NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Gwoyeu Romatzyh

Gwoyeu Romatzyh (literally "Roman characters for the National Language"),^[1] abbreviated GR, is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. The system was conceived by Y.R. Chao and developed by a group of linguists including Chao and Lin Yutang from 1925 to 1926. Chao himself later published influential works in linguistics using GR. In addition a small number of other textbooks and dictionaries in GR were published in Hong Kong and overseas from 1942 to 2000. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... Languages can be romanized in a variety of ways, as shown here with Mandarin Chinese In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任 Pinyin: Zhào Yuánrèn; WG: Chao Yüan-jen; Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jaw Yuanren) (November 3, 1892 - February 25, 1982) was a Chinese phonologist and dialectologist who shaped Gwoyeu Romatzyh. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lin Yutang Lin Yutang, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939 This is a Chinese name; the family name is Lin (æž—) Lin Yutang (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , October 10, 1895 â€“ March 26, 1976) was a Chinese writer and inventor whose original works...

GR is unique among romanization systems in indicating the four tones of Mandarin by varying the spelling of syllables ("tonal spelling"). These tones are a fundamental part of the Chinese language: they are a component of a syllable no less than the vowels and consonants. Words of the same vowels and consonants but different tones sound different to the ears of Chinese speakers. In other words, tones in Chinese are phonemic.^[2] Other systems indicate the tones with either diacritics (for example Pinyin: āi, ái, ǎi and ài) or numbers (Wade-Giles: ai¹, ai², etc.). GR spells the same four tones ai, air, ae and ay.^[3] These spellings, which follow specific rules, indicate the tones while retaining the pronunciation of the syllable ai. Because it embeds the tone of each syllable in its spelling,^[4] GR may help students to master Chinese tones—though some academics dispute this claim.^[5] Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... Example of a letter with a diacritic A diacritical mark or diacritic, also called an accent, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ...

In 1928 China adopted GR as the nation's official romanization system.^[6] GR was used to indicate pronunciations in dictionaries of the National (Mandarin-based) Language. Its proponents hoped one day to establish it as a writing system for a reformed Chinese script. But despite support from a small number of trained linguists in China and overseas, GR met with public indifference and even hostility due to its complexity.^[7] Another obstacle preventing its widespread adoption was the fact that it was too narrowly based on the Beijing dialect, in a period lacking a strong centralized government to enforce its use. Eventually GR lost ground to Pinyin and other later romanization systems. However, its influence is still evident, as several of the principles introduced by its creators have been used in romanization systems that followed it. Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... Japanese name Kanji: Kana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Hantu: A Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ...

History

Tonal spelling, Gwoyeu Romatzyh's most distinctive feature, was first suggested to Y.R. Chao by Lin Yutang.^[8]^[9] By 1922 Chao had already established the main principles of GR.^[10] The details of the system were developed in 1925–26 by a group of five linguists, led by Chao and including Lin, under the auspices of the Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language.^[11] In 1928 GR was officially adopted by the government.^[12] GR was intended to be used alongside the existing Juhin (Zhùyīn) phonetic symbols: hence the alternative name for GR, "Second Pattern of the National Alphabet".^[13] Both systems were used to indicate the revised standard of pronunciation in the new official Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use of 1932.^[14] The designers of GR had greater ambitions: their aim was complete reform of the script, using GR as a practical system of writing.^[15] Lin Yutang photographed by Carl Van Vechten, September 16, 1939 From the collection of the Library of Congress and in the public domain: http://memory. ... Lin Yutang photographed by Carl Van Vechten, September 16, 1939 From the collection of the Library of Congress and in the public domain: http://memory. ... The Mandarin Promotion Council (åœ‹èªžæŽ¨è¡Œå§”å“¡æœƒ, pinyin: GuÃ³yÇ” TuÄ«xÃng WÄ›iyuÃ¡nhuÃ¬) was established by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China with the purpose of standardizing and popularizing the usage of Guoyu in China. ... Zhuyin fuhao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or Symbols for Annotating Sounds, often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ã„…ã„†ã„‡ã„ˆ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo), is the national phonetic system of the...

