Gwalior State was an Indian kingdom ruled by the Sindhia dynasty. The state took its name from the old town of Gwalior, which, although never the actual capital, was an important place because of its strategic location and the strength of its fort. The state was founded in the early 18th century by Ranoji Sindhia as part of the Maratha Confederacy. Under Mahadji Sindhia (1761-1794) Gwalior State became a leading power in northern India, and dominated the affairs of the confederacy. The Anglo-Maratha Wars brought Gwalior State under British suzerainty, and it became a princely state of British India. Gwalior was the largest princely state in the Central India Agency, under the political supervision of a Resident at Gwalior. In 1936, the Gwalior residency was separated from the Central India Agency, and made answerable directly to the Governor-General of India. After Indian Independence in 1947, the Sindhia rulers acceded to the Government of India, and Gwalior state was absorbed into the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat. The Sindhia, also spelled Scindia , Sindia, or Shinde are a prominent Maratha family in India. ... Teli-ka-Mandir Fortress of Gwalior Gwalior is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India. ... Extent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. ... The Anglo-Maratha Wars were three wars fought in India between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince, both terms being taken in the broad sense. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... The Central India Agency was a political unit of British India, which covered the northern half of present-day Madhya Pradesh state. ... The Governor-General of India (or Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India. ... The Government of India, officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called Republic of India. ... Madhya Bharat is former state in west-central India. ...

The state had a total area of 64,856 km² (25,041 square miles), and was composed of several detached portions, but may be roughly divided into two, the Gwalior or Northern, and the Malwa section. The northern section consists of a compact block of territory with an area of 44,082 km² (17,020 square miles), lying between 22º10' and 26º52' N. and 74º38' and 79º8' E. It is bounded on the north, northeast, and northwest by the Chambal River, which separates it from the native states of Dholpur, Karauli, and Jaipur in the Rajputana Agency; on the east by the British districts of Jalaun and Jhansi in the United Provinces, and by Saugor District in the Central Provinces; an on the south by the states of Bhopal, Khilchipur, and Rajgarh, and by the Sironj pargana of Tonk State; and on the west by the states of Jhalawar, Tonk, and Kotah in the Rajputana Agency. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Dholpur (also Dhaulpur) is a city in eastern Rajasthan state of India. ... Karauli (also Karoli or Kerowlee) is a town in Rajasthan state of India. ... Also known as the Pink City, Jaipur has a long, rich and colorful history. ... Rajputana, which means Land of the Rajputs is a region of western India, which now makes up the greater part of Rajasthan state. ... Map of Jalaun Jalaun District is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India. ... Jhansi District is one a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. ... United Provinces, 1903 The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, mainly referred to simply as the United Provinces, was a former province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947. ... A British Raj province comprising British conquests from the Mughals and Marathas in central India. ... Bhopal state was an independent state of 18th century India, a princely state of British India from 1818 to 1947, and an Indian state from 1949 to 1956. ... Khilchipur is a town in Rajgarh District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. ... Rajgarh is a city and district in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ... Sironj is a town lying in the Vidisha district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. ... A pargana is a former administrative unit of the Indian Subcontinent, used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms. ... Tonk is a town in Rajasthan state, India. ... Jhalawar is south most district of Rajasthan. ... Kota, also known as Kotah, is a city in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. ...

The Malwa section, which included the city of Ujjain, had an area of 20,774 km² (8021 square miles). It was made up of several detached districts, between which portions of other states were interposed, and which where themselves intermingled in bewildering intricacy. Ujjain (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. ...

