Gustav Struve, known as Gustav von Struve until he gave up his title, was born 11 October 1805 in Munich, Germany and died 21 August 1870 in Vienna, Austria. He was a German politician, lawyer and publicist, and a revolutionary during the German revolution of 1848 - 1849 in Baden. October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in Leap years). ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich (German: München (pronounced listen) is the state capital of the German state of Bavaria. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Hungarian: Bécs) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austrias nine federal states (Bundesland Wien). ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany. ...

Life

Early years

Struve was the son of a Russian privy council whose family came from the lesser nobility. Struve grew up and went to school in Munich, then studied law at university in Göttingen and Heidelberg. For a short time (from 1829 to 1831) he was employed in the civil service in Oldenburg, then moved to Baden in 1833 where in 1836 he settled down to work as a lawyer in Mannheim. A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, especially in a monarchy. ... Corruption Jurisprudence Philosophy of law Law (principle) List of legal abbreviations Legal code Intent Letter versus Spirit Natural Justice Natural law Religious law Witness intimidation Legal research Critical legal studies External links Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Law Look up law in Wiktionary, the free dictionary... Landmark Gänseliesel fountain at the main market Göttingen (   listen?) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Map of Germany showing Heidelberg Heidelberg (halfway between Stuttgart and Frankfurt) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Oldenburg is an Independent City in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Location of Mannheim in Germany The Wasserturm (water tower), Mannheims landmark Coat of Arms of Mannheim Watershed of the Neckar River university Mannheim is a city in Germany. ...

In Baden, Struve also entered politics by standing up for the liberal members of the Baden parliament in news articles. His point of view headed more and more in a radical democratic, early socialist direction. In 1845 Struve married Amalie Düsar, and in 1847 he dropped his title. The Elections and Parties Series Democracy Representative democracy History of democracy Referenda Liberal democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Ideology Elections Elections by country Elections by calender Electoral systems Politics Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Political parties Parties by country Parties by name Parties by... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Pre-revolutionary period

It was the time of the Vormärz, the years between the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the revolutions of 1848-49. Struve was strongly against the politics of Metternich, a strict Conservative and reactionary against the democratic movement, who ruled Austria at the time and had a strong influence on restoration Germany with his Congress system. The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from October 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneberg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 – June 11, 1858) (sometimes rendered in English as Prince Klemens Metternich) was an Austrian politician and statesman and perhaps the most important diplomat of his era. ... For conservatism in the United States and Canada, see Conservatism in North America. ... Reactionary (sometimes: reactionist; the term Reaction is used as a general term for the informal political grouping of reactionaries) is an epithet often applied to those seen to be on the Right of the political spectrum. ... The Congress system is a diplomatic process adhered to between 1815 and 1822, under which all matters of international importance were discussed at meeting of all European powers in order to ensure uniform action on the part of all concerned. ...

The revolution begins

Along with Friedrich Hecker, whom he had met in Mannheim, Struve took on a leading role in the revolutions in Baden (see History of Baden) from March 1848, also accompanied by his wife Amalie. Both Hecker and Struve belonged to the radical democratic, anti-monarchist wing of the revolutionaries. In Baden their group was particularly strong in number, with many political societies being founded in the area. The History of Baden begins in the 12th century and continues until the mid-1900s. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... A monarch is a type of ruler or head of state, whose titles and ascent are often inherited, not earned, and who represents a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, duties, and powers. ...

When the revolution broke out, Struve published a demand for a federal republic, to include all Germany, but this was rejected by "Pre-Parliament" (Vorparlament), the meeting of politicians and other important German figures which later became the Frankfurt Parliament. // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ... The Frankfurt Parliament is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolutions of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. ...

Dreams of a federal Germany

Struve wanted to spread his radical dreams for a federal Germany across the country, starting in southwest Germany, and accompanied by Hecker and other revolutionary leaders. They organised the meeting of a revolutionary assembly in Konstanz on 14 April 1848. From there, the Heckerzug (Hecker's column) was to join up with another revolutionary group led by the poet Georg Herwegh and march to Karlsruhe. Few people joined in the march, however, and it was headed off in the Black Forest by troops from Frankfurt. Konstanz (English traditionally Constance) is a small university town of around 80,000 people on the shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in the south-west corner of Germany, bordering Switzerland. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Georg Herwegh Georg Herwegh (1817 - 1875), son of an innkeeper, was born in Stuttgart. ... Map of Germany showing Karlsruhe Coat of Arms of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe castle at night Karlsruhe (population 282,595 in December 2003) is a city of Germany, in the Baden-Württemberg Bundesland, located near the French-German border. ... A map of Germany, showing the Black Forest in red. ... Frankfurt am Main [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hessen and the fifth largest city of Germany. ...

Hecker and Struve fled to Switzerland, where Struve continued to plan the struggle. He published Die Grundrechte des deutschen Volkes (The Basic Rights of the German People) and made a "Plan for the Revolution and Republicanisation of Germany" along with the revolutionary playwriter and journalist Karl Heinzen. On 21 September 1848 he made another attempt to start an uprising in Germany, in Lörrach. Once again it failed, and this time Struve was caught and imprisoned. September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lörrach is a city in south-west Germany, in the valley of the Wiese, close to the French and the Swiss border. ...

May Uprising in Baden

Struve was freed during the May Uprising in Baden in 1849. Grand Duke Leopold of Baden fled and on 1 June 1849 Struve helped set up a provisionary republican parliament under the liberal politician Lorenz Brentano. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, later to become Wilhelm I of Germany, set out for Baden with troops. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly - too hesitantly for Struve and his followers, who overthrew him. The revolutionaries took up arms and, led by Ludwik Mieroslawski, tried to hold off the Prussian troops, who far outnumbered them. On 23 July the revolutionaries were defeated after a fierce battle at Rastatt and the revolution came to an end. 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The title of Grand Duke (Latin, Magnus Dux; German, Großherzog, Russian, Великий князь) used in Slavic, Baltic, and Germanic countries, is ranked in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst). ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of... Wilhelm I, (March 22, 1797 - March 9, 1888), German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled January 18, 1871-1888 and king of Prussia, ruled 1861-1888. ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... Map of Germany showing Rastatt Rastatt is a city in the District of Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

Post-revolutionary life

Gustav Struve, along with other revolutionaries, managed to escape execution, fleeing to exile, first in Switzerland and then in 1851 to the USA. 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In the USA, Struve tried to follow his radical democratic aims by publishing news articles, but did not gain a name for himself politically. At the start of the 1860s, Struve joined in the US Civil War in the Union Army, one of the many German emigrant soldiers known as the Forty-Eighters. Events and trends Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy... The Union Army refers to the United States Army during the American Civil War. ... The Forty-Eighters were Germans who traveled to the United States and Australia after the Revolutions of 1848. ...

In 1863 a general amnesty was issued to all those who had been involved in the revolutions in Germany, and Struve returned to Germany. On 21 August 1870 he died in Vienna. 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Hungarian: Bécs) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austrias nine federal states (Bundesland Wien). ...

See also

• History of Baden

The History of Baden begins in the 12th century and continues until the mid-1900s. ...

External links

• Gustav Struve as Jewish Rights Activist