Gynoid (from Greek γυνη, gynē - woman) is a term used to describe a robot designed to look like a human female, as compared to an android modeled after a male. The term is not common, however, with android often being used to refer to both "sexes" of robot. The portmanteaus fembot (female robot) and feminoid (female android) have also been used; the latter sparingly. The term "Gynoids" was created by the female British SF writer, Gwyneth Jones, and developed by another British SF writer, Richard Calder, who lives in Thailand. The FemBots are a Canadian indie rock band, consisting of Dave MacKinnon and Brian Poirier. ... For other uses, see robot (disambiguation). ... “Mechanoid” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A portmanteau (IPA pronunciation: RP, US) is a word or morpheme that fuses two or more words or word parts to give a combined or loaded meaning. ... Gwyneth Jones is a British writer born in 1952. ... Richard Calder (born 1956, London) is a notable British science fiction writer who lives and works in the East End of London, but who spent over a decade in Thailand (1990–1997) and the Philippines (1999–2002). ...

Early concepts

Pygmalion and Galatea by Jean-Leon Gerome (1824-1904)

From 600 BC onward legends of talking bronze and clay statues coming to life have been a regular occurrence in the works of classical authors such as: Homer, Plato, Pindar, Tacitus, and Pliny. In Book 18 of the Iliad, Hephaestus the god of all mechanical arts, was assisted by two moving female statues made from gold - "living young damsels, filled with minds and wisdoms". Another legend has Hephaestus being commanded by Zeus to create the first woman, Pandora, out of clay. The myth of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, tells of a lonely man who sculpted his ideal woman from ivory, Galatea, and then promptly fell in love with her after the goddess Aphrodite brings her to life. Variations on this recurrent theme of loving an artificial creation appear in E.T.A. Hoffmann's Gothic short story Der Sandmann (1817) in which the love object is the automaton Olympia, in Léo Delibes' ballet Coppélia (1870) where it is the eponymous dancing doll, and in countless recent science fiction films and novels. Pygmalion and Galatea by Jean-Leon Gerome (1824-1904). ... Pygmalion and Galatea by Jean-Leon Gerome (1824-1904). ... Jean-Léon Gérôme (May 11, 1824 - 1904) was a French painter who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style. ... Homer (Greek: ) is the name given to the supposed unitary author of the early Greek poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. ... PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ... Pindar (or Pindarus) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos), was perhaps the greatest of the nine lyric poets of ancient Greece. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... There are two famous persons named Pliny: Pliny the Elder, a Roman nobleman, scientist and historian who died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD The great-nephew of the former, Pliny the Younger, a statesman, orator, and writer who lived between 62 AD and 113 AD. This... title page of the Rihel edition of ca. ... Hephaestus, Greek god of forging, riding a Donkey; Greek drinking cup (skyphos) made in the 5th century BC Hephaestus (IPA pronunciation: or ; Greek Hêphaistos) was the Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan; he was the god of technology including, specifically blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals and metallurgy, and... The Statue of Zeus at Olympia Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in Ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th century engraving Zeus (in Greek: nominative: Zeús, genitive: Diós), is... In Greek mythology, Pandora (all gifted) was the first woman, fashioned by Zeus as part of his punishment of mankind for having stolen the secret of fire. ... Étienne Maurice Falconet: Pygmalion & Galatee (1763) Pygmalion is a fictional character from the Roman poet Ovid, found in the tenth book of his Metamorphoses. ... Galatea (she who is milk-white) was the name of two figures in Greek mythology. ... For other uses, see Aphrodite (disambiguation). ... ETA Hoffman Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (January 24, 1776 - June 25, 1822), was a German romantic and fantasy author and composer. ... Der Sandmann is a short story written in German by E.T.A. Hoffmann which was the first in a book of stories titled Die Nachtstücke, which translates as The Night Pieces. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Maestro Clément Philibert Léo Delibes, Paris, circa 1885 (Clément Philibert) Léo Delibes (February 21, 1836 – January 16, 1891) was a French composer of Romantic music. ... Giuseppina Bozzachi as Coppélia (1870). ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Since the Renaissance, inventors began considering machines for more realistic yet aesthetic purposes. In 1540, Italian inventor Gianello Torriano of Cremona made automata for the amusement of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, including a life-sized girl plucking a lute. The girl could walk in straight lines or circles and tilt her head. It still exists and now resides in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.^{[citation needed]} Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Cremona is a city in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). ... Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands (1506-1555), King of Spain (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily (1516-1554), Archduke of Austria (1519-1521), King of the Romans (or German King), (1519-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558) and... A medieval era lute. ... Kunsthistorisches Museum at Maria-Theresien-Platz, Vienna. ... “Wien” redirects here. ...

