| This needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. In addition, to avoid original research, any interpretation or analysis of a primary source must be found within the source itself or cited to a secondary source. Please include more appropriate citations from reliable sources. | In linguistics, guttural R (throaty R or French R) refers to pronunciation of a rhotic consonant as a guttural consonant. These consonants are usually uvular, but can also be realized as a velar, pharyngeal, or glottal rhotic. Speakers of some languages regard the alveolar and the guttural /r/ to be alternative pronunciations of the same phoneme, despite the articulatory differences. For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ...
Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquid consonants. ...
Guttural is an obsolete term used to describe any of several consonantal speech sounds whose primary place of articulation is near the back of the oral cavity, and include some velar consonants, uvular consonants, and pharyngeal consonants. ...
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. ...
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ...
A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx. ...
Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ...
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ...
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. ...
The guttural rhotic is the usual form of the rhotic consonant in most of what is now France, Belgium, Netherlands, northern and central Germany, Denmark and the southernmost part of Sweden. The consonant is also found other parts of the world, but in most other places it has little or no cultural association nor interchangeability with the more common alveolar and retroflex /r/. Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquid consonants. ...
Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ...
Retroflex consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up and back so the bottom of the tip touches the roof of the mouth. ...
Romance languages
French The French language is perhaps the most well-known example of a language with a guttural rhotic, to the extent that this pronunciation is widely stereotyped. In the standard dialect of Paris, it is pronounced as a trill (IPA [ʀ]), while in most of the rest of northern France it is pronounced as a voiced (IPA [ʁ]) or voiceless uvular fricative (IPA [χ]). In much of southern France the guttural R has replaced the traditional alveolar /r/ which can now only be heard among the oldest persons. French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...
For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the capital of France. ...
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
It is not known when the guttural rhotic entered the French language, although it is quite possible that this pronunciation was originally just a subversive variant of the original alveolar trill which caught on and may have become commonplace in the mid or late eighteenth century. Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, written in the seventeenth century, has a professor describe the sound of <r> as an alveolar trill. For the 2007 film, see Molière (film). ...
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme is a comédie-ballet in 5 acts by Molière, first presented October 14, 1670 before the court of Louis XIV at the château of Chambord by Molières troup of actors. ...
Rural Quebecois as well as Quebecois from older generations generally use an alveolar trill, and as such this older pronunciation feature must have been retained after the French colonists in Canada were isolated from "Mother France." Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
French Canadian broadcasters as well as Quebec Province's urbanites, however, try to mimic the modern guttural rhotic pronunciation of Paris perhaps as the result of influence by modern French media from France.
Generally speaking, classical choral and operatic French pronunciation requires the use of an alveolar trill when singing, since an alveolar trill is easier to project than any guttural sound, be it a uvular trill or a uvular fricative.
Portuguese Standard versions of Portuguese have two rhotic phonemes, which contrast only between vowels. In older Portuguese, these were the alveolar flap /ɾ/ (which occurred at the end of syllables) and the alveolar trill /r/ (which occurred at syllable onset), like in Spanish. However, in the 19th century the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] penetrated the upper classes in the region of Lisbon in Portugal, and by the late 20th century it had replaced the alveolar trill in most of the country's urban areas. In the rural regions, the trill is still dominant, but most of the country's population currently lives in or near the cities. The uvular trill [ʀ] is also heard sometimes. In Africa, the classical alveolar trill is mostly still dominant, due to isolation. The alveolar tap/flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
In Brazil, on the other hand, it has developed into a voiceless velar fricative [x], voiceless uvular fricative [χ] or a voiceless glottal fricative [h],[1] although the trill remains frequent in the three southernmost states and in the city of São Paulo, before another consonant. Some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese now use the guttural "r" rather than the flap at the end of syllables[citation needed]; hence quatro with [ɾ] but quarto with [x], [χ] or [h]. The caipira dialect has the alveolar approximant [ɹ] in the same position. The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a fricative, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which often behaves like a consonant, but sometimes behaves more like a vowel, or is indeterminate in its behavior. ...
