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Lebanon

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The Guardians of the Cedars (Arabic: حراس الأرز or Ḥarrās al-Arz) are a right-wing ultra-nationalist Lebanese party and former militia in Lebanon. It was formed by Étienne Saqr (also known with the kunya or nom de guerre Abu Arz or "Father of the Cedars") and others along with the Lebanese Renewal Party in the early 1970s. It operated in the Lebanese Civil War under the slogan: Lebanon, at your service. This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This page lists prime ministers of Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Siniora, Fouad Saniora, Fouad Seniora) (Arabic: ‎, Fuād As-SanyÅ«rah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Lebanese parliament building at Place dÉtoile in Beirut The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This page lists speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon. ... Political parties in Lebanon lists political parties in Lebanon. ... Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon. ... Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah). ... The 6 Governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts (Aqdya, singular - qadaa) -- or 26, counting the Governorate of Beirut which is not subdivided into districts. ... The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Image File history File links Goclogo. ... Image File history File links Saqr. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an organization of citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... A kunya (Arabic: ) is an honorific widely used in place of given names through the Arab world. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ...

Creation

The Guardians of the Cedars started to form a militia in the years leading up to the Lebanese Civil War and commenced military operations in April 1975. Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In September 1975, Communiqué No. 1 was issued to denounce advocates of the partition of Lebanon. The second communiqué contained a bitter attack on the Palestinians. The third articulated the party's attitude on the issue of Lebanese identity: Lebanon should dissociate itself from Arabism. The party spread its messages by means of graffiti in East Beirut, including slogans against Syria, the "Palestinian Resistance", and Pan-Arabism, sometimes with violent anti-Palestinian tones, as in the slogan ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻝ ﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺎﹰ ("It is a duty for each Lebanese to kill a Palestinian"). ^[1] Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ... For other uses of Palestinian, see Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...

The Guardians of the Cedars joined other pro-status quo, mainly Christian Lebanese militias in 1976 to form the Lebanese Front. Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية) was a right-wing coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976, during the Lebanese Civil War. ...

1970s

In March 1976, they confronted Palestinian and leftist forces in West Beirut. A Guardians unit was also dispatched to Zaarour, above the mountain road to Zahle, to support Phalangist forces. In April, Guardian fighters held a line in the area of Hadeth, Kfar Shima, and Bsaba, south of Beirut, against a coalition of Palestinian, PSP, and SSNP forces. Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ... Zahlé (Arabic: زحلة; also transliterated Zahlah or Zahleh) is the capital of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon. ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... SSNP flag The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) is a nationalist political party in Syria and Lebanon. ...

In the summer of 1976, the Guardians were among the first militias to assault Tel al-Zaatar and help in committing one of the worst massacres in the war, the last remaining Palestinian military camp in east Beirut, which fell after a 52-day siege. Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Tel al-Zaatar Massacre took place during the Lebanese Civil War on August 12, 1976. ...

The actions of the Guardians and their allies following the capture of the camp have been widely reported as amounting to a massacre of many of its civilian inhabitants. During this battle, Saqr led a unit of Guardians force to Chekka, where Christian civilians were being sieged by leftist-Palestinian forces, and fought off the attackers. The Tel al-Zaatar Massacre took place during the Lebanese Civil War on August 12, 1976. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... Chekka is an industrial, coastal town in Lebanon. ...

The Guardians and allied Christian militias then invaded the Koura region in northern Lebanon and reached Tripoli, to support Christian residents trapped by fighting. In 1978 as part of the Lebanese Front they fearlessly battled the Syrian army in Beirut and again in 1981 in the Battle of Zahle. This came after the alliance between the Phalanges and most Christian groups with the Syrians had taken a twist. Koura (Arabic: ‎) is a district (qadaa) in the North Governorate, Lebanon. ... This page refers to Tripoli, the city in Lebanon. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

1980s

In 1985 the Guardians of the Cedars mounted a fierce defense of Kfar-Fallus and Jezzine, battling Palestinians and Shiite-Druze militias and claiming to have saved thousands Christians of South Lebanon. This article is about the year. ... Jezzine (also spelled Jizzin) is a picturesque town in Lebanon, located 22 km from Sidon and 73 km south of Beirut. ...

Towards the close of the 1980s, and continuing to 2000, most of the remaining fighting in Lebanon occurred in the south, inside the Israeli-occupied zone, under the Southern-Lebanese-Army influence led by Saad Haddad and later by Antoine Lahd, the latter who had close ties with the Ahrar party. The Guardians and other militias were largely reorganized into the South Lebanon Army, preserving much of the early ideology while adopting new military tactics. Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Saad Haddad was the founder and head of the South Lebanon Army (SLA). ... The National Liberal Party (Hizb al-Watanyin al-Ahrar) is a political party in Lebanon, established by President Camille Chamoun in 1958. ... The South Lebanon Army (SLA), also South Lebanese Army, (Arabic: ; transliterated: Jaysh Lubnān al-Janūbi. ...