During the 1640s, the French philosopher René Descartes is reputed to have traveled with an artificial female companion called Francine, named after his daughter. Austrian Friedrich von Knauss developed a "writing doll" in 1760 capable of writing up to 107 words through dictation. ^{[citation needed]}By 1773, the Jaquet-Droz brothers in France had developed a series of life-like mechanical puppets which included a sixteen year old female musician. The musician played a piano with fingers on the appropriate keys and was designed to simulate breathing as well as turn her head sideways and bow at the end of each performance. Mechanist Les Maillardet is credited in inspiring the invention of "The Philadelphia Doll" (1812) which was capable of writing in English and French and drew landscapes.^{[citation needed]} In 1823, Johann Nepomuk Maelzel had manufactured a doll that could state "Ma-ma" and "Pa-pa". By 1891, Thomas Edison developed this work further by patenting his Talking Doll, utilising a wax cylinder that recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb", based on Maelzel's earlier idea. Initially to advertise his phonograph, more than 500 were produced. Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... René Descartes (French IPA: ) (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. ... Friedrich von Knauss was an inventor in the 18th century, who build clockwork mechanisms which could, in a very simple way, play musical instruments, write short phrases, or conduct other individual, specialized tasks. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Johann Nepomuk Mälzel (August 15, 1772 - July 21, 1838) was an inventor, engineer, and showman, best known for manufacturing a metronome and several music automatons, and displaying a fraudulent chess machine. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. ... William Wallace Denslows illustrations for Mary had a little lamb, from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose Mary and lamb at school, according to Denslow Mary Had a Little Lamb is a nursery rhyme of 19th century American origin. ...

Modern developments

The industrial revolution and in particular since World War II, the development of cybernetics and the concept of artificial intelligence led to more complex ideas of robots and androids. Whereas robots in the past have performed routine and mundane tasks, a fully independent gynoid has yet to be developed. Prototype gynoids are the Actroids, including Repliee R1 (resembling a little girl) and its successors Repliee Q1 and Repliee Q2. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Cybernetics is a theory of the communication and control of regulatory feedback. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ... Actroid ReplieeQ1-expo at Expo 2005 in Aichi, with co-creator Hiroshi Ishiguro An Actroid is a lifelike humanoid robot developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. ... Two girls smiling A girl is a female child, as opposed to a boy, a male child. ...

Role of gynoids in science fiction

Science fiction storytellers have widely used humanoid robots, sometimes as part of the look and feel of their fictional worlds, but often so as invite the audience to react to the robot character as if it were human. Stories using androids can explore issues such as what it means to be human. One of the earliest appearances of such a character in science fiction movies was in the 1927 film Metropolis, in which a female android encourages the working lower class to rebel against the ruling upper class in the highly mechanized society of 2026. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... “Mechanoid” redirects here. ... Metropolis is a silent science fiction film created by the famed Austrian-German director Fritz Lang. ...

At what point do androids become so human-like that they deserve the rights that society grants to humans?

The November 13, 1959 episode of "The Twilight Zone" was titled "The Lonely" and deals with James Corry, a convicted murderer sentanced to 50 years solitary life on a barren desert planet. Allenby, the captain of the rocket which delivers supplies once each year, takes pity on Corry, and leaves him with a gynoid named Alicia who is indistinguishable from a live woman. Corry eventually finds that she makes his life much more than bearable, and falls in love with her. Things go well until one day Allenby returns with news that Corry has been pardoned, however the rocket is already near full capacity, and Corry is only allowed to bring 15 pounds of gear. Corry protests when he realizes that Alicia exceeds this limit, and will be left behind. Allenby shoots Alicia in the face, revealing ruined, smoking wires and components, and tells Corry "The only thing you are leaving behind is loneliness". The Twilight Zone title. ...

