?Gurdaspur Punjab • India
Gurdaspur
Coordinates: 32°01′60″N 75°24′00″E / 32.0333, 75.4
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	• 241 m (791 ft)
District(s)	Gurdaspur
Population	67,455 (2001)

Coordinates: 32°01′60″N 75°24′00″E / 32.0333, 75.4 , This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links India_Punjab_locator_map. ... Image File history File links Locator_Dot. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Location of Mirzapur and the 82. ... The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. ... Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth – approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered with water. ... The divisions of a district. ... Gurdaspur District is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Gurdaspur is a city in the province of East Punjab, situated in the northwest part of the Republic of India. It is located in the center of and is the administrative head of Gurdaspur District. It was the location of a fort (later turned into a Brahman monastery) which was famous for the siege it sustained in 1712 from the Mughals. This article details the Indian state of Punjab. ... The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ... Gurdaspur District is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. ... Brahmanism, also Brahminism, is the name given to Hinduism by some authors in the 19th century CE.[1] The term is considered derogatory by many Hindus. ... This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... Mughal Empire at its greatest extent in 1700 Capital Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Absolute Monarchy , Unitary Government with a federal structure Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605...

History

It is historically important in connection with the rise of the Sikh Confederacy. The whole of the Punjab was then distributed among the Sikh chiefs who triumphed over the Imperial Mughal governors. In the course of a few years, however, Maharaja Ranjit Singh acquired all the territory which those chiefs had held. Pathankot and the neighboring villages in the plain, together with the whole of the hill portion of the district, formed part of the area ceded by the Sikhs to the British after the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845. In 1862, after receiving one or two additions, the district was brought into its present shape. In 1901 the population was 940,334, showing a slight decrease, compared with an increase of 15% in the previous decade. The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons, in Punjab[1]. They were loosely politically linked but strongly bound in the cultural and religious spheres. ... This article details the Indian state of Punjab. ... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... Major-General H.H. Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh- al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajagan, Maharaja Sir Jagatjit Singh, Bahadur, Maharaja of Kapurthala, GCSI , GCIE , GBE The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for great king or high king (a karmadharaya from mahānt great... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ, Hindi: पठानकोट, Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846), resulted in partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom by the British East India Company. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about 1862 . ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Gurdaspur was founded by Sahib Deep Chand and was named after his grandfather Guriya in the beginning of 17th century. In his honour, this city was named Gurdaspur. He bought land for Gurdaspur from the Jatts of Sangi Gotra. Guriya a Sanwal Brahmin of Kaushal Gotra came from Paniar a village situated 5 miles north of Gurdaspur. The ancestors of Guriya came from Ayodhaya and settled in Paniar. Guriya Ji had two sons Nawal Rai and Pala. The descendants of Nawal Rai settled in Gurdaspur and Nawal Rai’s son Baba Deep Chand was a contemporary of Guru Gobind Singh. It is believed that Guru Gobind Singh gave the title of Ganj Bakhsh (Owner Of Treasure) to Baba Deep Chand. The descendants of Baba Deep Chand are called mahants (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Jatt is a caste of Sikhs who live in Punjab. ... A gotra is the lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth. ... KAUSHAL MISHRA IS A BIOTECHNOLOGIST ... This article is about a village in Estonia. ... Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ) (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708) He was born in Patna in India in 1666 and became the tenth Guru of the Sikhs on 11 November 1675, succeeding his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur who was killed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. ...

Gurdaspur was the last bastion of Banda Bahadur. Banda Bahadur's legend lives on in the poem "Bondo Bhir", by the Indian Nobel prize winner Rabindranath Tagore. The poem, written in Bengali, has been translated into English, since. ^[1] Portrait of Banda Singh Bahadur Lachhman Dev alias Madho dass Bairagi alias Baba Banda Singh Bahadur (pronounce like this: Banda- Bun-tha, Bahadur- Bah-Ha-thur {th pronounced as th in the}), of Jammu region, is revered as one of greatest warriors as well as one of its most... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... (Bengali: , IPA: ) (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), also known by the sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali poet, Brahmo Samaj philosopher, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Bangla redirects here. ...

