Executive
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the Politics series Politics is a process by which decisions are made within groups. ...
| | | | | Politics Portal · edit | A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has been granted exercise of sovereignty, even with its own armed forces, in a colonial area, often both colonizing and exploiting, sometimes a major state within the state, such as the British HEIC or the Dutch VOIC. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ...
Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...
== The majority of this article is about heads of states. ...
Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ...
Various governments have a Chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. ...
A premier is an executive official of government. ...
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...
The Taoiseach[1] (plural: Taoisigh) or, more formally, An Taoiseach, is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet. ...
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...
A ministry is a department of a government, led by a minister. ...
A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. ...
Republics with presidential systems are shown in blue A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. ...
States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies and the latter being republics A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support...
Cohabitation in government occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as Frances system, when the President and the Prime Minister come from different political parties. ...
The Westminster system is a democratic system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ...
This is a list of state leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. ...
This is a list of the offices of heads of state and heads of government, and cabinets, by country. ...
A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger,greater) is in modern times the title of the highest ranking municipal officer, who discharges certain judicial and administrative functions, in many systems an elected politician, who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of municipalities. ...
Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...
The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company of investors, which was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ...
Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ...
Commonly, a governor is the politician who governs a state or province, often within a federation. A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ...
A state is an organized political community, occupying a territory, and possessing internal and external sovereignty, that enforces a monopoly on the use of force. ...
This article is about political regions. ...
A map showing the federal states. ...
Most countries in the world have some sort of official known or rendered as "governor," though in some countries the heads of the constitutive states, provinces, communities and regions may have a different title. This is particularly common in European nations and many of their former colonies, with titles such as President of the Regional Council in France and minister-president in Germany. Other countries using different titles for sub-national units include Spain, Italy, Switzerland.
There can also be non-political governors: high ranking officials in private or similar governance such as commercial and non-profit management, styled governor(s), who simply govern an institution, such as a corporation or a bank. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries there are prison governors ("warden" in the United States), school governors and bank governors. A corporation is a legal person which, while being composed of natural persons, exists completely separately from them. ...
The Bank of Taiwan in Taipei , Republic of China (Taiwan). ...
The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealth, is an association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire. ...
In the United Kingdom, School Governors are the largest volunteer force in the country and have an important part to play in raising school standards through their three key roles of setting strategic direction, ensuring accountability and monitoring and evaluating school performance (http://www. ...
Etymology
The English word "governor" stems from the Latin gubernātor and the Greek kybernetes (helmsman or steersman), which in origin stem from the Latin gubernare and the Greek kybernan (to steer or govern). The recent English word "cybernetics" shares the same etymology. Strictly or etymologically, the word "governor" is therefore supposed to be a metaphor derived from "steersman." Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Again, in a ship, if a man were at liberty to do what he chose, but were devoid of mind and excellence in navigation (αÏετης κυβεÏνητικης), do you perceive what must happen to him and his fellow sailors? (Plato, Alcibiades, 135A). ...
In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin) is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects. ...
Pre-Roman empires Although the legal and administrative framework of provinces, each administrated by a governor, was created by the Romans, the term governor has been a convenient term for historians to use in describing similar systems in antiquity. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman 'standardized' provincial governments after their conquest by Rome. This article is about political regions. ...
The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
Antiquity means different things: Generally it means ancient history, and may be used of any period before the Middle Ages. ...
Egypt - In Pharaonic times, the governors of each of dozens of provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt (called "nomes" by the Greeks, and whose names often alluded to local patterns of religious worship) are usually known by the Greek word Nomarch.
- The whole (or most) of Egypt was repeatedly reduced to the status of province of a larger empire under foreign conquerors, notably under an Achaemenid satrap (see below).
The nomes of Ancient Egypt A nome (Greek: district) is a subnational administrative division of Ancient Egypt. ...
A nomarch in ancient Egypt was a provincial governor, the regional authority over one of the 40 or so nomes (Egyptian: sepat) into which the country was divided. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Mesopotamia and beyond Assyria, a ruthless conqueror of a large empire, ...