In the 1962-1970 DC comic book "Metal Men", a frequent plot element was the infatuation of the beautiful platinum robot Tina towards Doctor Magnus, who had constructed her, and his rejection of her affection. Metal Men are a team of robot superheroes created by writer Robert Kanigher, pencilled by Ross Andru and inked by Mike Esposito for DC Comics in 1962. ...

Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (which was adapted into the film Blade Runner) deals with a world in which androids are so realistic that only special equipment can distinguish them from humans. However, androids are treated as inferior to humans. The action revolves around a bounty hunter employed to track down escaped androids who are masquerading as humans. In the film, the androids are instead replicants, bioengineered servants that are physically indistinguishable from humans but can possess superhuman qualities. Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982) was an American writer, mostly known for his works of science fiction. ... Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is a 1968 science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick. ... Blade Runner is a 1982 cyberpunk, neo-noir American film directed by Ridley Scott from a screenplay written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, loosely based on the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. ... A replicant is a bioengineered or biorobotic being created in the film Blade Runner. ...

Stories that specifically need gynoids (as opposed to genderless humanoid robots) often invite the audience to consider issues of gender relations and gender roles. Many fictional gynoids are made to resemble attractive young women, bringing issues of romance and sexual relations into play. For example, should societies approve or tolerate gynoids being owned by male humans as sex toys or sex slaves (and by extension, how does this reflect on the treatment of human females by their mates)? Stories such as The Stepford Wives and Weird Science, have dealt with these issues. See also Sex in science fiction. For the 1975 film see The Stepford Wives (1975 film), for the 2004 remake see The Stepford Wives (2004 film). ... Weird Science (1985) is a popular 1980s teen film written and directed by John Hughes and starring Kelly LeBrock. ... Modern science fiction frequently involves themes of sex, gender and sexuality. ...

The 1980s science-fiction sitcom, Small Wonder focused on the "life" of V.I.C.I., a gynoid with the visage of a ten year-old girl who finds herself becoming increasingly human-like. A sitcom or situation comedy is a genre of comedy performance originally devised for radio but today typically found on television. ... Small Wonder is an American television sitcom that ran from 1985 to 1989. ...

Since the 1980s female androids have also become a staple of Japanese anime and manga, where their human appearance but inhuman nature is commonly used as a plot element. Primarily, anime gynoids fall into two categories. Emotionally innocent gynoids whom live in a world where part of the population treats them as humans and the other half treats them as tools, for example Chii from Chobits and Sally #1 from Hinadori girl, and those who appear human and placid, and live in a world where gynoids are common, but who reveal their mechanical nature in a shocking or destructive way, such as Motoko Kusanagi from Ghost In The Shell, or rogue Boomer. maNga is a popular Turkish nu metal/rapcore band. ... Serialized in Young Magazine Original run 2001 – 2002 No. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Motoko Kusanagi from the manga Ghost in the Shell. ... A Boomer, original Buma, is a fictional synthetic life form developed by inventor Katsuhito Stingray in the anime series Bubblegum Crisis. ...

Fembot

The term Fembot (sometimes spelled Femmebot) is used as an alternative name for a gynoid who is designed to look like a woman. The term has been used in several fictional productions.

The original fembots

A fembot with its "facemask" removed. From the television series The Bionic Woman.