History

The house of Sindhia traces its descent from a family of which one branch held the hereditary post of patel in Kannerkhera, a village 16 miles east of Satara. The head of the family received a patent of rank from the emperor Aurangzeb, while a daughter of the house was married to Raja Shahu, son and successor of Sambhaji. The founder of the Gwalior house was Ranoji Sindhia, who belonged to an impoverished branch, and according to a story current in Sir John Malcolm's time had become a personal attendant on the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, and used to carry his slippers. He rose rapidly in favor, brought to the front by his soldierly qualities. In 1726, together with Malhar Rao Holkar, the founder of the house of Indore, and the Ponwar, he was authorized by the Peshwa to collect chauth (25 percent of the revenues) and sardeshmukhi (10 percent over and above the chauth) in the Malwa districts, retaining for his own remuneration half the mokassa (or his remaining 65 percent). Ranoji fixed his headquarters in the ancient city of Ujjain, which ultimately became the capital of the Sindhia dominion, and in 1745 he died near Shujapur, where his centotaph stands. He left three legitimate sons, Jayapa, Dattaji, and Jotiba, and two illegitimate, Tukaji and Mahadji. Jayapa succeeded to the territories of Ranoji, but was killed at Nagaur in 1759. He was followed by his son Jankoji, was taken prisoner at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 and put to death, and Mahadji succeeded. The Sindhia, also spelled Scindia , Sindia, or Shinde are a prominent Maratha family in India. ... It has been suggested that Patidar be merged into this article or section. ... Satara is a town and district of Maharashtra state of India. ... Aurangzeb (from Persian, اورنگ‌زیب Aurang means throne and Zaib meant beauty or ornament),(November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707, also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ... Shrimant Shahu Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1682-1749) was the fourth ruler of the Maratha Empire created by his grandfather, Shivaji, and was officially the Raja of Satara. ... Sambhaji raje Bhonsle(May 14th 1657- Died 1689) was the elder son of the Maratha leader Shivaji, and succeeded him as the Maratha leader after Shivajis death in 1680. ... Sir John Malcolm (1769‑1833) was a Scottish soldier, statesman, and historian, born at Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire on the 2nd of May, 1769. ... The Maratha Empire at its peak in 1760 Statue of the great Baji Rao, near Shaniwar Wada, Pune The Peshwa (also known in Marathi as Peshwe) were Brahmin Prime Ministers to the Maratha Chattrapatis (Kings), who began commanding Maratha armies and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire... Shrimant Sardar Malharrao Holkar was a Maratha ruler. ... Ujjain (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. ... Nagaur is a district in the state of Rajasthan in India. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Mahadji Sindhia (1761-1794)

Main article: Madhavrao I Scindia

Mahadji and his successor Daulat Rao took a leading part in shaping the history of India during their rule. Mahadji returned from the Deccan to Malwa in 1764, and by 1769 reestablished his power there. In 1772 Madhu Rao Peshwa died, and in the struggles which ensued Mahadji took an important part, and seized every chance of increasing his power and augmenting his posessions. In 1775 Raghuba Peshwa threw himself on the protection of the British. The reverses which Sindhia's forces met wht at the hands of Colonel Goddard after his famous march from Bengal to Gujjarat (1778) the fall of Gwalior to Mahor Popham (1780), and the night attack by Major Camac, opened his eyes to the strength of the new power which had entered the arena of Indian politics. In 1782 the Treaty of Salbai was made with Sindhia, the chief stipulations being that he shoud withdraw to Ujjain, and the British north of the Yamuna, and that he should negotiate treaties with the other belligerents. The importance of the treaty can scarcely be exaggerated. It made the British arbiters of peace in India and virtually acknowledged their supremacy, wihle at the same time Sindhia was recognized as ain independent chief and not as a vassal of the Peshwa. A resident, Mr. Anderson (who had negotiated the treaty) was at the same time appointed to Sindhia's court.

Sindhia took full advantage of the system of neutrality pursued by the British to establish his supremacy over Northern India. In this he was assisted by the genius of Benoît de Boigne, whose influence in consolidating the power of Mahadji Sindhia is seldom estimated at its true value. He was a savoyard, a native of Chambery, who had served under Lord Clare in the famous Irish Brigade and Fontenoy and eslewhere and who after many vicissitudes, including imprisonment by the Turks, reached India and for a time held a commission in the 6th Madras Infantry. After resigning his commission he had proposed to travel overland to Russia, but was prevented by the loss of his possessions and papers, stolen, it appears, at the instigation of Mahadji, who was suspicious of his intentions. De Boigne finally entered Mahadji's service, and by his genius for organization and command in the field, was instrumental in establishing the Maratha supremacy. Commencing with two battalions of Infantry, he ultimately increased Sindhia's regular forces to three brigades. With these troops Sindhia became a power in northern India. Count Benoît de Boigne (March 8, 1751 - June 21, 1830), the first of the French military adventurers in India, was born at Chambéry in Savoy, being the son of a fur merchant. ...

