Kwang-Chou-Wan (also spelt Guangzhouwan or Kwangchowan) was a small enclave on the south coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory.^[1] The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, only rising from 189,000 in 1911^[2] to 209,000 in 1935.^[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining. The colony was invaded and taken over by Japan in February 1943, taken back by France in 1945, and finally returned to China in 1946,^[4] at which point its original name of Zhanjiang was restored.^{[citation needed]} Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Map of eastern China and Taiwan, showing the historic distribution of Mandarin Chinese in light brown. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... This article is about all of the Cantonese (Yue) dialects. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In international law, a concession is a territory within a country that is administered by another entity (usually a colonizing power, or at least mandated by one, as in the case of colonial Chartered companies) then the state which holds sovereignty over it. ... Location of Zhanjiang Zhanjiang (湛江) is a city in Guangdong province, in southeast China. ...

Geography

The leased territory was situated in Guangdong Province (Kwangtung Province) on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula, north of Hainan, around a bay then called Kwang-Chou-Wan (Kwangchow Bay), now called Zhanjiang Gang (Zhanjiang Harbor). The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (Maxie He). The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 km (12 mi.) inland even by large warships. The territory ceded to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres. The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense. The limits of the concession inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from Gaozhou prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 km by 10 km, and on the right bank a strip 24 km by 18 km from Leizhou prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).^[5] The total land area of the colony was 842 km².^[6] The town of Zhanjiang was named Fort Bayard by the French and developed as a port. Guangdong (Simplified Chinese: 广东; Traditional Chinese: 廣東; pinyin: Guǎngdōng; Wade-Giles: Kuang-tung; Kwangtung in older transliteration; Cantonese: gwong2 dung1), is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Leizhou Peninsula (雷州半岛; lei zhou ban dao; Liuchow) is a peninsula in the Guangdong province of southern China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Location of Zhanjiang Zhanjiang (湛江) is a city in Guangdong province, in southeast China. ...

History

Annexation and early development

Kwang-Chou-Wan was annexed by France on 27 May 1898 as Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, to counter the growing commercial power of British Hong Kong and Portuguese Macau. Their colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.^[7] Following the annexation, a 99 year lease to France was formally conceded by imperial China in 1900; Kwang-Chou-Wan was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor general of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.^[8] In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however, when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures. The population in 1911 was recorded as 189,000.^[9] The return of the colony to China was promised at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922, but this plan was in fact never realised.^[10] is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Addition of Laos 1893, 1887  - Vietnamese Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Recognized Independence of Vietnam 1954, 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km² Currency French... A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative types, required to take up permanent residency abroad officially. ... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Addition of Laos 1893, 1887  - Vietnamese Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Recognized Independence of Vietnam 1954, 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km² Currency French... Chuquicamata, the second largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ... The Washington Naval Conference was a diplomatic conference, called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. ...

By 1931, the population of Kwang-Chou-Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km²; virtually all were Chinese, and only 266 French people and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.^[11] Industries included shipping and coal mining.^[12] The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on export of commercial airplanes, Kuang-Chou-Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,^[13] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.^[14] This article is about the drug. ... Illegal alien and Illegal aliens redirect here. ...