Political Beliefs

Some see the political ideology of Guardians of the Cedars as a comprehensive and deep form of fascism^{[citation needed]}. This is rooted in the several controversial beliefs: Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on, but not limited to, ethnic, cultural, or racial attributes. ...

• Lebanon is an ancient nation of unique ethnicity
• modern Lebanese people descended from the Canaanites, and are not related to Arabs
• the Lebanese, and not the Greeks, are the founders of today's western civilisation

This has led the Guardians of the Cedars to maintain that Lebanese people are not Arabs. The political consequence of this stance advocates the 'de-Arabisation' of Lebanon. Similarly, followers draw a distinction between Arabic and 'Lebanese', aiming to restore the form created by Lebanese philosopher Said Akl. The Guardians of the Cedars have adopted positions hostile to Pan-Arabism. This is believed to be the main reason why they did not grow as a party in Lebanon and were rejected by even the most staunch of Maronite political ideology supporters. This article is about the land called Canaan. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...

Saqr himself had fought against pan-Arab forces back in the Lebanon Crisis of 1958. During that time Camille Chamoun entered Lebanon in the Baghdad Alliance led by the US, but faced stiff resistance from a huge section of the Lebanese people, and this later led to the failure of this alliance. Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... US Marines on patrol in Beirut, summer of 1958. ... Camille Chamoun Camille Nimr Chamoun (b. ...

After heavy Palestinian involvement in the Lebanese Civil War, the Guardians cultivated ties with the Israeli military, receiving weapons and support. Some followers maintain that this was a collaboration of necessity, and not an ideological agreement with the Israelis. Others disagree, claiming that collaboration with Israel was based on the conviction that there was a commonality of interest between the two countries. Other similarly-aligned militias, such as the Phalangists, Ahrar and the Tigers, also cooperated semi-secretly with Israel. This cooperation was later emphasized by Saqr who said : "Lebanon's power is in Israel's power, and Lebanon's weakness lies in Israel's weakness". Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ... Emblem of the IDF The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... The National Liberal Party (Hizb al-Watanyin al-Ahrar) is a political party in Lebanon, established by President Camille Chamoun in 1958. ... it s a group of 18 guys started the training in 1968 in saadyat where was the Pr. ...

This alliance with Israel played a major role in banning the party, and expelling its members who mostly fled to Israel. Saqr who now lives in Tel Aviv has since admitted that Israel has been funding the group throughout its existence, even before the war began. Saqr is now considered as a traitor to the Lebanese nation, alongside the likes of Antione Lahd who like Saqr resides in Tel Aviv under Mossad protection.

Lebanese Renewal Party

The Lebanese Renewal Party (LRP) is a banned political party in Lebanon formed in 1972 as the political arm of the paramilitary force known as the Guardians of the Cedars. It is often characterized as right-wing extremist, but by its followers as a patriotic nationalist movement. Its membership is almost exclusively Christian, but it is a secular organization. The party is still led by its founder, Étienne Saqr (Abu Arz).^{[citation needed]} “Political Parties” redirects here. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... Extremism is the act of taking a belief, political view or ideology to its most literal extreme. ... Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... George Jacob Holyoake (1817-1906), British writer who coined the term secularism. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ...

History

It was formed by right-wing activists opposed to the presence of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. The refugee population also included a substantial element of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters, especially after the 1970 Black September events in Jordan. This created severe tension in Lebanon, and is believed by many to have been a driving factor behind the outbreak of civil war in 1975.^{[citation needed]} In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinian Arabs call the Nakba (Arabic: , meaning disaster or catastrophe). The United Nations definition of a Palestinian refugee is a person whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: ;   or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a multi-party confederation and is the organization regarded since 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ... The expression Black September may refer to: Black September in Jordan, the conflict between Palestinian guerrilla organizations and King Hussein of Jordan that began in September 1970 and ended in July 1971 with the expulsion of the PLO to Lebanon. ...