Pre- & hellenistic satraps - Media and Achaemenid Persia introduced the satrapy, probably inspired by the Assyrian / Babylonian examples
- Alexander the Great and equally Greco-Macedonian diadoch kingdoms, mainly Seleucids (greater Syria) and Lagids ('Ptolemies' in hellenistic Egypt)
- in later Persia, again under Iranian dynasties :
- Parthia
- the Sassanid dynasty dispensed with the office after Shapur I (who had still 7 of them), replacing them with petty vassal rulers, known as shahdars
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ...
Alexander the Great (Greek: ÎœÎγας ΑλÎξανδÏος[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC — June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), is considered one of the most successful military commanders in world history, conquering most of the known world before his death. ...
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Seleucus I Nicator (Nicator, the Victor) (around 358–281 BC) was one of Alexander the Greats generals who, after Alexanders death in 323 BC, founded the Seleucid Empire. ...
Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Greats generals, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexanders death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as Soter (saviour). ...
For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...
Parthia[1] (Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân), situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as the modern countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain...
Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate...
Roman empires and legacy
In ancient Rome - Main article: Roman Governor
From the creation of the earliest Roman subject provinces a governor was appointed each year to administer each of them. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation and public spending in their area. A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ...
A magistrate is a judicial officer with limited authority to administer and enforce the law. ...
Under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies (the consulate or praetorship) in Rome in the previous year, and carried related titles as governor (proconsul or propraetor). The first Emperor, Octavianus Augustus (who acquired or settled a number of new territories; officially his style was republican: Princeps civitatis), divided the provinces into two categories; the traditionally prestigious governorships remained as before (in what have become known as "senatorial" provinces), while in a range of others he retained the formal governorships himself, delegating the actual task of administration to appointees (usually with the title legatus Augusti, although some small provinces received governors with other titles such as procurator). The infamous character of Pontius Pilate in the Christian Gospels is a governor of this sort. Consul (abbrev. ...
// Definition According to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state. ...
The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a head of state and government. ...
Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), Antonio Ciseris depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem Pilate redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ...
A special case was Egypt, a rich 'private' domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a governor sui generis styled Praefectus Augustalis (the very title evokes the religious cult of the Emperor).
Emperors Diocletian (see Tetrarchy) and Constantine in the third and fourth centuries AD carried out a root and branch reorganisation of the administration with two main features: The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ...
- Provinces were divided up and became much more numerous (Italy itself, before the 'colonizing homeland', was brought into the system for the first time); they were then grouped into dioceses, and the dioceses in turn into four pretorian prefectures (originally each under a residing co-emperor);
- Military responsibilities were removed from governors and given to new officials called comes rei militaris (the comital title was also granted to many court and civilian administrative positions) or dux, later also Magister militum.
The prestige governorships of Africa and Asia remained with the title proconsul, and the special right to refer matters directly to the Emperor; the Praefectus Augustalis in Alexandria and the Comes Orientis in Antioch also retained special titles. Otherwise the governors of provinces had various titles without obvious logic, some known as consularis, some as corrector, some as praeses. Apart from Egypt and the East (Oriens - viz greater Syria), each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio (a role transformed from a very different one in the early Empire). Comes (genitive: comitis) is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. ...
Dux is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, to lead) and could refer to anyone who commanded troops, such as tribal leaders. ...
Magister militum (Master of the Soldiers) was a rank used in the later Roman Empire dating from the reign of Constantine. ...
CORRECTOR is a Latin word, meaning he who practices correction (see that disambiguation page, also for etymology). ...
Byzantium This system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage a new kind governor emerged, the Strategos a role leading the themes which replaced provinces at this point, and involving a return to the amalgamation of civil and military office which had been the practice under the Republic and the early Empire. The term strategos (plural strategoi; Greek στÏατηγός) is used in Greek to mean general. In the hellenistic and Byzantine Empires the term was also used to describe a military governor. ...