Geography

Gurdaspur is located at 32.03° N 75.52° E^[2]. It has an average elevation of 242 metres (793 ft). The district comprises an area of 1889 km². It is bounded on the north by the Jammu region, of Jammu & Kashmir. Chamba, on the east by Kangra district and the Beas River, on the south by Amritsar district, and on the west by Sialkot, and occupies the submontane portion of the Ban Doab, or tract between the Beas and the Ravi River. The district includes sanatorium of Dalhousie mountain which stands 7687 ft. above sea-level. This station, which has a large fluctuating population during the warmer months, crowns the most westerly shoulder of a snowy range, the Dhauladhar, between which and the plain two minor ranges intervene. Below the hills stretches an undulating plateau covered with abundant timber, made green by a copious rainfall, and watered by the streams of the Ban Doab, which, diverted by dams and embankments, now empty their waters into the Beas directly, in order that their channels may not interfere with the Ban Doab canal. The district contains several large jhils or swampy lakes, and is famous for its snipe-shooting. Pathankot is another town from which one has to pass to enter Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh state. Jammu   (Hindi: जम्मू, Urdu: جموں) is one of the three regions comprising the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... Jammu and Kashmir is a historic state in Asia which is currently disputed between India, Pakistan, and to a lesser extent, China. ... Chamba, the northwestern district of Himachal Pradesh, has a common border with Jammu. ... Kangra is a town in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh state in northern India, and lends its name to the district of the same name. ... The Beas River (Punjabi: ) runs through the Northwestern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. ... , Amritsar (Punjabi: , Hindi: ), meaning: The Ocean of the Nectar of Immortality,[1] is the administrative headquarter of the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. ... Sialkot (Urdu/Punjabi: ), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. ... A Doab, meaning two waters in Persian, is a term used in India and Pakistan for a tract of land between two confluent rivers. ... The Beas River (Punjabi: ) runs through the Northwestern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. ... The Ravi River (Punjabi: , Urdu: ) is a river in India and Pakistan. ... , Dalhousie is a city and a municipal council in Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... The Dhauladhar range is a southern branch of the main Himalayan chain of mountains. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood... A Doab, meaning two waters in Persian, is a term used in India and Pakistan for a tract of land between two confluent rivers. ... The Beas River (Punjabi: ) runs through the Northwestern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. ... A Doab, meaning two waters in Persian, is a term used in India and Pakistan for a tract of land between two confluent rivers. ... For other uses, see Canal (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Snipe (disambiguation). ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ, Hindi: पठानकोट, Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... , Himachal Pradesh (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश, IPA:  ) is a state in the north-west of India. ...

Demographics

According to the 2001 India census^[3], Gurdaspur had a population of 67,455. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gurdaspur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 75%. In Gurdaspur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. This article is about the year. ... Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ...

Tourist Attractions

Fish Park - located near Civil Lines Civil Lines is a subdivision of North Delhi District in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. ...

One place to visit is Fish Park when visiting Gurdaspur. It is located near Civil Lines, a cluster of homes in the city. It is not uncommon to see locals exercising and spending time at Fish Park during evening and morning hours.

Fish Park once was an area of overgrown grass and weeds, and a pond was situated in the center. At the pond, one was able to purchase food for the fish and feed it to the fish in it. This was approximately ten to eleven years ago. A massive re-designing process took place a few years later, and that made Fish Park what it is today. Although there are no longer "fish" in the park, the center of the park has a statue of a fish, hence the name. The park is now well-manicured and well-kept by the city. It is a popular place to go to in the evening, where one may purchase snacks like popcorn, a kulfi, and freshly squeezed fruit juice. For other uses, see Popcorn (disambiguation). ... Kulfi is a popular South Asian dessert made with boiled milk. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Juice (disambiguation). ...

Kabootri Darwaza - part of the old Gurdaspur bazaar The Grand Timcheh of Qoms Bazaar. ...

