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Guarana (Brazillian name guaraná) (IPA: [gu̯a.ra.'na], [gu̯a.ɾa.'na] or [gu̯a.ɹa.'na]), Paullinia cupana (syn. P. crysan, P. sorbilis), is a climbing plant in the Sapindaceae family, native to the Amazon basin. While guarana features large leaves and clusters of flowers, it is best known for its fruit, which is about the size of a coffee berry. Each fruit contains about one seed, which has about three times more caffeine than coffee beans.[1] Caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervous system, the cardiac muscle, and the respiratory system.[2] Image File history File links Koeh-234. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are the dominant and most familiar group of land plants. ...
Orders See text. ...
Families See text Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. ...
genera See text Sapindaceae, also known as the soapberry family, is a family of plants in the order Sapindales. ...
Species Paullinia alata G. Don Paullinia cupana Kunth - Guaraná Paullinia cururu L. Paullinia fuscescens Kunth Paullinia pinnata L. Paullinia plumieri Triana & Planch. ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species. ...
Carl Sigismund Kunth (1788-1850) was a German botanist. ...
Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ...
The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ...
genera See text Sapindaceae, also known as the soapberry family, is a family of plants in the order Sapindales. ...
// “Amazonian†redirects here. ...
Species Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary mononucleated, or uninucleated, striated muscle found exclusively within the heart. ...
The Respiratory System Among four-legged animals, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ...
The guarana fruit's color ranges from orange to red and contains black seeds which are partly covered by white arils. The color contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth.[3] A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ...
History and culture
Guarana plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Brazilian culture. The name 'guaraná' is derived from the Tupi-Guaraní word wara'ná.[citation needed] The myth behind guarana's domestication dates back to the Sateré-Maué tribe, which states that a deity killed a beloved village child. The villagers find this dead child, and to console them, a different, more benevolent god plucks the left eye from the child and plants it in the forest; this is the wild variety of guarana. It then plucks the right eye from the child and plants it in the village; this results in domesticated guarana.[4] The Tupi people are one of the main ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related GuaranÃ. They first inhabited the Amazon rainforest, then spread southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast. ...
Guaranà is the name for a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaranà language. ...
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Look up deity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Guarinís would make this tea by shelling and washing the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guarana bread or Brazilian cocoa, which would be grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.[1] Look up cylinder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This plant was introduced to western civilization in the 17th century following its discovery by Father Felip Betendorf. By 1958, guarana was commercialized.[1] For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...
(16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
Uses Guarana is used in soft drinks, where it is sweetened and then carbonated. Additionally, it is used as an ingredient in herbal tea and made into capsules. Often times, guarana is marketed as a unique source of energy, distinct from caffeine; this is to take advantage of the fact that not many consumers are aware that caffeine is found in a wide variety of plants.[1] A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...
Herbal tea An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an herbal infusion not made from the leaves of the tea bush (Camellia sinensis). ...
In general, South America obtains most of its caffeine from guarana.[5]
Beverages In addition to other chemicals, the guarana plant contains caffeine (sometimes called "guaranine"), theophylline, and theobromine. Water extracts of the guarana plant are central nervous system stimulants due to the content of these alkaloids. Energy drink manufacturers typically add synthetic caffeine or caffeine derived from coffee decaffeination, though many advertise "natural" caffeine from the seeds of guarana.[citation needed] Image File history File links Guarana28. ...
Image File history File links Guarana28. ...
A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ...
An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ...
In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ...
Decaffeination is the act of removing caffeine from coffee beans and tea. ...
Brazil, which consumes the third-most amount of soft drinks in the world,[6] produces several brands of soft drink from guarana extract. In fact, sales of guarana drinks in Brazil are even greater than that of cola drinks.[7] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Incidentally, the consumption of guarana does not result in jitters associated with the consumption of coffee. However this may only be the placebo effect or result from the presence of additional alkaloids.[5] A cup of coffee Workers sorting and pulping coffee beans in Guatemala Mature coffee fruit still on the plant Coffee is a widely consumed beverage prepared from the roasted seeds — commonly referred to as beans — of the coffee plant. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Placebo. ...
Weight loss Studies involving guarana show benefits to cognitive function.[8] These studies have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration or any similar government agencies. In the United States, guarana holds a GRAS-status, i.e. generally regarded as safe and must be labeled as not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.[citation needed] This image is not licensed under the GFDL. It is under a non-commercial-use only licence. ...
This image is not licensed under the GFDL. It is under a non-commercial-use only licence. ...
FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ...
The Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published a study in June 2001 showing an average 11.2 pound weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guarana and damiana, compared to an average 1 pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days.[9] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...
Binomial name Ilex paraguariensis A. St. ...
Binomial name Turnera diffusa Willd. ...
Although side-effects of guarana are rare, drugs.com recommends, "When considering the use of herbal supplements, consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable. Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous". Drugs.com also advises not to mix guarana with ephedrine.[10] Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ...