The themata in 950. ...
Legacy While the Roman administration in the West was largely destroyed in the barbarian invasions, its model was remembered, and would again be very influential through two particular vehicles: Roman law and the Christian Church.
Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states Reichskommissar (Commissionary of the Empire) was an official title of authorized representative of the Deutsches Reich (after 1871) who was appointed to a special task, e. ...
Turkish rule In the Ottoman empire, various Pashas (generals) administered a province of the Great Sultan's vaste empire, with specific titles (such as Mutessaryf; Vali = Wali was often maintained or even revived in oriental successor states; cfr. Beilerbei (rendered as Governor-general, as he is appointed above several provinces under individual governors) and Dey) Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa) originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...
Wali (plural Auliyaa) is an Arabic word, literally meaning protector or guardian, also adopted in various other Islamic cultures. ...
The succession of states theory asserts that all possessions and territory held by a state are automatically transferred to the successor state, the state which succeeds it. ...
The American Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey, circa 1800. ...
British Empire and Commonwealth In the British Empire a governor was originally an official appointed by the British monarch to oversee one of his colonies. Generally of the gubernatorial offices established under the British, the structure comprised three levels:— The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ...
In the first two cases the Governor (or Governor-General) represents the authority of the Monarch. Lieutenant-Governors represent the authority of their superiors (a Governor or Governor-General). Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers (Note: such High Commissioners are not to be confused with the High Commissioners who are the equivalent of Ambassadors between Commonwealth states). Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the 16 sovereign states of the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state. ...
A Lieutenant Governor or Lieutenant-Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ...
An Administrator in Commonwealth constitutional practice is a person who, while acting in a gubernatorial capacity, is not accorded a gubernatorial title. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
An Administrator in Commonwealth constitutional practice is a person who, while acting in a gubernatorial capacity, is not accorded a gubernatorial title. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ...
An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. ...
A Governor would usually have an Executive Council to help with the colony's administration. Governors could also, in addition, have Legislative Councils and/or Assemblies underneath them. An Executive Council in Commonwealth constitutional practice based on the Westminster system exercizes executive power and is the top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor, Lieutenant-Governor or Administrator (all governors). Until the advent of responsible government, Executive Councils existed primarily to advise the governor of...
A Legislative Council in British constitutional thought is the second-to-top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, inferior to an Executive Council and equal to or superior to a Legislative Assembly. ...
This article is about the term as used within the Commonwealth of Nations; there is also an Legislative Assembly in Oregon and there used to be a Legislative Assembly in France during the French Revolution. ...
Today crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Worldwide, there are 15 Governors-General who represent the dignity of the Monarch in the (sovereign) Commonwealth Realms. Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ...
The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the 16 sovereign states of the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state. ...
Because of the different constitutional histories of the former colonies of the United Kingdom, the term "Governor" now refers to officials with differing amounts of power. Especially after colonies became independent of the United Kingdom, the presence of the word "Governor" does not guarantee that the said Governor is the "typical British-style" Governor; examples include:
- Sri Lanka, once a colony governed by a single British Governor before independence, now has a "governor" controlling each of the eight sub-national provinces.
- Nigeria, also a colony once governed by a single British Governor before independence, now has many "governors" controlling sub-national provinces
Governors (of all ranks) are usually housed in a building called 'Government House'. Governors used also to have a standard flag pattern (a Union Flag with the colonial seal or coat of arms in the centre). Governors-General still have a standard pattern flag, a blue flag with the royal crest (lion and crown) with the name of the jurisdiction on a scroll underneath. For the Governor of Maryland residence see Government House (Maryland). ...
Flag Ratio: 1:2 The Union Flag or Union Jack is the flag most commonly associated with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and was also used throughout the former British Empire. ...