Here one can find sweet-makers, enjoy puri chole and lassi at its best, and every kind of sweet ranging from fresh hot jalebis to pure khoa barfi. Puri can mean: Puri, a city in the Indian state of Orissa, which is famous for the Jagannath temple and the serene beaches located there . ... Chole can refer to: Chole (woreda), one of the 180 woredas in the Oromia region of Ethiopia Chole, or chole masala, see chana masala Chole-, meaning bile Chole or choly, medical slang for cholecystitis, or a patient with cholecystitis; also a cholecystectomy Chole, a probable antecedent of the sport of... Lassi is a traditional North Indian beverage, originally from Punjab made by blending yogurt with water, salt, and spices until frothy. ... Look up Sweet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bugun Woman The Khowa, also known as the Bugun, are one of the smallest tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. ... Tray of barfi Fig barfi Barfi or burfi is an Indian sweet. ...

Historically Gurdaspur has its own importance. The great Mughal Emperor Akabar's Coronation site (Takhti-Akbari) is there in Kalanaur. Kalanaur is a small town around 30km away from Gurdaspur.

Pakistan and the Gurdaspur conspiracy

The Gurdaspur district in the undivided Punjab had on the basis of the 1941 census an overall Muslim majority of 51%. Gurdaspur had four Tehsils (sub-districts) viz., Shakargarh (51.3% Muslims), Batala (53% Muslims), Pathankot (65% non-Muslim) and Gurdaspur it self (50.5% Muslims). Gurdaspur straddled a major river of the undivided pre-partitioned Punjab of India, the Ravi, with Shakargarh Tehsil on the West Bank of the river and the rest three Tehsils on the East Bank. It will be seen from the map that a direct railhead for the State of Jammu and Kashmir ran from Amritsar to Pathankot through the very same three eastern Tehsils of the Gurdaspur district. According to one theory, as Gurdaspur district bordered the State of Jammu and Kashmir, India would find it impossible to have a road communication with the state without these three Tehsils. but the problem with this theory is that looking at the map of India its clear that the lines of communication ran through Pathankot tehsil only which was non-Muslim majority. Gurdaspur District is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... A Tehsil is an administrative subdivision or tier of local government in some South Asian countries. ... Shakargarh is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Punjab province. ... BATALA , Batala is a city and a municipal council in Gurdaspur district in the state Punjab of northwestern india. ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ, Hindi: पठानकोट, Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic scholars. ... The Ravi River (Punjabi: , Urdu: ) is a river in India and Pakistan. ... Corresponding geographically to todays Kingdom of Jordan, the Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political subdivision of the British Mandate of Palestine, split off in April 1921. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... , Amritsar (Punjabi: , Hindi: ), meaning: The Ocean of the Nectar of Immortality,[1] is the administrative headquarter of the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ, Hindi: पठानकोट, Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic scholars. ...

The terms of reference given were that the demarcation should be on the basis of contiguous Muslim or non-Muslim majority areas. With a provision for other factors which could be interpreted in any manner. Gurdaspur was a Muslim-majority District. The contiguous communal argument should have taken it according to the Tehsil boundaries but instead only Shakargarh went to Pakistan, leaving the eastern bank of the Ravi Hindu majority and thus a part of post-independence India. Ravi may refer to: Ravi, a Hindu solar deity. ...

There were two main pre-partition routes to Kashmir region One via Lahore, Rawalpindi and Murree into Muzaffarabad and Srinagar and the other through Sialkot, Jammu and Banihal pass. Neither would be available to India after partition as both Lahore and Sialkot were bound to go to Pakistan, even though the city of Lahore itself which straddled the border had a slight non-Muslim majority, but the district overall had a Muslim majority . There was a third route, more a dirt track than a road, via Gurdaspur. If Gurdaspur were also awarded to Pakistan there would be no effective road link between India and Kashmir until a new road could be constructed via Pathankot. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...   (Urdu: راولپنڈی RāwalpindÄ«) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ... View of Mountain Valley from the Top Murree city (Urdu: مری) is a popular hill station and a summer resort, especially for the residents of Islamabad, and for the cities of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Muzaffarabad (Urdu: مظفرآباد, is the capital of the State of Azad Kashmir, located in the north of the state, which is the Pakistani-controlled part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... For other uses, see Srinagar (disambiguation). ... Jammu   (Hindi: जम्मू, Urdu: جموں) is one of the three regions comprising the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... Banihal Pass (el. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