Effects A university study in Brazil of guarana extract showed a platelet aggregation decrease of up to 37% of control values and a decrease of platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid of up to 78% of control values. [11] This study may be significant to stroke and heart attack risk reduction because when excess thromboxane formation occurs, an arterial blood clot can develop, resulting in a heart attack or ischemic stroke.[12] Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...
A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ...
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6). ...
A separate 1997 study of guarana's effects on the physical activity of rats showed increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a placebo.[13]
Other studies have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, and fat cell reduction (when combined with conjugated linoleic acid) properties in guarana [14] Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ...
An antiseptic is a substance that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria on the external surfaces of the body. ...
Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ...
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a family of many isomers of linoleic acid (at least 13 are reported), which are found primarily in the meat and dairy products of ruminants. ...
Composition Guarana seeds consist of mostly reddish vegetable fiber and resin with a small amount of oil and water. Guarana contains different amounts of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and other alkaloids, compared to coffee, tea, mate, or cocoa.[citation needed] Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are used to make paper or cloth. ...
Insect trapped in resin. ...
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ...
Theobromine, also known as xantheose,[1] is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant. ...
Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names. ...
Binomial name Ilex paraguariensis A. St. ...
Cocoa beans in a cacao pod Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. ...
Chemicals in: Paullinia cupana[3] | plant part | ppm | | Adenine | seed | | | Ash | seed | < 14,200 | | Caffeine | plant | < 25,000 | | Caffeine | seed | 9,100 - 76,000 | | Catechutannic-acid | seed | | | Choline | seed | | | D-catechin | seed | | | Fat | seed | < 30,000 | | Guanine | seed | | | Guaranine | seed | | | Hypoxanthine | seed | | | Mucilage | seed | | | Protein | seed | < 98,600 | | Resin | seed | < 70,000 | | Saponin | seed | | | Starch | seed | 50,000 - 60,000 | | Tannin | seed | 50,000 - 120,000 | | Theobromine | seed | 200 - 400 | | Theophylline | seed | 0 - 2500 | | Timbonine | seed | | | Xanthine | seed | | -
- (*) ppm = parts per million
- tr = trace
Duke1992a: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
Guaranine and caffeine The chemical "guaranine" is identical to caffeine derived from other sources, for example coffee, tea and mate. Guaranine, theine, mateine are all official synonyms for caffeine.[citation needed] Caffeine molecular structure Caffeine, also known as trimethylxanthine, coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine, and methyltheobromine, is an alkaloid found naturally in such foods as coffee beans, tea, kola nuts, Yerba maté, guarana, and (in small amounts) cacao beans. ...
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ...
A cup of coffee Workers sorting and pulping coffee beans in Guatemala Mature coffee fruit still on the plant Coffee is a widely consumed beverage prepared from the roasted seeds — commonly referred to as beans — of the coffee plant. ...
Tea leaves in a Chinese gaiwan. ...
Binomial name Ilex paraguariensis A. St. ...
Caffeine molecular structure Caffeine is an alkaloid found naturally in such foods as coffee beans, tea, kola nuts, Yerba maté, guarana, and (in small amounts) cacao beans. ...
Mateine is another name for caffeine. ...
See also List of beverages containing guarana 180 SoBe Adrenaline Rush, No Fear, Energy, and Power AMP A.C.T. (Advanced Cell Therapy) Energy Drink Bawls Bazza High-Energy Green Tea Beaver Buzz Pulse - Alcoholic Drink made in NZ. Bom Dia - Antioxidant Rich Juice from Bolthouse Do Brasil [1] Bud Extra [2] Burn Intense Energy Celsius energy...
External resources Footnotes - ^ a b c d Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K.Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 259-60
- ^ Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K.Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 280
- ^ Sir Ghillean Prance, Mark Nesbitt (2004). Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge.
- ^ Hans T. Beck, "10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners," Cultural History of Plants, ed. Sir Ghillean Prance and Mark Nesbitt (New York: Routledge, 2004) 179
- ^ a b Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K.Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 230
- ^ Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 192-3
- ^ [1]
- ^ Haskell, et al. (2006). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guarana in humans". J Psychopharmacol. PMID 16533867.
- ^ Anderson, T and Foght, J (2001). "Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients". J Hum Nutr Diet 14 (3): 243.
- ^ [2]
- ^ Bydlowski SP, et al. (1991). "An aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis". Braz J Med Biol Res 24 (4): 421-4.
- ^ Nicolaou, KC et al. (1979). "Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (6): 2566-2570. PMID 383648.
- ^ Espinola EB, et al. (1997). "Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals". J Ethnopharmacol 55 (3): 223-9.
- ^ Terpstra, et al. (2002). "The Decrease in Body Fat in Mice Fed Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Due to Increases in Energy Expenditure and Energy Loss in the Excreta". J Nutr 132: 940-945.
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