During the Lebanese Civil War, the party and its militia was a small but active part of the Maronite-led alliance fighting the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt, and its Palestinian allies in the Rejectionist Front and PLO. During the early fighting in the war, the party was implicated in the massacres of Karantina and Tel al-Zaatar. In 1977, the main Christian-backed militias (LRP plus the National Liberal Party and the Kataeb Party) formed the Lebanese Front coalition. Their militias joined under the name of the Lebanese Forces, but the Lebanese Forces soon fell under the command of Bashir Gemayel and the Phalange. The LNR and the Guardians of the Cedars were uncompromisingly opposed to the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.^{[citation needed]} Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܐܶ; in Syriac, Mâruniyya مارونية in Arabic) are members of an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope of Rome. ... The Lebanese National Movement was led by Kamal Jumblat, a prominent Druze. ... Kamal Jumblatt (Arabic: كمال جنبلاط; (December 6, 1917 – March 16, 1977) was an important Lebanese politician. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... The Rejectionist Front, official name Front of the Palestinian Forces Rejecting Solutions of Surrender, was a political coalition formed in 1974 by hardline Palestinian factions. ... The Karantina massacre took place during the Lebanese Civil War on January 18, 1976. ... The Tel al-Zaatar Massacre took place during the Lebanese Civil War on August 12, 1976. ... The National Liberal Party (Hizb al-Watanyin al-Ahrar) is a political party in Lebanon, established by President Camille Chamoun in 1958. ... Phalange redirects here. ... The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية) was a right-wing coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976, during the Lebanese Civil War. ... Lebanese Forces (LF) (Arabic: القوات اللبنانية al-quwāt al-lubnāniyya) is a Lebanese political party and a former militia , which fought on the Christian side during the civil war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990. ... Bachir Gemayel, first name also spelt Bashir, (November 10, 1947 - September 14, 1982) was a Lebanese military commander and politician. ... The Syrian occupation of Lebanon has continued for about three decades, until the present day. ...

After the 1982 Lebanon War the party cooperated with Israel Defense Forces, and its militia joined the South Lebanon Army (SLA). After the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon in 2000, most of the leadership fled to Israel. The group was banned by the Syrian-dominated government and decided to give up its arms to become a traditional political party. It remains banned, and is only a minor force in national life. Still, some of the rhetoric used by the LRP in advocating its domestic policies was revived during the Cedar Revolution in 2005, which forced the withdrawal of Syria from Lebanon and led to expectations of political reform.^{[citation needed]} Combatants Israel South Lebanon Army LF (nominally neutral) PLO Syria Amal (switched sides) LCP Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength Israel: 76,000 troops 800 tanks 1,500 APCs 634 aircraft Syria: 22,000 troops 352 tanks 300 APCs 450... Emblem of the IDF The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ... The South Lebanon Army (SLA), also South Lebanese Army, (Arabic: ; transliterated: Jaysh Lubnān al-Janūbi. ... Cedar Revolution has become the most commonly used name for the chain of demonstrations and popular civic action in Lebanon (mainly Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005. ...

Ideological beliefs

The Lebanese Renewal Party is ethnocentric, and believes that Lebanon is not an Arab country. It labored extensively to create or discover non-Arab cultural expressions, and went so far as to design a new alphabet for Lebanese Arabic, which it claims is a language in its own right. Accordingly, the party was staunchly opposed to Pan-Arabism, which was advocated by many in the LNM and the left-wing Palestinian movements. As far as the Lebanese Christian community is concerned, the belief that Lebanon is not an Arab country was substantiated by some segments of Lebanese society, espcecially the Maronites. ^{[citation needed]} Ethnocentrism (Greek ethnos nation + -centrism) is a set of beliefs or practices based on the view that ones own group is the center of everything. ... Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: , arabi) is a member of a complexly defined ethnic group who identifies as such on the basis of one or more of either genealogical, political, or linguistic grounds. ... ABCs redirects here, for the Alien Big Cats, see British big cats. ... Lebanese or Lebanese Arabic is the colloquial form of Arabic spoken in Lebanon. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition...

One of the main themes of the party's rhetoric was its preoccupation with ridding Lebanon of Palestinians. It regularly employed hate speech, as when the party asserted that it was "the duty of every Lebanese to kill one Palestinian" and compared them with germs, snakes, and a cancer in the body of the nation. The party still insists that all Palestinians, Syrians and other foreigners must leave Lebanon.^{[citation needed]} Hate speech is a controversial term for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, language ability, moral or political views, socioeconomic class, occupation or appearance... Germ can mean: Microorganism, especially a pathogenic one; see Germ theory of disease. ... Infraorders and Families Alethinophidia - Nopcsa, 1923 Acrochordidae- Bonaparte, 1831 Aniliidae - Stejneger, 1907 Anomochilidae - Cundall, Wallach & Rossman, 1993 Atractaspididae - Günther, 1858 Boidae - Gray, 1825 Bolyeriidae - Hoffstetter, 1946 Colubridae - Oppel, 1811 Cylindrophiidae - Fitzinger, 1843 Elapidae - F. Boie, 1827 Loxocemidae - Cope, 1861 Pythonidae - Fitzinger, 1826 Tropidophiidae - Brongersma, 1951 Uropeltidae - Müller, 1832... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...