Mountbatten was quoted as saying before the final award was announced that the Radcliffe commission was unlikely to throw the whole of Gurdaspur with only 51% Muslim majority into Pakistan, as it would exponentially increase the number of Sikh and Hindu refugees as 49% of the district was non-Muslim, also the Muslim majority tehsils of Gurdaspur and Shakargarh had a bare Muslim mahority of 50.5% and 51% respectively and their partition could only be done along the Ravi. Mountbatten is the family name adopted by two branches of the Battenberg family due to rising anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War I. On 14 July 1917, Prince Louis of Battenberg assumed the surname Mountbatten (a literal translation of the German Battenberg) for himself and his... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Ravi may refer to: Ravi, a Hindu solar deity. ...

Also, there was a possibility that if the three eastern Tehsils of Gurdaspur were awarded to India by the Boundary Commission the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India be a practicable proposition. Mountbatten did appreciate this fact. As he said to the Nawab of Bhopal and the Maharaja of Indore on 4 August 1947, the State of Jammu and Kashmir was so placed geographically that it could join either Dominion. In other words, only by giving Gurdaspur to India would the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir be presented with a free choice; to give Gurdaspur to Pakistan was effectively to guarantee that the State of Jammu and Kashmir would sooner or later fall to Pakistan. The question arises, was the final award of the Boundary Commission influenced in any way by Mountbatten which, if not conclusive, is certainly circumstantial. In the United Kingdom, the four Boundary Commissions are responsible for determining the boundaries of House of Commons constituencies. ... The Nawabs of Bhopal were the Muslim rulers of the princely state of Bhopal, located in the modern state of Madhya Pradesh, in medieval and British India. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about Dominions of the British Empire and of the Commonwealth of Nations. ... Mountbatten is the family name adopted by two branches of the Battenberg family due to rising anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War I. On 14 July 1917, Prince Louis of Battenberg assumed the surname Mountbatten (a literal translation of the German Battenberg) for himself and his...

In the original proposals for Partition it was generally understood by the Pakistan side, and probably by at least the majority of Indian side as well (despite a strong hint by Mountbatten to the contrary on 4 June when he observed that "it is unlikely that the Boundary Commission will throw the whole of the (Gurdaspur) district into the Muslim-majority areas"), that Gurdaspur was a Muslim-majority District in the Punjab which could go to Pakistan in its entirety or at least without the Pathankot tehsil. This conclusion was indicated in the notional boundary between India and Pakistan with which the Boundary Commission started in July 1947. This was derived from the First Schedule of the Indian Independence Act of 18 July 1947, which also pointed to a Muslim-majority salient along the southern edge of Amritsar District in the Lahore region of Pakistani territory jutting into the Indian part of the Punjab. Together, this southern salient and Gurdaspur resulted in Muslim-majority territory, which almost surrounded Amritsar, a city of supreme importance to the Sikhs. The Sikh question presented by far the greatest immediate problem for Partition in the Punjab. This article is under construction. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In military terms, a salient is a battlefield feature that projects into enemy territory. ... Amritsar District is one of 19 districts in the state of Punjab in North West India. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...

On 8 August 1947 there emerged from Sir Cyril Radcliffe’s establishment a provisional boundaries map on which, there is strong evidence to indicate, and the southern salient had been modified in what seemed to be in Pakistan’s favour by substituting for a small portion of the Lahore District (the tip of the original salient, created by the need to somehow transfer the Indo-Pakistan border from the line of the Ravi to that of the Satluj, which, it could be argued, on this particular alignment encroached more than it was absolutely necessary upon what the Sikhs regarded as their special land around Amritsar) the adjacent Firozpur and Zira Tehsils of Ferozepore District, thus extending Pakistan to the eastern side of the Satluj. The same map also indicated that the three eastern Tehsils of Gurdaspur District were now located on the Indian side of the Partition line. is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cyril John Radcliffe Cyril John Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe GBE PC (1899 - 1977) was a British lawyer and law lord most famous for his partitioning of the British Imperial territory of India. ... Lahore District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Ravi may refer to: Ravi, a Hindu solar deity. ... The Sutlej, also known as Satluj, is the longest of the five rivers of Punjab (five waters) that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet near Mount Kailash. ... Firozpur (or Ferozepur, Ferozepore, फिरोज़पुर ) is a city in Firozpur District in Punjab, India. ... Zira Zira is an anthropomorphic lioness character in the 1998 Disney direct-to-video movie The Lion King II: Simbas Pride, the sequel to 1994s The Lion King. ... Ferozepur District is one of the nineteen districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. ...