In the 1930s two shortlived attempts were made to teach GR to railway workers and peasants in Hénán and Shāndōng provinces.^[16] Support for GR, being confined to a small number of trained linguists and sinologists, "was distinguished more for its quality than its quantity".^[17] During this period GR faced increasing hostility because of the complexity of its tonal spelling. Conversely, the sinologist Bernhard Karlgren criticised GR for its lack of phonetic rigour.^[18] Ultimately, like the rival (toneless) system Latinxua Sinwenz, GR failed to gain widespread support, principally because the "National" language was too narrowly based on Beijing dialect:^[19] "a sufficiently precise and strong language norm had not yet become a reality in China".^[20] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ... Bernhard Karlgren (1889 - 1978) was a Swedish sinologist and eminent philologist, and the founder of Swedish sinology as a scholarly discipline. ... Latinxua Sinwenz (拉丁化新文字; also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz, Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz, Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz or Latinxua) is a little-used romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. ...

A vestigial use of GR in mainland China can be seen in the official spelling of the first syllable of Shaanxi for Shǎnxī province, to distinguish it from Shānxī province, particularly in foreign-language text where the tone marks are often omitted.^[21] In Taiwan GR still survives as a pronunciation aid in monolingual dictionaries,^[22] but was officially replaced in 1986 by a modified form known as MPS II, which was in turn replaced by Tongyong Pinyin in 2002.^[23] For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the... Shanxi (Chinese: å±±è¥¿; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式), abbreviated MPS II, is a romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... Tongyong Pinyin (Chinese: ; pinyin: TÅngyÃ²ng pÄ«nyÄ«n; literally Universal/General Usage Sound-combining) is the current official romanization of the Chinese language adopted by the national government (although not all local governments) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2002. ...

Description

The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ...

Basic forms (Tone 1)

An important GR innovation, later adopted by Pinyin, was to use contrasting unvoiced/voiced pairs of consonants to represent aspirated and unaspirated sounds in Chinese.^[24] For example b and p represent IPA [p] and [pʰ] (p and p‘ in Wade). A potentially confusing feature of GR is the use of j, ch and sh to represent two different series of sounds. When followed by i these letters correspond to the alveolo-palatal sounds (Pinyin j, q, and x); otherwise they correspond to the retroflex sounds (Pinyin zh, ch, and sh). Readers used to Pinyin need to pay particular attention to these spellings: for example, GR ju, jiu and jiou correspond to Pinyin zhu, ju and jiu respectively.^[25] Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some obstruents. ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... Sagittal section of alveolo-palatal fricative In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants are palatalized postalveolar fricatives, articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate. ... Sub-apical retroflex plosive In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. ...

Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Nearâ€‘close Closeâ€‘mid Mid Openâ€‘mid Nearâ€‘open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... In phonetics, an r-colored vowel or rhotacized vowel is a vowel either with the tip or blade of the tongue turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or with the tip of the tongue down and the back of the tongue... In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest lingual unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ...

Tonal modifications

By default, the basic GR spelling described above is used for T1 syllables. The basic form is then modified to indicate tones 2, 3 and 4.^[27] This is accomplished in one of three ways:

Wherever possible the concise first method is used. The following rules of thumb cover most cases.^[28]

Exception Syllables with an initial sonorant (l-/m-/n-/r-) use the basic form for T2 rather than T1. In these syllables the (rarer) T1 is marked with -h- as the second letter. For example mha is T1 (mā), whereas ma is T2 (má).^[29] T3 and T4 are regular: maa (mǎ) and mah (mà). In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. ...

Compounds as words

An important principle of GR is that syllables which form words should be written together. This strikes speakers of European languages as obvious; but in Chinese the concept of "word" is not easy to pin down. The basic unit of speech is popularly thought to be the monosyllable represented by a character (字 tzyh, zì),^[30] which are in most cases a meaningful unit or morpheme, a smaller unit than the "linguistic word".^[31] Characters are written and printed with no spaces between words; yet in practice most Chinese words consist of two-syllable compounds, and it was Chao's bold innovation in 1922 to reflect this in GR orthography by grouping the appropriate syllables together into words.^[32] This represented a radical departure from hyphenated Wade-Giles forms such as Kuo²-yü³ Lo²-ma³-tzŭ⁴ (the Wade spelling of GR). This principle, illustrated in the extract below, was later adopted in Pinyin.^[33] In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest lingual unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ...

