Mt Rushmore, Black Hills, South Dakota

(John) Gutzon Borglum (March 25, 1867 –March 6, 1941). Born in St. Charles, Idaho and at the age of seven moved to Nebraska. Borglum was the American sculptor famous for creating the monumental presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota. Born to the second wife of a Danish Latter-day Saint (LDS; see also Mormon) who practiced plural marriage in Idaho Territory, Gutzon Borglum was raised in California and trained in Paris, at the Académie Julian, where he came to know Auguste Rodin and was influenced by Rodin's dynamic impressionistic light-catching surfaces. Back in the U.S., in New York he sculpted about a hundred saints and apostles for the new Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in 1901, got a sculpture accepted by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the first sculpture by a living American the museum had ever purchased, and made his presence further felt with some well-placed portraits. Soon he had a national reputation. photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jump to: navigation, search March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... St. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Cornhusker State Other U.S. States Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Governor Dave Heineman (R) Senators Chuck Hagel (R) Ben Nelson (D) Official languages English Area 200,520 km² (16th)  - Land 199,099 km²  - Water 1,247 km² (0. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... Jump to: navigation, search The President of the United States (often abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States. ... The faces of (left to right) George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln Mount Rushmore National Memorial, located in Keystone, South Dakota, memorializes the birth, growth, preservation and development of the United States of America. ... State nickname: The Mount Rushmore State Other U.S. States Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Governor Mike Rounds (R) Senators Tim Johnson (D) John Thune (R) Official languages English Area 199,905 km² (17th)  - Land 196,735 km²  - Water 3,173 km² (1. ... A Latter-day Saint is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ... Jump to: navigation, search The term Mormon is a colloquial name referring to Latter Day Saints, derived in the 1830s from the Book of Mormon, one of their books of scripture, whose compiler was called the prophet Mormon. ... Plural marriage among Latter-day Saints is a sort of polygamy (more properly called polygyny) formerly practiced by some members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during the Churchs 19th century founding days and currently practiced by splinter groups. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Gem State Other U.S. States Capital Boise Largest city Boise Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R) Senators Larry Craig (R) Mike Crapo (R) Official languages none Area 216,632 km² (14th)  - Land 214,499 km²  - Water 2,133 km² (0. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... The Académie Julian was an art school in Paris, France. ... Rodins The Burghers of Calais in Calais, France. ... The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in New York City is the seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Crowds daily gather on the steps in front of the neoclassical façade The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums, located on the eastern edge of Central Park in Manhattan, New York, United...

A fascination with gigantic scale and themes of heroic nationalism suited his extroverted personality. His head of Abraham Lincoln, carved from a six-ton block of marble, was exhibited in Theodore Roosevelt's White House and can be found in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. A bully patriot, believing that the "monuments we have built are not our own," he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement" according to a 1908 interview article. His equation of being "American" with being born of American parents—"flesh of our flesh"—was characteristic of nativist beliefs in the early 20th century. Borglum was highly suited to the competitive environment surrounding the contracts for public buildings and monuments, and his public sculpture is sited all around the United States. Jump to: navigation, search Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Jump to: navigation, search Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th (1901–09) President of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. ... United States Capitol . The United States Capitol is the building which serves as home for the legislative branch of the United States government. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The term Nativism is used in both politics and psychology in two fundamentally different ways. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

General Philip Sheridan, Chicago, Illinois

In 1908 Borglum won a competition for a statue of the Civil War General Philip Sheridan to be placed in Washington D.C. A second version was erected in Chicago in 1923 (illustration, left) Winning this competition was a personal triumph for him because he won out over sculptor J.Q.A.Ward, a much older and more established artist, and one whom Borglum had clashed with earlier in regards to the National Sculpture Society. At the unveiling of the Sheridan one critic, President Theodore Roosevelt (whom Borglum was later to put on Mount Rushmore) declared that it was "first rate," and another critic was to state that, "as a sculptor Gutzon Borglum was no longer a rumor, he was a fact." (Smith:see References) photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philip Sheridan Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888), a military man and one of the great generals in the American Civil War. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... J.Q.A. Wards statue of George Washington (1882) in front of Federal Hall, New York John Quincy Adams Ward ( June 29, 1830 – 1910) was an American sculptor, who is most familiar for his colossal standing statue of Washington (illustration, right) on the steps of Federal Hall in Wall...

Borglum was active in the committee that organized the New York Armory Show of 1913, the birthplace of modernism in American art. But by the time the show was ready to open, Borglum resigned from the committee, feeling that the emphasis on avant-garde works had co-opted the original premise of the show and made traditional artists like himself look provincial. Armory Show poster. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that Modernist project be merged into this article or section. ...

Such public stances made Borglum seem an ideologically sympathetic choice to carve a memorial to heroes of the Confederacy, planned for Stone Mountain, Georgia. In 1915, he was approached by the United Daughters of the Confederacy with a project for sculpting a 70-foot statue of General Robert E. Lee on the mountain's rockface, the largest naked granite outcropping in the world. Borglum accepted, but told the committee that a 70-foot carving of Lee at Stone Mountain would look like a postage stamp on the side of a barn. Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans February 4... Jump to: navigation, search Stone Mountain The relief The mountain top and Skyride This article is about the Stone Mountain in Georgia, USA. For other peaks, see Stone Mountain (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is a sororal association dedicated to honoring the memory of those who served and died in service to the Confederate States of America (CSA). ... Jump to: navigation, search Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. ... Jump to: navigation, search This 1974 stamp from Japan depicts a Class 8620 steam locomotive. ...