Brazilian Portuguese (português do Brasil in Portuguese) is a group of dialects of Portuguese written and spoken by virtually all the 190 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a couple of million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan, and Paraguay. ...
Caipira is a Brazilian Portuguese term used to designate inhabitants of rural, remote areas in some brazilian states, particularly São Paulo, Minas Gerais and the western brazilian states. ...
The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ...
Word-final rhotics may be silent when the last syllable is stressed, in colloquial speech (especially in Brazil and some African countries).
Breton The Breton language, spoken in Brittany (France), is a Celtic language rather than a Romance language, but is heavily influenced by French. It retains an alveolar trill in some dialects. Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ...
Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ...
Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages. ...
The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ...
Continental West Germanic Many Low Franconian and Low Saxon varieties adopted a uvular rhotic. While many of the Upper German varieties maintained an alveolar trill (IPA [r]), many Central German varieties also adopted a uvular rhotic. The development of a uvular rhotic in these regions is not entirely understood, but a common theory is that these languages adopted a uvular rhotic because of French influence, though the reason for uvular rhotic in modern European French is not itself well understood (see above). Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ...
Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. ...
Some basics of Germanic linguistics : in linguistics, German and Germanic do not have the same meaning: see Germanic. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Central German (in German: Mitteldeutsch) is a group of German dialects spread from the Rhineland to Thuringia, south of Low German and north of Upper German. ...
The Frisian languages, though spoken in part on the continent and surrounded by guttural rhotic languages, are more closely related to English and unusually retain an alveolar rhotic. This article is about the Frisian languages, as spoken in the north of the Netherlands and Germany. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Dutch and Afrikaans In modern Dutch, quite a few different rhotic sounds are used. In Belgium, the usual rhotic is an alveolar trill, but the uvular rhotic does occur, mostly in the province of Limburg, in the region around Ghent and in Brussels. In the Netherlands, the uvular rhotic is the dominant rhotic in the southern provinces of Noord-Brabant and Limburg. In the rest of the country, the situation is more complicated. The uvular rhotic is common, but not dominant, in the western agglomeration Randstad, including cities like Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht (the dialect of Amsterdam usually has an alveolar rhotic though). The uvular rhotic is also used in some major cities outside of the Randstad area, such as Zwolle, Almelo and Leeuwarden. Outside of these uvular rhotic core areas, the alveolar trill is common. People learning Dutch as a foreign language also tend to use the alveolar trill because it contrasts better with the voiceless velar fricative sound /x/ in Dutch. The Afrikaans language of South Africa also uses an alveolar trill for its rhotic (called a brei), except in the non-urban rural regions around Cape Town where it is uvular. The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Limburg is the easternmost province of Flanders (which is one of the three regions of Belgium), and is located west of the Meuse river. ...
This article is about the Belgian city. ...
For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ...
North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country, bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River (Maas) in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west. ...
Capital Maastricht Queens Commissioner L.J.P.M. (Leon) Frissen Religion (1999) Roman Catholic 80% Protestant 3% Area • Land • Water 2,153 km² (9th) 56 km² Population (2006) • Total • Density 1,131,938 (6th) 526/km² (4th) Inclusion 1839 Anthem In t Bronsgroen Eikenhout ISO NL-LI Official website...
Schematic map of the Randstad. ...
Nickname: Motto: Sterker door strijd (Stronger through Struggle) Location of Rotterdam Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Government - Mayor Ivo Opstelten - Aldermen Jeannette Baljeu Hamit Karakus Orhan Kaya Lucas Bolsius Jantine Kriens Dominic Schrijer Roelf de Boer Leonard Geluk Area [1] - City 319 km² (123. ...
Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006) - Municipality 98. ...
Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ...
For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ...