Sir George Abell, Mountbatten’s Private Secretary, immediately communicated the contents of this map to Stuart Abbott, Secretary to Sir E. Jenkins, the Governor of the Punjab, through whose province the new boundary would run. Jenkins also received at the time a memorandum of some kind on the question of the boundary award from Christopher Beaumont, a member of Sir Cyril Radcliffe’s staff. Thus several members of the Punjab Government were aware of the current state of Radcliffe’s thinking on partition by 9 August. So, also, it would seem were many other people. Sir George Edmond Brackenbury Abell, KCIE, OBE (22 June 1904–11 January 1989) was an English civil servant and cricketer. ... See Private Secretary to the Sovereign. ... Stuart Richard Abbott MBE (born 3 June 1978) is a South African born rugby union footballer who plays centre for Wasps and England. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

There was, for example, immediate objection from the Maharaja of Bikaner who received vital water supply for his desert state from Harike headworks on the Satluj in Firozpur to the location of the Firozpur and Zira Tehsils in Pakistan, it being clearly impossible to confine such a secret to the inner circle of Viceroy’s House, New Delhi and Government House, Lahore. Not only were several rulers whose states depended upon irrigation works cut by the proposed Radcliffe line much disturbed by the dangers which they detected in the Boundary Commission’s proposals, but also a wide selection of officials, not all of them of particular seniority or major importance, found cause for concern. Thus on 9 August 1947 Jawaharlal Nehru wrote to Mountbatten enclosing a memorandum by A.N. Khosla, Chairman, Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission, reporting various items of gossip, including the account of an eavesdropped lunchtime conversation between Sir Cyril Radcliffe and the members of the Boundary Commission, to the effect that the award of the Firozpur and Zira Tehsils to Pakistan was a compensation for the award of the three eastern Tehsils of Gurdaspur to India. Khosla pointed out that, if true, this arrangement would be most undesirable on technical irrigation grounds: Firozpur and Zira, as well as Gurdaspur; would have to be in India if certain canals were to operate adequately. , Bikaner is a city in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan in western India. ... Zira Zira is an anthropomorphic lioness character in the 1998 Disney direct-to-video movie The Lion King II: Simbas Pride, the sequel to 1994s The Lion King. ... , This article is about the capital city of India. ... Government House is the name given to some of the residences of Governors-General, Governors and Lieutenant-Governors in the Commonwealth and the former British Empire. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... The Radcliffe Line became the border between India and Pakistan in 1947. ... Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a major political leader of the Congress Party, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of independent India. ...

Jawaharlal Nehru’s Letter of 9 August is intriguing. If a relatively junior official like Khosla could pick up confidential discussion on Boundary matters by Radcliffe and his colleagues, it did not say much for the secrecy in which the Radcliffe Commission was claimed to have carried out its task. Moreover, why should Nehru have chosen to convey this titbit of information to the Viceroy at this particular time? Was he trying to influence the Radcliffe Commission by way of Mountbatten in at least three ways, to ensure that the Ferozepore Tehsil did not go to Pakistan, to guarantee that whatever decision was in the air concerning the award to India of the three eastern Tehsils of Gurdaspur was adhered to, and to provide reasons for both these decisions which could be argued to be? Judicial rather than Political? Mountbatten politely rebuked Nehru for this letter. "I hope you will agree" he wrote "that I should not do anything to prejudice the independence of the Boundary Commission, and that, therefore, it would be wrong of me even to forward any memorandum, especially at this stage". All the same, on 10 or 11 August 1947 the Governor of the Punjab, Jenkins, received a telegram from viceroy's House, New Delhi, which told him to eliminate the salient, in other words, delete from Pakistan (as shown in the earlier version of the partition proposals which he had received on 8 August) the Ferozepore and Zira Tehsils, and put them in India. Moreover, in the final award (which was ready on 12 August) the location of the Ferozepore and Zira Tehsils in India was justified on grounds of good irrigation policy, as was, also, the Indian possession of the three eastern Tehsils of Gurdaspur in India (which had already been shown on the map of 8 August). Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a major political leader of the Congress Party, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of independent India. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... , This article is about the capital city of India. ...