Texts

Y.R. Chao used GR in four influential works: Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任 Pinyin: Zhào Yuánrèn; WG: Chao Yüan-jen; Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jaw Yuanren) (November 3, 1892 - February 25, 1982) was a Chinese phonologist and dialectologist who shaped Gwoyeu Romatzyh. ...

Readings in Sayable Chinese was written "to supply the advanced student of spoken Chinese with reading matter which he can actually use in his speech".^[39] It consists of three volumes of Chinese text with facing GR romanization.^[40] They contain some lively recorded dialogues, "Fragments of an autobiography", two plays and a translation of Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (Tzoou daw Jinqtz lii).^[41] Two extracts from Tzoou daw Jinqtz lii with facing translations can be read online.^[42] The Army Specialized Training Program was a military training program instituted by the U.S. Army during World War II at a number of American universities to meet wartime demands for junior officers and soldiers with technical skills. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Vernacular Chinese (pinyin: bÃ¡ihuÃ ; Wade-Giles: paihua) is a style or register of the written Chinese language essentially modeled after the spoken language and associated with Standard Mandarin. ... Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) â€“ believed to be a self-portrait Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (January 27, 1832 â€“ January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ... Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871) is a work of childrens literature by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), generally categorized as literary nonsense. ...

In 1942 Walter Simon introduced GR to English-speaking sinologists in a special pamphlet, The New Official Chinese Latin Script. Over the remainder of the 1940s he published a series of textbooks and readers,^[43] as well as a Chinese-English Dictionary, all using GR. His son Harry Simon later went on to use GR in scholarly papers on Chinese linguistics.^[44] Ernest Julius Walter Simon FBA (10 June 1893, Berlin - 22 February 1981, London) was Professor of Chinese, University of London, 1947-60. ...

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English dictionary (1972) incorporated a number of innovative features, one of which was a simplified version of GR.^[45]^[46] Lin eliminated most of the spelling rules requiring substitution of vowels, as can be seen from his spelling Guoryuu Romatzyh,^[45] in which the regular -r is used for T2 and a doubled vowel for T3. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lin Yutang Lin Yutang, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939 This is a Chinese name; the family name is Lin (æž—) Lin Yutang (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , October 10, 1895 â€“ March 26, 1976) was a Chinese writer and inventor whose original works...

Language learning

Most learners of Chinese now start with Hanyu Pinyin, which is easier to learn than GR.^[47] But GR has its advantages. According to Y.R. Chao:

For example, it may be easier to memorize the difference between GR Beeijing (the city) and beyjiing ("background") than the Pinyin versions Běijīng and bèijǐng, where the tones seem to be almost an afterthought.

Not all teachers are convinced of the superiority of GR as a means of teaching correct tones to learners. One study conducted at the University of Oregon in 1991–1993 compared the results of using Pinyin and GR in teaching elementary level Chinese to two matched groups of students. It concluded that "GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production".^[49] The University of Oregon is a public university located in Eugene, Oregon. ...

GR continues to be used by some teachers of Chinese. In 2000, the Princeton Chinese Primer series was published in both GR and Pinyin versions.^[50] GR is used as the main romanization method in some university departments, for example the East Asian Studies Program at Bucknell University in Pennsylvania.^[51] Bucknell University is a private university located along the Susquehanna River in the rolling countryside of Central Pennsylvania in the town of Lewisburg, 60 miles (97 km) north of Harrisburg. ...

Example

Here is an extract from Y.R. Chao's Sayable Chinese. The topic is scholarly ("What is Sinology?"), but the style colloquial. The tonal spelling markers or "clues" are again highlighted using the same colour-coding scheme as above. Versions in Chinese characters, Pinyin and English are given below the GR text.