Borglum's ideas eventually evolved into a high-relief frieze of Lee, Jefferson Davis, and 'Stonewall' Jackson riding around the mountain, followed by a legion of artillery troops. Jump to: navigation, search Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. ... For the 1960s country music artist, see Stonewall Jackson (musician); for the submarine, see USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634). ...

After a delay caused by World War I, Borglum and the newly-chartered Stone Mountain Confederate Monumental Association set to work on this unexampled monument, the size of which had never been attempted before. Many difficulties slowed progress, some because of the sheer scale involved. After finishing the detailed model of the carving, Borglum was unable to trace his ideas onto the massive area onto which he was working, until he developed a gigantic magic lantern to project the image onto the side of the mountain. Jump to: navigation, search World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... This page is about the archaic movie projector, for the US FBIs keystroke logger see Magic Lantern software The magic lantern or Laterna Magica was the ancestor of the modern slide projector. ...

Lincoln, Newark, New Jersey, 1911

Carving officially began on June 23, 1923, with Borglum making the first cut. At Stone Mountain he developed sympathetic connections with the reorganized Ku Klux Klan, who were major financial backers for the monument, and his racial writings are purported to include such statements as "If you cross a pure bred with a mongrel dog you get a mongrel. So it is in races ... It is curious that the lowest race in civilization is the strongest physically and breeding (crossed) is always down. A Negro and a Jew will produce a Negro, but Hindu and Jew --- Jew; Chinese and Jew, offspring Jew; Italian and Jew, offspring Jew; any European race and Jew, offspring Jew."^{Citation needed} Download high resolution version (914x619, 154 KB)photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (914x619, 154 KB)photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ...

Lee's head was unveiled on Lee's birthday January 19, 1924, to a large crowd, but soon thereafter Borglum was increasingly at odds with the officials of the Association. However his domineering, perfectionist, irascible, authoritarian manner brought tensions to such a point that in March 1925 Borglum smashed his clay and plaster models and exited Georgia permanently. His tenure with the Association was over. None of his work remains, as it was all cleared for the work of Augustus Lukeman, Borglum's replacement, but in the abortive attempt Borglum had developed necessary techniques for sculpting on a gigantic scale that made Mount Rushmore possible. Jump to: navigation, search January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Henry Augustus Lukeman (1871-1935) was an American sculptor, specialising in historical monuments. ...

Aviator - Grounds of the University of Virginia

One of Borglum's more unusual pieces is the "Aviator" a memorial for James R, McConnell who was killed in World War I while flyng for the LaFayette Escadrille. It is located on the campus of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. Photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jump to: navigation, search Website Virginia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Website Virginia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Founded Incorporated 1762   County Independent City Mayor David Brown Area  - Total  - Water 177. ...

The Mount Rushmore project is told in more detail at its own entry. Briefly, it was the brainchild of South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson. The initial pair of presidents, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln were soon joined by Thomas Jefferson, for this monument sited in the sacred Native American heartland of the Louisiana Purchase, and to make the theme of Manifest Destiny perfectly clear, Theodore Roosevelt. Jump to: navigation, search Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, South Dakota, memorializes the birth, growth, preservation, and development of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search George Washington (February 22, 1732–December 14, 1799) was an American planter, political figure, the highest ranking military leader in U.S. history and first President of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Jump to: navigation, search Thomas Jefferson (April 13 (April 2 O.S.), 1743 – July 4, 1826) was the third (1801–1809) President of the United States, second (1797–1801) Vice President, first (1789–1795) United States Secretary of State, and an American statesman, ambassador to France, political philosopher, revolutionary, agriculturalist... Jump to: navigation, search From Frank Bond, Louisiana and the Louisiana Purchase. ... Jump to: navigation, search This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. ... Jump to: navigation, search Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th (1901–09) President of the United States of America. ...

Borglum alternated exhausting on-site supervising with world tours, raising money, polishing his personal legend, sculpting a Thomas Paine for Paris and a Woodrow Wilson for Poland. In his absence, work at Mount Rushmore was overseen by his son Lincoln. When he died in Chicago, Illinois, following complications after surgery, his son finished another season at Rushmore, but left the monument largely in the state of completion it had reached under his father's direction. Jump to: navigation, search Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737–June 8, 1809), intellectual, scholar, and idealist, is widely recognized as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). ... Jump to: navigation, search Chicago, colloquially known as the Second City and the Windy City, is the third-largest city in population in the United States, following New York City and Los Angeles, and the largest inland city in the country. ...

Borglum is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale in the Memorial Court of Honor. His second wife, Mary Montgomery Williams Borglum, 1874–1955 (they were married May 20, 1909) is interred alongside him. Gates of Forest Lawn Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery is a cemetery in Glendale, Los Angeles County, California. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 20 May is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

References

detail, Wars of America, 1926, Newark, New Jersey

• Bach, Ira J. and Mary Lackritz Gray, Chicago's Public Sculpture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois 1983
• Gerald W. Johnson. The Undefeated.
• Goode, James M. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington D.C.: A Comprehensive Historical Guide, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1974
• Price, Willadene, Gutzon Borglum: Artist and Patriot, published by Willadene Price, 1961
• Smith, Rex Allen, The Carving of Mount Rushmore, Abbeville Press, New York 1985
• Thurlow, Fearn, Newark's Sculpture: A Survey of Public Monuments and Memorial Statuary, The Newark Museum of Art Quarterly, Winter 1975

Download high resolution version (914x616, 183 KB)photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (914x616, 183 KB)photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran Gutzon Borglum File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

External links

• Borglum biography in PBS' 'American Experience' series.
• Sketch of the abortive Stone Mountain project.
• Exhibition narrative, 'Out of Rushmore's Shadow: The Artistic Development of Gutzon Borglum' Stamford, Connecticut Museum,1999/2000.