In 1785 Sindhia reinstated the emperor Shah Alam on his throne at Delhi, receiving in return the title of deputy Vakil-ul-Mutlak or vice-regent of the Empire, that of Vakil-ul-Mutlak being at his request conferred on the Peshwa, his master, as he was pleased to designate him. Many of the principal feudal lords of the empire refused to pay tribute to Sindhia. Sindhia launched an expedition against the Raja of Jaipur, but withdrew after the inconclusive Battle of Lalsot in 1787. On June 17 1788 Sindhia's armies defeated Ismail Beg, a Mughal noble who resisted the Marathas. The Afghan chief Ghulam Kadir, Ismail Beg's ally, took over Delhi, and deposed and blinded the Emperor Shah Alam, placing a puppet on the Delhi throne. Sindhia intervened, taking possession of Delhi on October 2, restoring Shah Alam to the throne and acting as his protector. Mahadji sent de Boigne to crush the forces of Jaipur at Patan (June 20 1790) and the armies of Marwar at Merta on September 10 1790. After the peace made with Tipu Sultan in 1792, Sindhia successfully exerted his influence to prevent the completion of a treaty between the British, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Peshwa, directed against Tipu. In the same year Sindhia carried out the investure of the Peshwa with the insignia of Vakil-ul-Mutlak. During the ceremony he professed the greatest humility, even insisting on bearing the Peshwa's slippers, as his father had served an earlier Peshwa. The old Maratha nobles, however, were disgusted, and refused to attend or offer the usual complimentary gifts to Sindhia. De Boigne defeated the forces of Tukaji Holkar at Lakheri on 1 June 1793. Mahadji was now at the zenith of his power, when all his schemes for further aggrandizement were cut short by his sudden death in 1794 at Wanowri near Pune.

Daulat Rao Sindhia (1794-1827)

Main article: Daulat Rao Sindhia

Mahadji left no heir, and was succeeded by Daulat Rao, a grandson of his brother Tukaji, who was scarcely 15 years of age at the time. Daulat Rao looked upon himself as the chief sovreign in India and not as member of the Maratha Confederacy. At this time the death of the young Peshwa, Madhu Rao II (1795), and the troubles which it occasioned, the demise of Tukaji Holkar and the rise of the turbulent Jaswant Rao Holkar, together with the intrigues of Nana Farnavis, threw the country into confusion and enabled Sindhia to gain the ascendancy. He also came under the influence of Sarje Rao Ghatke, the most unprincipled scoundrel of his day, whose daughter he had married (1798). Urged possibly by this adviser, Daulat Rao aimed at increasing his dominions at all costs, and seized territory from the Maratha Ponwars of Dhar and Dewas. The rising power of Jaswant Rao Holkar, however, alarmed him. In July 1801, Jaswant Rao appeared before Sindhia's capital of Ujjain, and after defeating some battalions under John Hessing, extorted a large sum from its inhabitants, but did not ravage the town. In October, however, Sarjjje Rao Ghatke took revenge by sacking Indore, razing it almost to the ground, and practicing every form of atrocity on its inhabitants. From this time dates the gardi-ka-wakt, or 'period of unrest', as it is still called, during which the whole of central India was overrun by the armies of Sindhia and Holkar and their attendant predatory Pindari bands, under Amir Khan and others. De Boigne had retired in 1796; and his successor, Pierre Cuillier-Perron, was a man of a very different stamp, whose determined favouritism of French officers, ind defiance of all claims to promotion, produced discontent in the regular corps. Nana Farnavis (May 4, 1741 - March 13, 1800) was the great Mahratta minister at Poona at the end of the 18th century. ... The Ponwar (also Panwar or Pawar) are a Maratha clan that ruled the states of Chhatarpur, Dewas, Dhar, and Rajgarh in central India. ... Dhar is a town in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh state in central India. ... Dewas is a city in western Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ... Pindari is a word of uncertain origin, applied to the irregular horsemen who accompanied the Maratha armies in central India during the 18th century when the Mughal Empire was breaking up. ... Amir Khan can refer to the following people: Boxer - Official site www. ... Pierre Cuillier-Perron (1755-1834), French military adventurer in India, whose name was originally Pierre Cuillier, was born at Château du Loire in France, the son of a cloth merchant. ...