World War II

After the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany in 1940, the Republic of China recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Guangzhouwan's sovereign rulers and established diplomatic relations with them; from June 1940 until February 1943, the colony remained under the administration of Free France.^[15] During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Guangzhouwan was often used as a stop on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Free China; Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese civilian in Hong Kong helped him to escape in this way.^[16] However, the escape route would not remain open for long; in collaboration with German-controlled Vichy France, which relinquished the concession to the Japanese-sponsored Chinese National Government (another claimant to the succession of the former Chinese empire), the Imperial Japanese Army would invade and occupy the area in February 1943.^[17] This article is about the capital of France. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres in French) were French fighters who decided to go on fighting against Germany after the Fall of France and German occupation and to fight against Vichy France in World War II. General Charles de Gaulle was a member of the French Cabinet... The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December 1941 after 18 days of fierce fighting between British and Canadian defenders against Japanese Imperial forces. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Free Area of the Republic of China. ... Patrick Yu Shuk-Shiu (born 1922) is a celebrated trial and appellate lawyer in Hong Kong. ... Japanese people in Hong Kong are composed primarily of expatriate businesspeople and their families, although there are also a sizable number of single females. ... Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Capital-in-exile Sigmaringen (1944-1945) Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Chief of state  - 1940 — 1944 Philippe Pétain President of the Council  - 1940 — 1942 Philippe Pétain  - 1942 — 1944 Pierre Laval... The Wang Jingwei was a government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan in March 1940. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Just prior to the Japanese surrender which ended World War II, the National Revolutionary Army, having recaptured Liuzhou, Guilin, and Taizhou, as well as Lashio and Mandalay in Burma, was planning to launch a large-scale assault on Guangzhouwan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.^[18] The French lease over Guangzhouwan would soon be terminated regardless, under an agreement concluded on February 28, 1946. In exchange for a withdrawal of Chinese forces from northern Vietnam, the French not only returned Guangzhouwan to the Nationalist government, but also gave up extraterritorial rights in Shanghai, Hankou, and Guangzhou, sold the Yunnan Rail Line to China, and agreed to provide special treatment for ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Chinese goods exported to Vietnam.^[19] After the handover, the Zhanjiang City Government was formally established to administer the city.^{[citation needed]} The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the party army of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMTs period of party rule beginning in 1928. ... Liuzhou (Chinese: 柳州; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Liuchow) is a prefecture-level city in north-central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, in southern China. ... position of Guilin in Guangxi Guilin in Guangxi Guilin (Chinese: æ¡‚æž—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuei-lin, Postal System Pinyin: Kweilin; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is one of Chinas most picturesque cities, with a population of 670,000, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Peoples... For the prefecture-level city in Jiangsu province, see Taizhou, Jiangsu. ... Lashio is the capital of Shan, Myanmar. ... This article is about the city in Myanmar. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nationalist China was an informal phrase to describe the Republic of China government in Taiwan during the Cold War. ... For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... Hankou (漢口; pinyin: Hànkǒu; Wade-Giles: Hankow) is one of the three towns, together with Wuchang and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the community association, see Homeowners association. ... Location of Zhanjiang Zhanjiang (湛江) is a city in Guangdong province, in southeast China. ...

French cultural and economic influence

A French school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of Banque de l'Indochine, were set up in Fort Bayard.^[20] In addition, a Catholic church constructed during the colonial period is still preserved today.^[21] Banque de lIndochine was a note-issuing bank established in Paris on January 21, 1875, for the territories of France in Asia. ...

See also

• Zhanjiang

Location of Zhanjiang Zhanjiang (湛江) is a city in Guangdong province, in southeast China. ...

Notes

1. ^ Gale 1970: 201
2. ^ EB 1911: Kwangchow Bay
3. ^ Priestly 1967: 441
4. ^ Olson 1991: 349-350
5. ^ EB 1911: Kwangchow Bay
6. ^ Priestly 1967: 441
7. ^ Gale 1970: 201
8. ^ Olson 1991: 349
9. ^ EB 1911: Kwangchow Bay
10. ^ Escarra 1929: 9
11. ^ Priestly 1967: 441
12. ^ Olson 1991: 349
13. ^ Xu 2001: 21
14. ^ Anslinger 1953: 141
15. ^ Olson 1991: 349-350
16. ^ Yu 2000: 38
17. ^ Olson 1991: 349-350
18. ^ Handel 1990: 242
19. ^ Luong 1992: 141-142, 242
20. ^ Le Papier Colonial
21. ^ Li 2001

Sources

• Anslinger, H.J.; Tompkins, William F. (1953). The Traffic in Narcotics. Funk and Wagnalls. 
• Escarra, Jean (1929). Le régime des concessions étrangères en Chine. Académie de droit international. 
• Gale, Esson M. (1970). "International Relations: The Twentieth Century". China: 200-221, Ayer Publishing. 
• Handel, Michael (1990). Intelligence and Military Operations. United Kingdom: Routledge. 
• Li, Chuanyi; Ou, Jie (2001). "湛江维多尔天主教堂考察 (Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang)". Study and preservation of Chinese modern architecture series 1. Tsinghua University. 
• Luong, Hy Van (1992). Revolution in the Village: tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925-1988. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 
• Olson, James S., Ed. (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 
• Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1967). France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism. United Kingdom: Routledge. 
• Xu, Guangqiu (2001). War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929-1949. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313320047. 
• Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000). A Seventh Child and the Law. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 
• lettres > par pays > Chine > Kouang-Tcheou-Wan. Le Papier Colonial: la France d'outre-mer et ses anciennes colonies. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Postage stamps of French Indochina, overstamped with "Kouang Tcheou"
• WorldStatesmen- China
• Historic pictures of Fort Bayard