For other places with the same name, see Zwolle (disambiguation). ...
Almelo is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. ...
Leeuwarden ( (help· info), Frisian: Ljouwert) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Friesland. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ...
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia. ...
Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1] - Type City council - Mayor Helen Zille - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area - City 2,499 km² (964. ...
Standard German Most German varieties of Standard German are spoken with a uvular rhotic, even though the first standardized pronunciation dictionary by Theodor Siebs prescribed an alveolar pronunciation. The alveolar pronunciation is used in some standard German varieties of southern Germany, Austria, and especially Switzerland. In many varieties, both with a uvular rhotic and with an alveolar one, the rhotic is often vocalized at the ends of syllables. German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...
In animals, vocalization is a means of communication generated in many cases by their primitive versions of vocal chords. ...
Yiddish The upper/lower distinction also historically influenced the development of upper and lower dialects of Yiddish, the historic vernacular language of Ashkenazi Jews. As these Jews migrated to Eastern Europe (and later America etc.), they brought their particular pronunciations with them. Yiddish (Yid. ...
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzî, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzîm, pronounced sing. ...
North Germanic
Danish and Swedish The pronunciation of an alveolar rhotic predominates in most of Scandinavia, with additional retroflex pronunciations of consonant clusters /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/ and /rt/ in most of Norway. However, the rhotic used in Denmark proper is a voiced pharyngeal fricative, and the Swedish region of Skåne a uvular trill for a rhotic. The Swedish as spoken in Skåne is usually considered to be a dialect of Danish, as for historical reasons it is also largely mutually intelligible with the Danish spoken across the strait in Denmark. The origin of the guttural rhotic in Denmark and Skåne is not well understood, as it was alveolar in both regions before Sweden received Skåne. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ...
For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ...
Retroflex consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up and back so the bottom of the tip touches the roof of the mouth. ...
The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The Flag of Skåne (also known as Scania in English) is the southernmost historical province (landskap) and County (Län) of Sweden. ...
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Norwegian Most of Norway uses an alveolar flap. In the western and southern part of South-Norway however, the uvular rhotic is spreading. The center of this uvular rhotic spreading is the city of Bergen. The alveolar tap/flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
County Hordaland District Midhordland Municipality NO-1201 Administrative centre Bergen Mayor (2004) Herman Friele (H) Official language form Neutral Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 215 465 km² 445 km² 0. ...
Sorbian Unusual among Slavic languages but common in the region where it is spoken, the two Sorbian languages in eastern Germany are typically spoken with a uvular trill rhotic, under German influence. Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup...
This article or section should be merged with List of Sorbian languages The Sorbian languages are members of the West Slavic branch of languages spoken in eastern Germany. ...
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Semitic languages
Hebrew In Hebrew, the classical pronunciation associated with the consonant ר rêš was an alveolar flap (IPA [ɾ]), and was grammatically treated as an ungeminable phoneme of the language. In most dialects of Hebrew among the Jewish diaspora, it remained a flap or a trill (IPA [r]). However, some Ashkenazi dialects as preserved among Jews in northern Europe carried a uvular rhotic, either as a trill (IPA [ʀ]) or fricative (IPA [ʁ]). This was because many (but not all) native dialects of Yiddish were spoken that way, and their liturgical Hebrew carried the same pronunciation. Hebrew redirects here. ...
The alveolar tap/flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...
Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...
For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Diaspora (disambiguation). ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Yiddish influence Though an Ashkenazi Jew in Czarist Russia, the Zionist Eliezer ben Yehuda based his Standard Hebrew on the Sephardic dialect originally spoken in Spain, and therefore recommended an alveolar R. But as the first waves of Jews to resettle in the Holy Land were northern Ashkenazi, they came to speak Standard Hebrew with their preferred uvular articulation as found in Yiddish or modern standard German, and it gradually became the most prestigious pronunciation for the language. The modern State of Israel has Jews whose ancestors came from all over the world, but nearly all of them today speak Hebrew with a uvular R because of its modern prestige and historical elite status. Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ...