Finally, on December 31, 1802, the Peshwa signed the Treaty of Bassein, by which the British were recognized as the paramount power in India. The continual evasion shown by Sindhia in all attempts at negotiation brought him into conflict with the British, and his power was competely destroyed in both western and northern India by the British victories at Ahmadnagar, Assaye, Asirgarh, and Laswari. His famous brigades were annihilated and his military power irretrievably broken. On December 30, 1803, he signed the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, by which he was obliged to give up his possessions between the Yamuna and the Ganges, the district of Bharuch, and other lands in the south of his dominions; and soon after by the Treaty of Burhanpur he agreed to maintain a subsidiary force to be paid for out of the revenues of territory ceded by the treaty. By the ninth article of the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon he was deprived of the fortresses of Gwalior and Gohad, The discontent produced by the last condition almost caused a rupture, and did actually result in the plundering of the Resident's camp and detention of the Resident as a prisoner. In 1805, under the new policy of Lord Cornwallis, Gohad and Gwalior were restored, and the Chambal River was made the northern boundary of the state, while certain claims on Rajput states were abolished, the British government at the same time binding itself to enter into no treaties with Udaipur, Jodhpur, Kotah, or any chief tributary to Sindhia in Malwa, Mewar, or Marwar. In 1816 Sindhia was called on to assist in the suppression of the Pindaris. For some time it was doubtful what line he would take, but he ultimately signed the Treaty of Gwalior in 1817 by which he promised full cooperation. He did not, however, act up to his professions, and connived at the retention of the fort of Asirgarh, which had been ceded by the treaty. A fresh treaty in 1818 effected a readjustment of boundaries, Ajmer and other lands being ceded. The Battle of Assaye occurred September 23, 1803 near the village of Assaye in south-central India. ... The Battle of Laswari took place on November 1, 1803 and was part of the Second Anglo-Maratha War. ... Bharuch (also known as Broach) is a district in south Gujarat state in India. ... Gohad is a town of historical importance of Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh in India. ... Ajmer , or Ajmere, is a city in Ajmer District in Indias Rajasthan state. ...

Jankoji Rao Sindhia (1827-1843)

In 1827 Daulat Rao died, leaving no son or adopted heir. His widow, Baiza Bai, adopted Mukut Rao, a boy of eleven belonging to a distant but legitimate branch of the family, who succeeded as Jankoji Rao Sindhia. Jankoji Rao was a weak ruler and feuds were constant at his court, while the army was in a chronic state of mutiny. Upon his succession, difficulties arose as to whether the Bai should ruler in her own right or as regent, and her behaviour towards the young king finally casued a rise in feeling in his favour which impelled the Bai to take refuge in British territory. She returned after an interval and lived at Gwalior till her death in 1862. The chief's maternal uncle, known as Mama Sahib, had meanwhile become minister. The most important event during this period was the readjustment of the terms for maintaining the contingent force raised under the treaty of 1817.

Jayaji Rao Sindhia (1843-1886)

Main article: Jayajirao Scindia

Jankoji Rao died in 1843; and in the absence of an heir, his widow Tara Bai adopted Bhagirath Rao, a son of Hanwant Rao, commonly called Babaji Sindhia. He succeeded under the name of Jayaji Rao Sindhia, the Mama Sahib being chosen as regent. Tara Bai, however, came under the influence of Dada Khasgiwala, the comptroller of her household, an unscrupulous adventurer who wished to get all power into his own hands. A complicated series of intrigues followed, which it is impossible to unravel. The Dada, however, succeeded in driving Mama Sahib from the state and became minister. He filled all appointments with his relatives, and matters rapidly passed from bad to workse, ending in the assemblage of large bodies of troops who threatened an attack on Sironj, where Mama Sahib was then residing. War was impending in the Punjab. and, as it was essential to secure peace, the British Government decided to interfere. Colonel Sleeman, the Resident, was withdrawn, and the surrender of Dada Khasgiwala was demanded. A British force under Sir Hugh Gough moved on Gwalior, and crossed the Chambal in December 1843. On December 29 followed the simultaneous battles of Panniar and Maharajpur, in which the Gwalior army was annihilated. A treaty was then made, under which certain lands to the value of 18 lakhs were ceded for the upkeep of a contingent force, besides other lands for the liquidation of the expensed incurred in the late war, the State army was reduced, and a Council of Regency was appointed during the minority, to act under the residents advice. The Maharajah Scindia of Gwalior as seen in the Illustrated London News, 1875 Maharaja Jayajirao Scindia of the Scindia dynasty was the king of the princely state Gwalior from 1843 to 1886 under the british rule. ...

In 1852 Dinkar Rao became minister, and under his able management radical reforms were introduced into every department of the administration. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Sindhia gave valuable assistance to the British, at no little risk to himself. Early in June 1858 he was driven from Gwalior fort by Tantia Tope and the Rani of Jhansi, to whom all of his troops deserted. But on June 19, Gwalior was captured by Sir Hugh Rose and Sindhia was reinstated. For his services lands worth 3 lakhs per year were made over, and he was allowed to increase his infantry from 3000 to 5000 men, and his artillery from 32 to 36 guns. In 1861 he was created a GCSI. in 1872 the state lent 75 lakhs for the construction of the Agra-Gwalior portion of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, and a similar amount in 1873 for the Indore-Nimach sectioln of the Rajputana-Malwa railway. A personal salte of 21 guns was conferred in 1877, and Jayaji Rao became a Counsellor of the Empress and later on a GCB and CIE. In 1882 land was ceded by the state for the Midland section of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. In 1886 Gwalior fort and Morar cantonment, with some other villages, which had been held by British troops since 1858, were exchanged for Jhansi city. The year 1857 saw a prolonged period of armed uprisings as well as rebellions in Northern and Central India against British occupation of that part of the subcontinent. ... Tantia Tope was a Maratha chieftain who was a loyal supporter of Nana Sahib, and led Maratha forces against British and loyal Indian troops in the Indian rebellion of 1857. ... Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of Jhansi, a Maratha-ruled princely state of northern India, was one of the great nationalist heroes of the Revolt of 1857, and a symbol of resistance to British rule in India. ...