In numerous Commonwealth Realms the position of Governor-General, Lieutenant-Governor, or Governor has been been observed often to be used to promote women and minorities into a prominent position, most notably in Canada, and some Caribbean nations. The first female Vice-Regal in the Commonwealth was Dame Hilda Bynoe, Governor of the Associated State of Grenada from 1968 to 1974. The first woman to hold the office of Governor General in the Commonwealth was Dame Elmira Minita Gordon of Belize. A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the 16 sovereign states that recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state. ...
The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sociological sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has...
Below, the Governors described for Australia, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom overseas territories fit the traditional British framework as just described. The rest are not British-style governors.
Colonial style
United Kingdom overseas territories In the United Kingdom's remaining overseas territories the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government and plays an active role in governing and lawmaking (though usually with the advice of elected local representatives). The Governor's chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ...
In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, or the job is ex officio done by a High Commissioner. An Administrator in Commonwealth constitutional practice is a person who, while acting in a gubernatorial capacity, is not accorded a gubernatorial title. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ...
Australia Main article: Governors of the Australian states The Governors of the Australian states are the representatives in the six states of Australia of Australias head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governors perform the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. ...
In Australia, each state has a Governor as its formal representative of the Queen as head of the state government. Each State Governor is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Premier (politically responsible head of state government) and play a largely ceremonial role. State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used. The Territories of Australia have Administrators instead of governors, who are appointed formally by the Governor-General. The Governor-General is the representative of Australia's head of state (i.e. the -British and- Australian Sovereign) at a federal level appointed by the crown on the advice given by the Australian (federal) Prime Minister. Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A premier is an executive official of government. ...
The Australian States and Territories make up the Commonwealth of Australia under a federal system of government. ...
An Administrator in Commonwealth constitutional practice is a person who, while acting in a gubernatorial capacity, is not accorded a gubernatorial title. ...
Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, in 1952 and 2002 The title Queen of Australia has existed since 1973, when the Parliament of Australia passed the Royal Style and Titles Act (1973). ...
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...
When the office of the Governor-General is vacant, or the occupant is unable to discharge their duties (on holidays, or travelling overseas for example), frequently the most senior state governor acts in their position. If this is not practicable, a justice of the High Court is appointed as administrator for the Commonwealth, and exercises those powers of the Governor-General in their absence. Lady Justice - allegory of Justice as woman with sword and with book - statue at court building. ...
High Court entrance The High Court of Australia is the final court of appeal in Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. ...
The difference in terminology between the Australian state Governors and the Canadian provincial Lieutenant Governors is significant. In the Australian case, the Governor nominally derives power directly from the monarch and is in practice nominated by the Premier of a state. In the Canadian case, the Lieutenant Governor nominally is appointed by the Governor-General and in practice is named by the federal Prime Minister. A Lieutenant Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ...
Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ...
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...
See also:
List of Governors of New South Wales See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
List of Governors of Queensland See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
List of Governors of Tasmania Note that Tasmania was called Van Diemens Land until 1855 (see History of Tasmania). ...
List of Governors of Victoria See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
Flag of the Governor of Western Australia The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of Australias head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor performs important constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including: presiding over the Executive Council; proroguing and dissolving the Legislative Assembly and the...
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List of Governors of Queensland See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
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List of Governors of Tasmania Note that Tasmania was called Van Diemens Land until 1855 (see History of Tasmania). ...
List of Governors of Victoria See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
List of Governors of Western Australia See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ...
Hong Kong See Governor of Hong Kong. Governor of Hong Kongs Flag, 1959–1997 The Governor of Hong Kong (é¦™æ¸¯ç¸½ç£ / 港ç£) was a British official who ruled Hong Kong during the colonial period between 1841 and 1997 and was ex-officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Hong Kong. ...
Northern Ireland There was a position of Governor of Northern Ireland from 1922 until the suspension of Stormont in 1973. The Governor of Northern Ireland was the Crown representative in Northern Ireland. ...
The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which existed from June 7, 1921 to March 30, 1972, when it was suspended. ...