Another distinguishing element of the party's politics was that it advocated cooperation with Israel. While there were several other movements on the Christian side in Lebanon that cooperated with Israel during the war, the LNR was the only organization openly and ideologically committed to this, regarding a Lebanese-Israeli axis as the best protection against Arabism and the Palestinians.^{[citation needed]}

Attitude to Palestinians

Saqr summed the Guardians of the Cedars attitude to Palestinians in an interview with the Jerusalem Post on July 23 1982: "It is the Palestinians we have to deal with. Ten years ago there were 84,000; now there are between 600,000 and 700,000. In six years there will be two million. We can’t let it come to that." His solution: "Very simple. We shall drive them to the borders of ’brotherly’ Syria ... Anyone who looks back, stops or returns will be shot on the spot. We have the moral right, reinforced by well-organized public relations plans and political preparations." Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ...

GoC slogan during the civil war was "It's the duty of every Lebanese to kill a Palestinian".^[2]

End of the militia

1989 saw the Guardians once more fighting the Syrians, this time alongside the Lebanese Army, in support of the Lebanese government of General Michel Aoun. In a statement in 1990, the GoC greeted the occupation of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein by asserting that "Arabism is the undisputed lie of the 20th century." The Guardians called upon the people to rally around the leadership of General Aoun, and demanded the withdrawal of Lebanon from the Arab League. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) consists of three branches: Lebanese Army Lebanese Air Force Lebanese Navy // General overview The Lebanese Armed Forces primary missions include maintaining security and stability in the country, guarding the countrys borders, port security, relief operations, rescue operations, fire fighting, and fighting drug smuggling. ... Michel Naim Aoun (Arabic: ميشال عون) (born 17 February 1935 in Beirut) is a Lebanese military commander and politician. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001)  -  Council of the Arab League Sudan  -  Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment  -  Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945  Area  -  Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041...

As the Lebanese Civil War drew to a close in 1990, political changes weakened the right-wing movements which had existed in earlier decades. In October 1990, as part of the end of the war, the reorganized Lebanese government forced Prime Minister Aoun out of power. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Michel Naim Aoun (Arabic: ميشال عون) (born 17 February 1935 in Beirut) is a Lebanese military commander and politician. ...

Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces militia captured Saqr because he had supported Aoun. During this incident, he suffered an unspecified injury. He was forced to seek refuge in Jezzine, and finally left Lebanon for Europe after Israel pulled its forces out of Lebanon. Several other members of the Guardians are presently wanted by the Lebanese government, in order to answer for war-crimes. Samir Geagea Samir Farid Geagea (Arabic: سمير فريد جعجع, also Samir Ja`ja`) born October 25, 1952 is the leader of the right wing Lebanese Forces (LF) political party. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... Michel Naim Aoun (Arabic: ميشال عون) (born 17 February 1935 in Beirut) is a Lebanese military commander and politician. ... Jezzine (also spelled Jizzin) is a picturesque town in Lebanon, located 22 km from Sidon and 73 km south of Beirut. ...

From the end of the civil war in 1990 until the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 the Guardians of the Cedars formed an element of the now-defunct South Lebanon Army. Since that date their military operations have ceased and they operate solely politically, campaigning to remove the Syrian presence in Lebanon. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The South Lebanon Army (SLA), also South Lebanese Army, (Arabic: ; transliterated: Jaysh Lubnān al-Janūbi. ...

Today, the newly-reorganized GoC is a legal and fully-functional political party^{[citation needed]}; lately, the term Harakat al-Qawmiyya al-Lubnaniyya (Lebanese Nationalism Movement) was added to its name.

See also

• Lebanese Renewal Party
• Étienne Saqr
• Phoenicianism
• Lebanese Front
• Lebanese Civil War
• Tel al-Zaatar Massacre

The Lebanese Renewal Party is a nationalist party in Lebanon formed in 1972 as the political arm of the paramilitary force known as the Guardians of the Cedars. ... Etienne Saqr Etienne Saqr (last name also spelt Sakr or Sacre) is a right wing Lebanese nationalist politician and founder of the Guardians of the Cedars militia group and political party (Hiras Al-Arz in Arabic). ... Phoenicianism (Arabic,نزعة فينيقية) is a form of Lebanese nationalism that promotes the idea that Lebanese people are not Arabs and the Lebanese speak their own language, look European and have their own culture, separate from the surrounding Middle Eastern countries. ... The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية) was a right-wing coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976, during the Lebanese Civil War. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ... The Tel al-Zaatar Massacre took place during the Lebanese Civil War on August 12, 1976. ...

References

• Mordechi Nissan, The Conscience of Lebanon
• Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War

For people named Robert Fiske, see Robert Fiske (disambiguation). ...

Footnotes

External links

• Lebanese Politics - Lebanese political discussions
• Guardians of the Cedars