Madhavrao II Sindhia (1886-1925)

Jayaji Rao died in 1886 and was succeeded by his son, Madhav Rao Sindhia, then a boy in his tenth year. A council of Regency conducted the administration until 1894, when the Maharaja obtained powers. He took a deep and active interest in the administration of the state, and had a comprehensive grasp of the work done in each department. In 1900 the Maharaja went to China during the war, at the same time presenting a hospital ship for the accommodation of the wounded.

George Jiyajirao Sindhia (1925-1848)

Main article: George Jiyajirao Scindia

George Jiyajirao Sindhia ruled the state of Gwalior as absolute monarch until shortly after India's independence on August 15, 1947. The rulers of Indian princely states were required to accede to either of the two dominions (India and Pakistan) created by the India Independence Act 1947. Jiyajirao signed a covenant with the rulers of the adjoining princely states that united their several states form a new state within the union of India known as Madhya Bharat. This new covenanted state was to be governed by a council headed by a ruler to be known as the Rajpramukh. Madhya Bharat signed a fresh Instrument of Accession with the Indian dominion effective June 15, 1948. Jiyajirao became the first rajpramukh, or appointed governor, of the state on 28 May 1948. He served as Rajpramukh until October 31, 1956, when the state was merged into Madhya Pradesh. George Jiyajirao Scindia (1916–1961) was the last reigning Maharaja of Gwalior state in central India, and the rajpramukh (appointed governor) of the erstwhile Madhya Bharat state of independent India. ... Teli-ka-Mandir Fortress of Gwalior Gwalior is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince, both terms being taken in the broad sense. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... ... Madhya Bharat is former state in west-central India. ... Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Madhya Pradesh (मध्य प्रदेश) is a state in central India. ...

Administration

For administrative purposes the state is divided into two prants or divisions; Northern Gwalior and Malwa. Northern Gwalior comprises seven zilas or districts: Gwalior Gird, Bhind, Sheopur, Tonwarghar, Isagarh, Bhilsa, and Narwar. The Malwa Prant comprises four zilas, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Shajapur, and Amjhera. The zilas are subdivided into parganas, the villages in a pargana being grouped into circles, each under a patwari. Bhind district is one of the districts of Madhya Pradesh state of India, and Bhind town is the district headquarters. ... Sheopur district is one of the districts of Madhya Pradesh state of India. ... Ujjain District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. ... Mandsaur District is a District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. ... Shajapur District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ... A pargana is a former administrative unit of the Indian Subcontinent, used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms. ...

The administration of the state is controlled by the Maharaja, assisted by the Sadr Board. This Board consists of seven members, the Maharaja himself being president and the members being in charge of different departments, of which the most important are the Revenue, Land Records and Settlement, Forest, Accounts, Public Works, Customs, and Post Office. The Maharaja had no minister, but a staff of secretaries, supervised by a chief secretary, prepare cases for the final orders of the Maharaja. The zilas were overseen by subahs, or district magistrates; in Northern Gwalior, the subahs answered directly to the Sadr Board, while in Malwa, a Sar Subah was in general charge of the Malwa prant, and controlled and oversaw the work of the four Malwa subahs. A Subah is a province of the former Mughal Empire. ...

The numerous feudal estates under Gwalior were administered by the local rulers, and were outside the administration of the zilas and prants. The small estates (thakurs or diwans) of Dharmaoda, Sirsi, Khiaoda, Kathaun, and Agra Barkhera were nominally under the authority of Gwalior state, but the British Resident had certain administrative and judicial powers. ... At various points in Indian history, the title of diwan has designated differing, though similar functions. ... Sirsi is a town in Uttara, Karnataka, a hill station populated with 65,000 people. ...

References

• Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Markovits, Claude (ed.) (2004). A History of Modern India: 1480-1950. Anthem Press, London.