New style
India In India each state has a ceremonial Governor appointed by the President of India. These Governors are different to the Governors which controlled the British-controlled portions of the Indian Empire (as opposed to the princely states) prior to 1949. See Governors of India for more information. List of current Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Indian States and Union Territories. ...
Malaysia In Malaysia the four non-monarchical states -Penang, Malacca, and the two on Borneo : Sabah and Sarawak- each have a ceremonial Governor styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri, appointed by the federal King Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, with a seat but no vote in the federal majlis Raja-raja (council of rulers). These states have a separate head of government which is the Chief Minister or Menteri Besar. State motto: Bersatu dan Setia (United and Loyal), formerly Let Penang Lead Capital George Town Governor Tun Dato Seri Haji Abdul Rahman bin Haji Abbas Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Koon Area 1,030 km2 Population - Est year 2006 1,500,000 State anthem Untuk Negeri Kita (For...
State motto: Bersatu Teguh Capital Malacca Town Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ...
State motto: Sabah Maju Jaya Capital Kota Kinabalu Governor Tun Haji Ahmadshah Abdullah Chief Minister Hj. ...
State motto: United, Industrious, Dedicated (Malay: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti ) Capital Kuching Governor T.Y.T Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Chief Minister Y.A.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Bin Mahmud / Pehin Sri Dr. Hj. ...
Yang di-Pertua Negeri, literally the head of state in Malay, is the title of the largely symbolic state Governors of the Malaysian states of Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak, who are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or King of Malaysia. ...
Flag of the Supreme Head of Malaysia Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Malay title usually translated as Supreme Head, Supreme Ruler or Paramount Ruler, is the official title of the constitutional head of state of the federation of Malaysia. ...
A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ...
All other states have royalty as head of state, no governor : a raja in Perlis, a Yang di-pertuan besar (elected from local rulers) in Negeri Sembilan, or a Sultan in the states of Selangor, Pahang, Johore, Perak, Kelantan and Kedah. A Raja (sometimes spelled Rajah) is a king, or princely ruler from the Kshatriya lineages. ...
The Sultan in Disneys Aladdin A Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ...
Nigeria In Nigeria, the leaders of the regions, which in 1967 were divided into states, have been known as governors since 1954. Following a military coup in November 1993, President Sani Abacha suspended all the governors, and appointed administrators. When democracy was restored in 1999, the office of governor was revived and new governors were elected. The president of Nigeria can suspend state governors in a state of emergency and replace them with administrators. They are elected by popular vote. Abacha General Sani Abacha (20 September 1943 - 8 June 1998) was the military dictator of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998. ...
Papua New Guinea In Papua New Guinea, the leaders of the provinces have been known as governors since August 1995. Previously they had been known as premiers.
Sri Lanka The provinces of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) are led by governors, as representatives of the President. The following is a list of Sri Lankan presidents. ...
Russia and former Soviet Union A special case was the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone, which was governed as a concession granted by imperial China to the Russian 'Chinese Eastern Railroad Society' (in Russian Obshchestvo Kitayskoy Vostochnoy Zheleznoy Dorogi; established in 17 December 1896 in St. Petersburg, later moved to Vladivostok), which build 1,481 km of tracks (Tarskaya - Hilar - Harbin - Nikolsk-Ussuriski; 3 November 1901 traffic opened) and established on 16 May 1898 the new capital city, Harbin; in August 1898, the defense for Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) across Manchuria was assumed by Russia (first under Priamur governor). On 1 July 1903 the Chinese Eastern Railroad opened and given under authority of itw own CER Administration (Russian: Upravleniye KVZhD), vested in the Directors of the Chinese Eastern Railroad, with the additional quality of Governors of the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone (in Harbin; as such being 12 Aug 1903 - 1 July 1905 subordinated to the imperial Viceroyalty of the Far East, see Port Arthur). The post continued to function despite various political changes until after World War II. Currently, some of the administrative divisions of Russia are headed by governors, while others are headed by Presidents or heads of administration. From 1991 to 2005 they were elected by popular vote, but since 2005 they have been appointed by the federal present and confirmed by the province's lgeislature. For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ...