In The Bionic Woman, the Fembots were a line of powerful life-like gynoids that Jamie Sommers fought in two multi-part episodes of the series: "Kill Oscar" (with help from Steve Austin) and "Fembots in Las Vegas". Despite the feminine prefix, there were also male versions, including some designed to impersonate particular individuals for the purpose of infiltration. While not truly artificially intelligent, the fembots still had extremely sophisticated programming that allowed them to pass for human in most situations. Often however, their "facemasks" would be dislodged to reveal the machine's underlying facial mechanism and circuitry, creating the classic inhuman image of the menace. Image File history File links Fembot_Katy. ... Image File history File links Fembot_Katy. ... The Bionic Woman was a television series which spun off from The Six Million Dollar Man. ... The Bionic Woman was a television series which spun off from The Six Million Dollar Man. ... The pioneering hardcore hip hop group Wu-Tang Clans plan to conquer the hip hop industry consisted not only of making each member into a solo star in their own right, but also to create and promote numerous affiliate artists. ... The Six Million Dollar Man is an American television series about a cyborg working for the OSI (which was usually said to refer to the Office of Scientific Intelligence, but sometimes was called the Office of Scientific Investigation). ... In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ...

In the show, the fembots' primary weakness was that their default operational setting produced a unique high pitched sound that only Jaime (with her bionic ear) could hear. This allowed her to detect their presence. However, once the fembot's operator was aware of this, the operational 'frequency' of the fembot could be changed and the sound thus eliminated. Fembots on important missions were often remotely controlled by an operator back at the base who was able to see and hear everything through the machine.

Fembots could also be discovered because of their heavier weight - more than twice that of a similar-sized human. Steve Austin once discovered that Oscar Goldman had been replaced by a "male fembot" by tossing a pencil on the carpet between them. When the Goldman fembot unwittingly stepped on the pencil, it didn't just snap but was instead crushed into tiny pieces. Richard Anderson as Oscar Goldman in The Six Million Dollar Man Oscar Goldman is the name of a fictional character portrayed by Richard Anderson in both The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman television series. ...

When the bionic heroes faced the machines in battle, their operator at the base could increase their strength and make them extremely formidable foes.

Other Fembots

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Killer fembots with guns in their breasts. From the film Austin Powers: International Man Of Mystery.

In a parody of the fembots from the Bionic Woman, attractive fembots in fuzzy see-through night-gowns were used as a lure for the fictional agent Austin Powers in the movie Austin Powers: International Man Of Mystery. Austin couldn't help but be seduced by the fembots. However, he was able to snap out of it and used his mojo in a striptease that exceeded their limits and they were caused to self-destruct. The film's sequels had cameo appearances of characters revealed as fembots: in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, it was Austin's bride, Vanessa Kensington, and in Austin Powers in Goldmember, a Britney Spears fembot attacks Austin during the opening montage. Image File history File links Acap. ... Image File history File links Information. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, directed by Jay Roach, is the first film of the Austin Powers series. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, directed by Jay Roach, is the first film of the Austin Powers series. ... Mojo (pronounced or ) is a term commonly encountered in the African-American folk belief called hoodoo. ... Peter Jackson in The Fellowship of the Ring (top), The Two Towers (middle) and The Return of the King (bottom). ... Austin Powers: the Spy Who Shagged Me is the second film in the Austin Powers series started with Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and continued in Austin Powers in Goldmember. ... Vanessa Kensington was a character in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. ... Austin Powers in Goldmember, released in 2002, is the third film of the Austin Powers series starring Mike Myers in the title role. ... Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning[1] American pop singer, dancer, actress, author and songwriter. ...

Vanessa Kensington reveals to be a fembot in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.

