pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar initials z, c, s from the alveolo-palatal initials j, q, x, and in its use of b, d, g to represent the unaspirated plosive consonants [p t k]. In addition, it makes use of the medial u in the final before the rime rather than representing it as w in the initial when it follows g or k. Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ... The initial, also called the onset, or in Chinese shengmu (PY: shēngmǔ, TC: 聲母, SC: 声母), is an important concept in the phonological study of Chinese languages. ... In phonetics, alveolo-palatal are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge and the palate, but closer to the palate than for postalveolar consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... In linguistics, medial may refer to the following: The glide that occurs before before the main vowel of a syllable, especially in Chinese phonology (see syllable rime) A voiced stop consonant A medial clause in a clause chain This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... The final, also called the rhyme, or in Chinese yunmu (PY: yùnmǔ, TC: 韻母, SC: 韵母), is an important concept in the phonological study of Chinese languages. ... In the study of phonology in linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda. ...

Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritics to represent certain vowels. This includes the use of the circumflex, acute accent, and umlaut in the letters ê, é, and ü, respectively. In addition, it uses -b, -d, -g to represent the coda consonants [p t k] rather than -p, -t, -k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated plosives in the initial. Tones are marked by superscript numbers rather than by diacritics. A diacritical mark or diacritic, sometimes called an accent mark, is a mark added to a letter to alter a words pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ... The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ... Ä ä Ö ö Ãœ ü The term umlaut is used for two closely related notions: a special kind of vowel modification and a particular diacritic mark. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... This article or section uses Ruby annotation. ... A superscript is a number, figure, or symbol that appears above the normal line of type. ...

Cantonese

The scheme for Standard Cantonese is outlined in "The Cantonese Transliteration Scheme" (Simplified Chinese: 《广州话拼音方案》; Traditional Chinese: 《廣州話拼音方案》; pinyin: Guǎngzhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). It is referred to as the Canton Romanization on the LSHK character database. Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale and Jyutping, it is still used in certain publications, particularly in works released in the People's Republic of China regarding Cantonese. Standard Cantonese refers to the most prestigious dialect of Cantonese (Yue), a vernacular variety of spoken Chinese. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) is a non-profit academic association, which was formally registered as a charitable organization in Hong Kong on March 8, 1986. ... Template:Korean Romanization The Yale Romanizations are four systems created during World War II by the United States for its soldiers. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Initials

Unlike the other Cantonese romanziation schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the alveolar consonants z, c, s and the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x. Standard Cantonese typically does not differentiate these two types of consonants because they are allophones that occur in complementary distributions. However, speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization scheme attempts to reflect this. Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ... In phonetics, alveolo-palatal are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge and the palate, but closer to the palate than for postalveolar consonants. ... In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... Complementary distribution in linguistics refers to the relationship between two elements where one element can be found only in a particular environment and the other element can be found only in the opposite environment. ...

• z, c, and s are used before finals beginning with a, e, o, u, ê, and é.
• j, q, and x are used before finals beginning with i and ü.

Some publications may not bother with this distinction and will choose just one set or the other to represent these consonants.

Finals

Finals consist of an optional medial and an obligatory rime.

Medials

The only recognized medial glide in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is u, which occurs in syllables with initials g or k and rimes that begin with a, e, i, or o. In other romanization schemes, this medial is usually grouped along with the initial as gw and kw, but Guangdong romanization attempts to preserve it as a medial. For simplicity, the u is sometimes grouped with the initials anyway as gu and ku. Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides) are vowels that function phonemically as consonants. ...

The u medial can occur without an initial, but in that case it is considered the same as the initial w. The same is true for the medial i, which is only recognized as the initial y.

Rimes

• When i begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial.
• When u begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, w is used as the initial.
• When ü begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, y is used as the initial and the umlaut is omitted.
• When ü begins a rime in a syllable with initial j, q, or x, the umlaut is omitted.
• The rime êü can be written as êu, without the umlaut over the u.
• The rimes m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.

A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ...

Tones

Unlike the other Cantonese romanization schemes, Guangdong Romanization chooses to represent the entering (入 ru) tones separately as tones 7, 8, and 9 rather than together with tones 1, 3, and 6. Syllables with entering tones correspond to those ending in -b, -d, or -g.

1. high level or high falling
2. mid rising
3. mid level
4. low falling
5. low rising
6. low level
7. entering high level
8. entering mid level
9. entering low level

Examples

Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ...

Teochew

The scheme for the Teochew dialect of Min Nan is outlined in "The Teochew Transliteration Scheme" (Simplified Chinese: 《潮州话拼音方案》; Traditional Chinese: 《潮州話拼音方案》; pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). This scheme (and another similar scheme which is based upon this scheme) is often referred to as Peng'im, which is the Teochew pronunciation of pinyin. The Teochew, Teochiu, or Tiuchiu dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oÄ“, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong. ... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...

This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Teochew (dialect) article. The Teochew, Teochiu, or Tiuchiu dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oē, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong. ...

Hakka

The scheme for Hakka is outlined in "The Hakka Transliteration Scheme" (Simplified Chinese: 《客家话拼音方案》; Traditional Chinese: 《客家話拼音方案》; pinyin: Kèjiāhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). The scheme describes the Meixian dialect, which is generally regarded as the representative dialect of Hakka. Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Meixian (梅縣; Hakka: Moi-yen or Moi-yan) is a county in north eastern Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Hakka (linguistics) article. Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese. ...

Hainanese

The scheme for Hainanese is outlined in "The Hainanese Transliteration Scheme" (Simplified Chinese: 《海南话拼音方案》; Traditional Chinese: 《海南話拼音方案》; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn). Hainanese is a dialect spoken in Hainan Categories: Chinese language ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...

External links

• 廣州話拼音方案 - GuangZhou Dialect (Cantonese) Romanisation Scheme
• 潮州話拼音方案 - ChaoZhou Dialect Romanisation Scheme
• 梅縣話拼音方案 - Meixian Dialect ( 客家 / Kejia / Hakka ) Romanisation Scheme

Reference

• Yang, Mingxin (杨明新) (1999). A Concise Cantonese-English Dictionary (简明粤英词典). Guangdong Higher Education Publishing House (广东高等教育出版社). ISBN 7-5361-2350-7.