Notes

^ Simplified Chinese: 国语罗马字; Traditional Chinese: 國語羅馬字; Pinyin: Guóyǔ Luómǎzì. In 1937 the sinologist Trittel coined the German translation "Lateinumschrift der Reichssprache" (DeFrancis[1950]: Ch 4, footnote 4).
^ "A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said bud in English, meaning 'bad' or 'bed.' Chao(1948):24.
^ In these examples air (ái) with a rising tone means "cancer", while ay (ài) with a falling tone means "love".
^ "The common [foreign] attitude of treating the tone as an epiphenomenon on top of the solid sounds—consonants and vowels—is to the Chinese mind quite unintelligible ..." Chao and Yang(1947):xv.
^ "The results clearly indicated that GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production. Indeed, the use of GR reflected slightly lower rates of tonal production accuracy for native speakers of both American English and Japanese." McGinnis(1997).
^ Kratochvíl(1968):169
^ For a detailed account of the historical background, see John DeFrancis. Chapter 4 of DeFrancis(1950). pinyin.info. Retrieved on 2007-02-27.
^ "Without disclaiming responsibility, as a very active member of the Committee on Unification, for the merits and defects of the system, I must give credit to my colleague Lin Yutang for the idea of varying the spelling to indicate difference in tone." Chao(1948):11 footnote.
^ For the historical background see John DeFrancis. One State, One People, One Language. Pinyin.info. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. (Chapter 4 of DeFrancis[1950]).
^ DeFrancis(1950): Ch 4, footnotes 43 and 46.
^ DeFrancis(1950): 74
^ Kratochvíl(1968):169
^ 国音字母第二式 / Gwoin Tzyhmuu Dihell Shyh / Guóyīn Zìmǔ Dì'èr Shì: see Simon, W.(1947):Table X, lxxi.
^ 国音常用字汇 / Gwoin Charngyonq Tzyhhuey / Guóyīn Chángyòng Zìhuì: see Chao(1948):11.
^ "While the official position was that it was to be used whenever Chinese was to be spelt in Latin letters, such as in dealing with foreigners, those who devised the system, of whom I was one, had in our minds the design of a practical system of writing." Chao(1968c)
^ DeFrancis(1950): 77–78
^ DeFrancis(1950): 75. The supporters included Qian Xuantong and Luo Changpei in China and Walter Simon in England.
^ "[GR] is based on a series of very fatal phonetic lies, and for this reason it will be very difficult to learn, and consequently impractical." Karlgren(1928):20
^ DeFrancis(1950):76
^ Kratochvíl(1968):169.
^ This usage extends to cyberspace: the URL of the provincial government's official website is http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn .
^ For an account of the phonetization of Chinese in Taiwan, see Chen(1999):189
^ Wi-vun Taiffalo Chiung. Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan. Center for Thoat-Han Studies. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. This is an online version of Chiung(2001).
^ See Chao(1948):19–24 and Chao(1968a):20–25 for tables and fuller discussion. Complete tables of GR initials and finals are also given in the main article.
^ See the main article for a table showing the correspondence of GR and Pinyin forms.
^ These and other abbreviations are listed in Chao(1968a):xxx.