Port Arthur is the name of some places: Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Old Western name for Lushun, China Port Arthur, Texas, United States of America Port Arthur, Ontario, a city in Ontario, Canada, became part of Thunder Bay in 1970. ...
Other Colonial empires - Other European naval powers then the UK with colonies in Asia, Africa and other areas, sometimes rather chartered companies, gave or still give some, but not always all, of the top representatives of (or rather in) their colonies the title of governor.
See: The same goes for the Empire of Japan and the USA. Denmark-Norways possessions c. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dutch Empire. ...
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German colonial empire The German colonial empire was an overseas area formed in the late 19th century as part of the Hohenzollern dynastys German Empire. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
The flag of the Spanish Empire. ...
The Swedish colonial empire existed from 1638 to 1663 and from 1785 to 1878. ...
Other modern Asian countries
People's Republic of China In the People's Republic of China, the title "Governor" (省长) refers to the highest ranking executive of a Provincial Government. The Governor is usually placed second in the provincial power hierarchy, below the Provincial CPC Secretary (省委书记), who serves as the highest ranking Party official in the Province. A Governor can be also used when referring to a County Governor (县长). A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (çœ shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ...
In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 (xià n). ...
Philippines In the Republic of the Philippines, the title "Governor" refers to the highest ranking executive of a Provincial Government. The Governor is elected by a direct vote from the people and had a fixed term of three years. An incumbent Governor can only serve only up to three consecutive terms. He may however be suspended by either the Ombudsman or President (through the Secretary of Interior and Local Government). He may be removed by the President if he was found guilty of an administrative case or a criminal act during his incumbency. He can be subjected by a recall vote, but unlike a referendum, people would elect the governor of their choice. If in case of death, disablility, resignation, forced removal or suspension, a government official known as Vice Governor would replace as Governor or acting Governor. Map of the Philippines showing all the regions and their provinces. ...
In the Autonomous Region on Muslim Mindanao, a Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor is elected by a block vote similar to the United States President. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or ARMM of the Philippines is composed of five provinces and one city namely: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and the Marawi City. ...
Other modern countries in the Americas
United States In the United States, the title governor refers to the chief executive of each state, not directly subordinate to the federal authorities, but the political and ceremonial head of the 'sovereign' state. The governor may also assume additional roles, such as the Commander-in-Chief of the State National Guard forces (when not federalized), and the ability to commute or pardon a criminal sentence. U.S. Governors serve four-year terms except those in New Hampshire and Vermont, who serve two-year terms. Chief Executive may refer to: Chief Executive of Hong Kong Chief Executive of Macau Chief Executive Officer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
A state of the United States (a U.S. state) is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, along with the District of Columbia, form the United States of America. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ...
Seal of the National Guard Bureau Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard Seal of the National Guard Missile Defense The United States National Guard is a component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air...
Commutation of sentence involves the reduction of legal penalties, especially of terms of imprisonment. ...
A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ...
Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of common law that punishes criminals for committing offences against the state. ...
In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ...
In all states, the governor is directly elected, and in most cases has considerable practical powers (notable exceptions with very weak governorships include Texas), though this is moderated by the state legislature and in some cases by other elected executive officials. They can veto state bills. In some cases legislatures can override a gubernatorial veto by a two-thirds vote, in others by three-fifths. In Tennessee the governor's veto can be overridden by an absolute majority vote making it virtually useless. The Governor of North Carolina had no veto power until a 1996 referendum. In most states, whenever there is a sudden vacancy of one of the state's U.S. Senate or House seats, that state's governor appoints someone to fill the vacancy until a special election is to be held, although the governors of Oregon, Massachusetts and Alaska no longer have this power. State legislatures are the lawmaking bodies of the 50 states in the United States of America. ...
The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 36th 109,247 km² 195 km 710 km 2. ...
Absolute majority is a supermajoritarian voting requirement which is stricter than a simple majority. ...
