Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (born September 17, 1806 in Boulogne; died September 15, 1875) was a French neurologist. September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Boulogne-sur-Mer is a city and commune in northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais département of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Neurology is the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and disorders affecting it. ...

Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne and assistant electrically stimulate the face of a live subject in displaying an expression.

Duchenne was educated at Douai and studied medicine in Paris before returning to his hometown to put his profession to practice in 1831. By 1833 he had begun trying electricity as a form of treatment on fishermen, a force that he continued to experiment with throughout the course of his life, in effect making him the father of electro-therapeutics. In 1842 he returned to Paris and there spent the remained of his life working on developing his clinical techniques. Through electricity he also determined that smiles resulting from true happiness not only utilize the muscles of the mouth but also those of the eyes. Such "genuine" smiles are called Duchenne smiles in his honor. He is also credited with the discovery of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (902 × 1248 pixel, file size: 265 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Duchenne de Boulogne (1801 - 1875) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 433 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (902 × 1248 pixel, file size: 265 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Duchenne de Boulogne (1801 - 1875) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Douai is a city and commune in the north of France in the département of Nord, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ... A fisherman in central Chile A Long Island fisherman cleans his nets A fisherman (in recent years sometimes called a fisher to be non-gender specific), is a person who engages in the activity of fishing. ... Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy in the treatment of impairments of health and a conditions of abnormal functioning. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Smile (album), for the musical, see Smile (Musical) and for the bank, see smile (bank) Smile was also the name of the band later known as Queen. ... Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (also known as muscular dystrophy - Duchenne type) is an eventually fatal disorder that is characterized by rapidly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of muscle tissue starting in the legs and pelvis and later affecting the whole body. ...

Some of his other works include:

• Functional electrical stimulation as a localization test in Neurological examination.
• tabetic locomotor ataxia
• acute poliomyelitis
• identified pseudohypertrophic muscle dystrophy
• identified progressive bulbar paralysis
• studies into lead poisoning

Duchenne died on September 15, 1875, in Paris. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) aims to restore function in people with disabilities resulting from spinal cord injury, head injury, stroke or other neurological disorders by electrical stimulation of the muscles and nerves. ... Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. ... Progressive bulbar palsy is a form of motor neuron disease characterized by dysfunction of the muscles controlled by the cranial nerves of the lower brain stem (the bulb) -- specifically, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII). ... Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painters colic, caused by increased blood lead levels. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

See also

Duchenne effectively used the newly invented medium of photography to capture electrically induced expressions of his subjects, but wasn't able to record the actual movement of the facial muscles, a fact he complained about in his writings. Contemporary Dutch performance artist Arthur Elsenaar uses state of the art digital technology to remotely control the face of a live subject. In his performances and other works he investigates the computer-controlled human face as a medium for kinetic art and develops algorithms for facial choreography.

• Artifacial Expression