^ The rules are given, though in a different form, in Chao (1948): 28–30 (synopsis p 336) and Chao (1968a): 29–30 (synopsis p 847). See also Table IX in Simon, W.(1947):lviii.
^ See the main article for a more thorough discussion.
^ Examples: (T1) Mha.mha (妈妈 Māma), "Mum"; (T2) mamuh (麻木 mámù), "numb".
^ Chao calls the character the "sociological word", since it is the unit by which children's vocabulary is measured, journalists are paid and telegrams charged for. Chao(1968a): 136.
^ For thorough discussions, see Chao(1968a): 138–143 and Kratochvíl(1968):89–99.
^ DeFrancis(1950): Ch 4, note 46.
^ See also the table of Chinese provinces in the main article, comparing GR and Pinyin spellings.
^ Recordings, including online excerpts, of this lively, though now rather dated, text are available from Yuen Ren Chao. Mandarin Primer. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Retrieved on 2007-02-27..
^ Chao(1948):v.
^ "The most comprehensive grammar of MSC [Modern Standard Chinese] in English." Kratochvíl(1968):187.
^ Cassette recordings of this text are available from various online sources.
^ Chao describes the colloquial Chinese heard on the street as "sayable, even if sometimes unspeakable". (Chao 1968b): I,vi)
^ Chao(1968b): I,iv
^ Yuen Ren Chao. Readings in Sayable Chinese: table of contents. pinyin.info. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.
^ 走到鏡子裡跟阿麗思看見裡頭有些什麼 Tzoou daw Jinqtz lii gen Alihsy Kannjiann Liitou Yeou Shie Sherme / Zǒu dào jìngzili gēn Ālìsī kànjian lǐtou yǒu xiē shénme.
^ The extracts comprise Alice's conversations with Tweedledum and Tweedledee (Lewis Carroll [Y.R. Chao trans.]. Yuen Ren Chao in Wonderland. Richard Warmington. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.) and Humpty Dumpty (Lewis Carroll [Y.R. Chao trans.]. Humpty Dumpty in Mandarin Chinese. Pinyin.info. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.). The second webpage also includes a version of the text in Pinyin.
^ See the complete list of these publications.
^ See for example Simon, H.F.(1958).
^ ^a ^b "In the original edition, 'Guoryuu Romatzyh' (國語羅馬字) was used as the scheme for romanization." Another feature was an "Instant Index System": "an invention by Lin Yutang with the intention of providing a simple and unambiguous rule to call up any given Chinese character ... [T]his index system has not been widely used since its inception." Lin Yutang. Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage (Online Version). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
^ Ching(1975).
^ Chao's own, perhaps optimistic, assessment was that "Learning the rules of the National orthography [ie GR] takes about two weeks longer than other systems ..." Chao and Yang(1947):xix.
^ Chao(1948):11 (emphasis added).
^ McGinnis(1997)
^ Ch'en et al.(2000)
^ Anne Pusey. Chinese Language Materials. Bucknell University Course websites. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. This useful website includes tonal dictation exercises and a PowerPoint presentation illustrating the GR tonal rules.
^ Extract from Her Wey Hannshyue? (Hé wèi Hànxué?) by Jou Faagau (Zhōu Fǎgāo). Chao(1968b): I,111