The Governor of North Carolina is the top executive of the government of the U.S. state of North Carolina. ...
1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...
Seal of the Senate The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the Congress of the United States, the other being the House of Representatives. ...
The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...
A by-election or bye-election is a special election held to fill a political office when the incumbent has died or resigned. ...
Official language(s) None Capital Largest city Salem Portland Area Ranked 9th - Total 98,466 sq. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area Ranked 44th - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²) - Width 183 miles (295 km) - Length 113 miles (182 km) - % water 13. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area Ranked 1st - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,854 km²) - Width 808 miles (1,300 km) - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km) - % water 13. ...
In colonial America, when the governor was the representative of the monarch who exercised executive power, many colonies originally elected their governors, but in the years leading up to the American Revolutionary War, the king began to appoint them directly. During the American Revolution, the royal governors were expelled, but the name was retained to denote the new elected official. Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, Native Americans Great Britain, German mercenaries, Loyalists, Native Americans Commanders George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Nathanael Greene William Howe, Henry Clinton, Charles Cornwallis (more commanders) The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[1] was a conflict that...
See: List of United States Governors for past and present governors. This is a table of the current Governors of the 50 States. ...
A Lieutenant Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ...
List of American Samoa Governors This is a list of governors etc. ...
List of Guam Governors Since after World War II 1946 - 1949 Charles Alan Pownall 1949 - 1953 Carlton S. Skinner 1953 - 1956 Ford Quint Elvidge 1956 - 1956 William T. Corbett 1956 - 1959 Richard Barrett Lowe 1959 - 1960 Marcellus G. Boss 1960 - 1961 Joseph F. Flores 1961 - 1962 William Patlov Daniel 1962...
List of Northern Mariana Islands Governors Carlos S. Camacho Democrat 1978-1982 Pedro P. Tenorio Republican 1982-1990 Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero Republican 1990-1994 Froilan C. Tenorio Democrat 1994-1998 Pedro P. Tenorio Republican 1998-2002 Juan N. Babauta Republican 2002- Categories: Lists of governors of U.S...
Since 1949, the Governor of Puerto Rico is elected by the people of Puerto Rico to a four year term. ...
List of U.S. Virgin Islands Governors 1917 - 1917 Edwin Taylor Pollock 1917 - 1919 James Harrison Oliver 1919 - 1921 Joseph Wallace Oman 1921 - 1922 Sumner Ely Wetmore Kittelle 1922 - 1923 Henry Hughes Hough 1923 - 1925 Philip Williams 1925 - 1927 Martin Edwin Trench 1927 - 1931 Waldo A. Evans 1931 - 1935 Paul...
Mexico The elected heads of Mexico's 31 federal states are styled "governors" (gobernadores), closely following the U.S. model. See: List of Mexican state governors. The United Mexican States or Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México) is a federal republic made up of 31 states (estados) and one Federal District, (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ...
The United Mexican States ( Mexico) is a federal republic comprising 31 states and one federal district (the Mexican Federal District, or Distrito Federal). ...
Until the 1930 Revolution, the heads of the Brazilian Provinces then States were styled Presidents (presidentes), later governors (governadores) and intervators (interventores, appointed by the federal government) and finally in 1945 only governors. // Depression, coffee oligarchs, and the Revolution of 1930 The Great Depression The tenente rebellion (See History of Brazil (1889-1930)) did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ...
Province is a name for a secondary, or subnational entity of government in most countries. ...
Brazil is divided into 26 estados (states, singular: estado) and one district, the Distrito Federal (Brazilian Federal District) which contains the capital city, BrasÃlia. ...
1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...
South America Many of the South American republics (such as Chile and Argentina) have provinces or states run by elected governors, with offices similar in nature to U.S. state governors. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
Other European countries and empires
Benelux monarchies - In the Netherlands, the government-appointed heads of the provinces were known as Gouverneur from 1814 until 1850, when their title was changed to King's (or Queen's) Commissioner.