This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (אליעזר בן־יהודה) (b. ...
Hebrew redirects here. ...
In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the...
For other uses, see Holy Land (disambiguation). ...
Yiddish (Yid. ...
Israeli Hebrew Many Jewish immigrants to Israel spoke Arabic in their countries of origin, and pronounced the Hebrew rhotic as an alveolar trill. Under pressure to integrate, many of them began pronouncing their Hebrew rhotic as a voiced uvular fricative. However, in modern Sephardic and Mizrahi poetry and folk music, as well as in the standard (or "standardized") Hebrew used in the Israeli media, an alveolar rhotic is sometimes used. Arabic redirects here. ...
Arabic While most dialects of Arabic retain the Classical pronunciation of ر rāʼ as an alveolar trill (IPA [r]), several dialects convert it to a uvular trill (IPA [ʀ]). These include: Arabic redirects here. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The consonant ر rāʼ has a flattening effect on a following fatha (/a/), in the same way as emphatic (pharyngealized) and pharyngeal consonants such as ط (ţa) and ح (ħa). Mosul (Arabic: , Kurdish: موصل Mûsil, Syriac: NînÄ›wâ, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate. ...
For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...
Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ...
This article is about the capital of Algeria. ...
FES is a three-letter acronym that may refer to: Family Expenditure Survey, a national survey in UK Functional electrical stimulation, a neurological treatment technique Flat Earth Society, an organization that advocates the belief that the Earth is flat Flywheel energy storage Fellowship of Evangelical Students Foundation for Ecological Security...
J.R.R. Tolkien The fantasy novels of J.R.R. Tolkien contained heavy linguistic detail, along with philosophical ideals of what constituted notions of beautiful and ugly language. Tolkien personally disliked "guttural" consonants, so in his fictional "fair" languages, he completely omitted uvular consonants and the voiced velar fricative (IPA /ɣ/), but kept other velar consonants intact. Thus his fictional "black" languages such as the Black Speech along with the native languages spoken by the Orcs naturally make use of the voiced velar fricative and the uvular rhotic, but the latter is also found in dialects of his Dwarves' language, so that he finally chose to not entirely demonize the sound. In contrast, however, the Elves' rhotic was a "fair" alveolar trill at all times. For other uses, see Fantasy (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the literary concept. ...
Tolkien redirects here. ...
For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
For beauty as a characteristic of a persons appearance, see Physical attractiveness. ...
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. ...
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ...
The Black Speech is the fictional language of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings. ...
In J. R. R. Tolkiens fantasy writings, Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains of The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings — Morgoth, Sauron and Saruman. ...
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
In J. R. R. Tolkiens legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. ...
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
These conventions were not as strictly adhered to in the various film and animation versions of Tolkien's works. In particular, the Rankin-Bass animated adaptation of The Hobbit has the Elves of Mirkwood speaking with a voiced uvular fricative. In contrast, in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, the orcs and Uruk-hai speak in Cockney-style accents with alveolar and retroflex approximants. Rankin-Bass (aka Videocraft International) is an American production company, known for its seasonal television specials. ...
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ...
This article is about the book. ...
For the game Mirkwood, see Mirkwood (mud). ...
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
For other persons named Peter Jackson, see Peter Jackson (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the Peter Jackson films. ...
In J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional realm of Middle-earth, the Uruk-hai (Black Speech: Orc folk) were a new breed of Orcs that appeared during the Third Age. ...
St Mary-le-Bow The term cockney is often used to refer to working-class people of London, particularly east London, and the slang used by these people. ...
The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. ...
The retroflex approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
References - ^ Mateus, Maria Helena & d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000) The Phonology of Portuguese ISBN 0-19-823581-X (Excerpt from Google Books)
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