Allegations of Bias

Throughout the difficult process of partitions of the provinces, of the Punjab (West) and Bengal (East) accusations of official partiality towards one group or another were leveled on all sides, not only in the popular press but also by the leaders themselves. For example, Justice Munir of the Punjab Commission accused Radcliffe’s top aide, Christopher Beaumont, of bias. Munir claimed that Beaumont intentionally misled Radcliffe in order to achieve a result favorable to India. Beaumont rejects these charges as ludicrous. The most contentious point was the Ferozepore border and the nearby headworks. On August 8, Mountbatten’s private secretary, George Abell, sent a letter with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins, the provincial governor. This draft showed the Ferozepore area and its headworks definitely going to the Dominion of Pakistan. When the final award was released, Ferozepore was illegally assigned to India. Infuriated Pakistanis were sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliffe to change his original stance of the line. After partition of the subcontinent, each side leveled accusations in the vernacular press that their opponents had successfully bribed Radcliffe to take their part. Province is a name for a secondary, or subnational entity of government in most countries. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... Motto اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam(Urdu) Unity, Discipline and Faith Anthem Qaumi Tarana Capital Islamabad Largest city Karachi Official languages Urdu (national), English (official)[1] Demonym Pakistani Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Pervez Musharraf  -  Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz Formation  -  Independence from the United Kingdom   -  Declared August 14, 1947   -  Islamic... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. ... George Ogden Abell (March 1, 1927 – October 7, 1983) was an astronomer at UCLA who is best known for his catalogue of clusters of galaxies. ... The Dominion of Pakistan was an entity that was established as a result of partition from India as a homeland for the Muslims in August 1947. ... Population Data Demographics of Pakistan, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ...

But neither Justice Munir nor any Pakistani leader objected to the inclusion of Chittagong hill tracts in the Bengal partition to Pakistan despite being 97% non-Muslim, as it benfitted Pakistan. Moutbatten instead told Nehru that accommodations will have to be made with the city of Lahore, CHT and Tharparkar district of Sindh that had a non-Muslim majority going to Pakistan if Gurdaspur was to be partitioned and Ferozepur and Zira were to be awarded to India. This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British Empire. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... The Chittagong Hill Tracts comprise an area of 13,180 km2 in south-eastern Bangladesh, and borders India and Myanmar (Burma). ... Tharparkar (Urdu: تھرپارکر) is a town located in the Tharparkar District, which is one of 22 districts located in the Sindh province in Pakistan. ...

Many were convinced that the Commissions were a sham and that Mountbatten himself had simply dictated the new divisions. In his final report as Viceroy, Mountbatten admitted, "I am afraid that there is still a large section of public opinion in this country which is firmly convinced that I will settle the matter finally."In 1992, Christopher Beaumont added his voice to the chorus of accusations against Mountbatten. This circumstantial evidence indicates that Mountbatten may well have influenced the final shape of the boundary award.

Economy

A branch of the North Western Railway runs through the district. The largest town and chief commercial centre is Batala. There are important woollen mills at Dhariwal, and besides their products the district exports cotton, sugar, grain and oil-seeds. Categories: Substubs | Regional rail systems | Indian Railways ... BATALA , Batala is a city and a municipal council in Gurdaspur district in the state Punjab of northwestern india. ... Dhariwal or Dharan is a gotra found in Jats and Brahmans in India. ...

External links

• Official Gurdaspur District Website

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...