The romanization of Chinese language is the use of Latin alphabet to write the Chinese language. ... This article is on all of the Northern and Southwestern Chinese dialects. ... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... // In French speaking world, the system of Ã‰cole franÃ§aise dExtrÃªme-Orient (EFEO) was the most used phonetic transcription of Chinese until the middle of the XXth century. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ... Latinxua Sinwenz (拉丁化新文字; also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz, Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz, Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz or Latinxua) is a little-used romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. ... Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式), abbreviated MPS II, is a romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... Chinese Postal Map Romanization (Traditional Chinese: éƒµæ”¿å¼æ‹¼éŸ³; Pinyin: YÃ³uzhÃ¨ngshÃ¬ PÄ«nyÄ«n) refers to the system of romanization for Chinese place names which came into use in the late Qing dynasty and was officially sanctioned by the Imperial Postal Joint-Session Conference (å¸åœ‹éƒµé›»è¯å¸æœƒè°), which was held in Shanghai in the... Tongyong Pinyin (Chinese: ; pinyin: TÅngyÃ²ng pÄ«nyÄ«n; literally Universal/General Usage Sound-combining) is the current official romanization of the Chinese language adopted by the national government (although not all local governments) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2002. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ... Legge romanization is a transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese, used by the prolific 19th Century sinologist James Legge. ... Below is a table which compares the different romanizations of Standard Mandarin. ... Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... The Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation (not an official name) is the more or less consistent way for romanising Cantonese proper nouns employed by the Hong Kong Government departments and many non-governmental organisations in Hong Kong. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... The Meyer-Wempe romanisation system was developed by two Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernhard F. Meyer and Theodore F. Wempe, during the 1920s and 1930s. ... Sidney Lau is a system of romanisation for Standard Cantonese, developed by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Wong Shik Ling (also known as S. L. Wong) published a romanisation scheme accompanying a set of phonetic symbol for Standard Cantonese based on International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) in the book A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Canton. ... Standard Cantonese Pinyin is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Yu Bingzhao (ch. ... Standard Romanization is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Christian missionaries in South China in 1888. ... The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. ... Wu (吳方言 pinyin wú fāng yán; 吳語 pinyin wú yǔ) is one of the major divisions of the Chinese language. ... Northern Wu Romanization Scheme. ... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Taiwanese (peÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n-oÄ“ or TÃ¢i-gÃ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a variant of Amoy Min Nan Chinese spoken by about 70% of Taiwans population. ... A view of the Xiamen University campus Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: åŽ¦é—¨; Traditional Chinese: å»ˆé–€; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a coastal sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Hainanese is a dialect of the Min Nan group spoken in the southern Chinese province of Hainan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... The Teochew dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oē, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà, Teochiu or Tiuchiu), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in a region of eastern Guangdong referred to as Chaoshan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... Min Dong Language (or Eastern Min Language, Chinese: é–©æ±èªž, SLC: Má»‰ng TÃ²yng ngá»¹) is the language mainly spoken in the eastern part of Fujian Province (Chinese: ç¦å»º, SLC: Huk KyÅng). ... Fuzhou dialect (Chinese characters: ç¦å·žè©±, Foochow Romanized: HÃ³k-ciÅ-uÃ¢), also known as Foochow, Foochow dialect or Foochowese, is considered the standard dialect of Min Dong, which is a branch of Chinese mainly spoken in the Eastern part of Fujian Province. ... (Chinese characters: å¹³è©±å—), also known as Foochow Romanized, is a romanized orthography for the Fuzhou dialect adopted in the middle of 19th century by Western missionaries. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: å®¢å®¶è¯, Traditional Chinese: å®¢å®¶è©±, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: KÃ¨jiÄhuÃ ) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ... Meixian (梅縣; Hakka: Moi-yen or Moi-yan) is a county in north eastern Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: å®¢å®¶è¯, Traditional Chinese: å®¢å®¶è©±, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: KÃ¨jiÄhuÃ ) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... General Chinese (GC) is a phonetic system invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations of all major Chinese dialects. ... Cyrillization of Chinese from Pinyin It is known as the Palladiy system and is the official Cyrillization of Chinese language in Russia. ... A Chinese-Arabic-Xiaoerjing dictionary from the early days of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhuyin fuhao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or Symbols for Annotating Sounds, often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ã„…ã„†ã„‡ã„ˆ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo), is the national phonetic system of the... The romanisation of the Chinese language in Singapore is not dictated by a single policy, nor is policy implimentation consistent, as the local Chinese community is composed of a myriad of dialect groups. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... An epiphenomenon is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside a primary phenomenon. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Qian Xuantong (錢玄同 in pinyin: Qián Xuántóng) (1887-1939) was a Chinese phonetician who promoted vernacular Chinese (baihua). ... Luo Changpei (Chinese: ç¾…å¸¸åŸ¹/ç½—å¸¸åŸ¹; courtesy name: Xintian èŽ˜ç”°) (1899 - 1958) was a Chinese linguist. ... Ernest Julius Walter Simon FBA (10 June 1893, Berlin - 22 February 1981, London) was Professor of Chinese, University of London, 1947-60. ... It has been suggested that Virtual world be merged into this article or section. ... A Uniform Resource Locator, URL (spelled out as an acronym, not pronounced as earl), or Web address, is a standardized address name layout for resources (such as documents or images) on the Internet (or elsewhere). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ... The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ernest Julius Walter Simon FBA (10 June 1893, Berlin - 22 February 1981, London) was Professor of Chinese, University of London, 1947-60. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Look up sic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

External links

Categories: Chinese dictionaries | Chinese romanization Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ...

Contents

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