In the Dutch crown's Caribbean Overseas territories, the style Governor is still used (alongside the political head of government) in the Netherlands Antilles as well as since 1986 on the neighbouring island of Aruba (separated from the former) 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
- In Belgium, the title of Gouverneur is used, in both the French and Dutch languages. There are presently 10 provinces (since the split of Brabant), each with its own Governor; the national capital, Brussels, does not belong to any, constituting a third 'capital' region (along with Flanders and Wallonia), with its own minister-president.
Dutch ( ) is a Low Germanic language spoken by around 22 million people, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium (2005 [1]). // History Main article: History of the Dutch language The West Germanic dialects can be divided according to tribe (see Germanic tribes), and according to the extent of their participation in...
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, political and cultural community of the Flemings, through its social and political organizations, its media, universities, ... ; some prefer to call this the Flemish community, other refers to this as the Flemish nation; a constituent governing institution of the federal Belgian...
Wallonia (French: Wallonie, German: Wallonien, Walloon: Walonreye, Dutch: Wallonië) or the Walloon Region (French: Région Wallonne, Dutch: Waals Gewest) is the predominantly French-speaking region that constitutes one of the three federal regions of Belgium, with its capital at Namur. ...
France & Napoleon
Italy - The essentially maritime empire of the Venetian republic, comprising Terra Ferma, other Adriatic (mainly Istria and Dalmatia) and further Mediterranean (mainly Greek) possessions, used different gubernatorial styles, such as (castelleno e) provveditore (generale), baile
The Italian title provveditore or proveditore (plural -tori), he who sees to things, was the style of various (but not all) local district governors in the extensive, mainly maritime empire of the Venetian dogal republic. ...
Papal & Vatican particularity - In the various Italian provinces (former principalities and city-states) that became amalgamated as the Papal States, the Holy See exerced temporal power via its Legates and Delegates, including some Cardinals
- Also in Avignon and the surrounding southern French Comté Venaissin, the home of the Popes during their 'Babylonian exile', and retained centuries after, but never incorporated into the Papal States, Legates and Vice-legates were appointed
- The sovereign modern remnant of the formerly large Papal States, the tiny Vatican City State, is now a mere enclave in Rome, the capital of Italian Republic. As it is too small to have further administrative territorial divisions, it is the equivalent of a Prime Minister, Governor and Mayor all roled in to one post, styled the Governor of Vatican City.
The word legate comes from the Latin legare (to send). It has several meanings, all related to representatives: A legate is a member of a diplomatic embassy. ...
A delegate is an individual (or a member of a group called a delegation) who represents the interests of a larger organization (e. ...
View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...
The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). ...
The Governor of Vatican City is concurrently the President of the Governatorate of Vatican City and sometimes called the President of Vatican City. ...
Nordic states The Over-Governor, or Överståthållaren of Stockholm was the highest official for the City between 1634 and 1967. ...
A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as a form of viceroy, with both civil and military jurisdiction, over parts of Sweden, from the 17th century to the early 19th century, when constitutional changes made the office obsolete. ...
The Swedish Counties were run by Governors, appointed by the Swedish monarch, since their establishment in 1634. ...
Other modern African countries
Modern equivalents As a GENERIC term, Governor is used for various 'equivalent' officers governing part of a state or empire, rendering other official titles such as : - colonial High Commissioner (not the Ambassadors exchanged within the Commonwealth)
And this also applies to non-western and/or antique cultures A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ...
Furthermore, the word has other meanings - as an administrator and/or supervisor (individually or collectively, see Board of Governors) in the socio-economic spheres of life; the single Governor of a national emission bank often holds ministerial rank. A board may be a: piece of lumber (or other rigid material made of wood), milled or sawn flat surfboard, skateboard, or snowboard (often made of fibreglass) commission or committee, such as an executive board of directors or a (sometimes rather supervisory) board of governors bulletin board system or other...
The Governor of the Bank of Canada is chief executive officer and the chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of Canada. ...
This is a list of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia. ...
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