Futurama also used the word fembot (male robots being "manbots"). Futurama also introduced the term "femputer" (a portmanteau of female and computer) to refer to a computer with a feminine personality. The term "fembot" was also used in Buffy the Vampire Slayer (referring to a robot duplicate of the title character, a.k.a. the Buffybot), and fans of the Transformers line of toys and related fiction occasionally use the term to refer to Female Transformers (tradtionally, but not always Autobots). It was used once in the Transformers Beast Wars cartoon series. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Vanessa Kensington was a character in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. ... Austin Powers: the Spy Who Shagged Me is the second film in the Austin Powers series started with Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and continued in Austin Powers in Goldmember. ... This article is about the television series. ... A portmanteau (IPA pronunciation: RP, US) is a word or morpheme that fuses two or more words or word parts to give a combined or loaded meaning. ... Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated American cult television series that initially aired from March 10, 1997 until May 20, 2003. ... The Buffybot is a character in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, appearing in the last few episodes of season 5 and the first two of season 6. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Fancruft; discussions and theories of reason for female Transformer existence is not encyclopedic If you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming or merging the page, please edit this page and do so. ... The Autobots are the protagonists in the Transformers Universe, a collection of various toys, graphic novels, paperback books, cartoons and movies first introduced in 1984. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Cherry 2000 In 2017, business executive Sam Treadwell's (David Andrews) beloved 'perfect sex machine', the "Cherry 2000" android (Pamela Gidley), short circuits during a torrid embrace amid the soap suds on his kitchen floor. He searches for a replacement, enlisting E. (Edith) Johnson (Melanie Griffith), a tough tracker who guides him into the interior of America's post-apocalyptic wasteland to an abandoned manufacturing plant, where he hopes to find a replacement to house Cherry's memory chip. They have to fend off the attacks of Lester (Tim Thomerson) and his subordinates, who try to beat them to the android. As Treadwell and Johnson journey together, a mutual attraction grows, and Treadwell learns the hard way that the perfect woman is made of real flesh and blood. Cherry 2000 is a science fiction cult film made in 1987. ...

See also

Robotics Portal

Image File history File links Animation2. ... Actroid ReplieeQ1-expo at Expo 2005 in Aichi, with co-creator Hiroshi Ishiguro An Actroid is a lifelike humanoid robot developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. ... Alraune - The Legend and Fiction (German for Mandrake) is the name given to a female character in fiction. ... “Mechanoid” redirects here. ... YOU SUCK ... Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion. ... Audio-Animatronics is the registered trademark for a form of robotics created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks, and subsequently expanded on and used by other companies. ... A cyborg is a cybernetic organism (i. ... EveR-1 (Korean: 에버원; Hangeul: ebeoweon) is South Koreas first functional female android developed by a team of South Korean scientists from the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) headed by Baeg Moon-hong (백문홍) and unveiled to the public at Kyoyuk MunHwa HoeKwan in Seoul on May 4, 2006. ... The term humanoid refers to any being whose body structure resembles that of a human. ... Hondas ASIMO, an example of a humanoid robot A humanoid robot is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body. ... This List of fictional gynoids and female cyborgs is sorted by media type and alphabetised by character name. ... A RealDoll with face #11 The RealDoll is a life-size sex doll (also considered a mannequin) manufactured by Abyss Creations in San Marcos, California, and sold worldwide. ... An Actroid manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. ... A high end sex doll: A RealDoll by Abyss Creations A sex doll (also love doll) is a type of sex toy in the size and shape of a sexual partner for aid in masturbation. ... A set of erotic statues. ... Posthuman Future, an illustration by Michael Gibbs for The Chronicle of Higher Educations look at how biotechnology will change the human experience, has become one of the secular icons representing transhumanism. ... Repliee Q2 The Uncanny Valley is a hypothesis about robotics concerning the emotional response of humans to robots and other non-human entities. ... Hajime Sorayama (空山 基 Sorayama Hajime) is a famous Japanese illustrator. ... Cherry 2000 is a science fiction cult film made in 1987. ...

References

1. Adams, Alison (1998) Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12962-1
2. Balsamo, Anne (1996) Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1686-2
3. Haraway, Donna J. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90386-6
4. Jordana, Ludmilla (1989) Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-12290-5
5. Leman, Joy (1991) "Wise Scientists and Female Androids: Class and Gender in Science Fiction." In, Corner, John, editor. Popular Television in Britain. London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 0-85170-269-4
6. Warner, Marina (2000) reprint Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22733-6

Further reading

• Gaby Wood, Edison's Eve: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life, Knopf, 13 August 2002, ISBN 0-679-45112-9
• Sidney Perkowitz, Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids, Joseph Henry Press, January 2004, ISBN 0-309-09619-7

External links

• Catalyst program - Fembots
• The Mechanical Eve