In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. More specifically, an HTML element is an SGML element that meets the requirements of one or more of the HTML Document Type Definitions (DTDs). These elements have properties: both attributes and content, as specified (both allowable and required) according to the appropriate HTML DTD (for example, the HTML 4.01 strict DTD). Elements may represent headings, paragraphs, hypertext links, lists, embedded media, and a variety of other structures. Memory (Random Access Memory) Look up computing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ... The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a metalanguage in which one can define markup languages for documents. ... Document Type Definition (DTD), defined slightly differently within the XML and SGML specifications, is one of several SGML and XML schema languages, and is also the term used to describe a document or portion thereof that is authored in the DTD language. ...

Syntactically HTML elements are constructed with: 1) a start tag marking the beginning of an element; 2) any number of attributes (and their associated values); 3) some amount of content (characters and other elements)'; and 4) an end tag. Many HTML elements include attributes in their start tags, defining desired behavior or indicating additional element properties. The end tag is optional for many elements; in a minimal case, an empty element has no content and requires no end tag. There are a few elements that are not part of any official DTDs, yet are supported by some browsers and used by some web pages. Such elements may be ignored or displayed improperly on browsers not supporting them. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Informally, HTML elements are sometimes referred to as "tags" (an example of synecdoche), though many prefer the term tag strictly in reference to the semantic structures delimiting the start and end of an element. Look up synecdoche in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

XHTML is the successor to HTML 4.01; XHTML 1.0 supports the same elements as HTML 4 and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly valid HTML 4 documents. XHTML 1.0 migrates HTML from its SGML underpinnings to an XML foundation. Accordingly, the discussion of elements within this article focuses on the final SGML based HTML, version 4.01 (unless noted otherwise). However, to the extent that XHTML 1.0 elements remain identical to the HTML 4.01 elements, the discussion remains applicable (see HTML for a discussion of the minor differences in content between XHTML 1.0 and HTML 4.01). The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but a stricter syntax. ... The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language that supports a wide variety of applications. ... HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ...

Block-level and inline elements

HTML elements are classified as either block-level or inline (text-level).

Block-level elements — such as headings, paragraphs, lists, or tables — are "large" structures containing other blocks, inline elements, or text (but see nesting rules, below). They are usually displayed as independent "blocks" separated from other blocks by vertical space (margins).

Inline or text-level elements — such as hyperlinks, citations, quotations, or images — are "small" structures that represent or describe small pieces of text or data. They may contain only text or other inline elements, and are usually displayed one after another on a line within the block that contains them.

(See "The global structure of an HTML document")

Nesting of elements

Many HTML elements can be nested, or contained within other HTML elements:

<p>You <em>rock</em></p>

Nesting can be more complex:

<p>King Louis said, <q lang="fr">L'état, c'est <em>moi</em>!</q> (<cite><a href="/encyclopedia/Louis_XIV_of_France">Wikipedia</a></cite>).</p>

Nesting may be arbitrarily deep, but the elements must be closed in the reverse order that they were opened for the code to remain valid (this pattern is known as Last in, first out). In a stack, the topmost item, which is added last, is taken out first. ...

Incorrect

Some block-level elements (e.g. paragraphs) may contain only inline elements, and some (e.g. forms, lists) must contain only block-level child elements, but most may contain either block-level or inline elements.

Head elements

<title>…</title>

Define a document title. This element is required in every HTML and XHTML document. Different user agents may make use of the title in different ways. Web browsers usually display it in the title bar when the window is open, and in the task bar when it is minimized. It may become the default filename when saving the page, Search engines' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title element. The title element must not contain any nested tags (in other words it cannot contain any other elements). Only one title element is permitted in a document.

<base/> The title bar is that part of a window where the title of the window appears. ... In computing, the task bar is a term for an application desktop bar which is most often used for the Windows 95 and later operating systems. ... Google search is the worlds most popular search engine. ...

Specifies a base URL for all relative href and other links in the document. Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource. HTML permits only one base element for each document. The base element has attributes, but no contents.

<link/> A Uniform Resource Locator, URL (spelled out as an acronym, not pronounced as earl), or Web address, is a standardized address name layout for resources (such as documents or images) on the Internet (or elsewhere). ...

Specifies links to other documents, such as 'previous' and 'next' links, or alternate versions [1]. An HTML head may contain any number of link elements. The link element has attributes, but no contents. A common use is to link to external stylesheets, using the form:

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="url" title="description of style" />[2]

<basefont/> (deprecated) In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ...

Specifies a base font size, typeface and color of the document. Used together with font elements. Deprecated in favor of stylesheets.

<script>…</script> CSS Zen garden with the Paravion style sheet CSS Zen garden with the Uncultivated style sheet Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a computer language used to describe the presentation of a structured document written in HTML, XHTML or XML. The CSS specification is maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium...

Used to add JavaScript or other scripts to the document. The script code may be literally typed between the script tags and/or it may be in a separate resource whose URL is specified in script's optional src attribute. [3]

<style>…</style> JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporations and now the Mozilla Foundations implementation of the ECMAScript standard, a scripting language based on the concept of prototype-based programming. ...

Specifies a style for the document, usually:

<style type="text/css">…</style>

The CSS statements may be literally typed between the style tags and/or it may be in separate resources whose URLs are specified in @import directives such as:

<style> @import "url"; </style>. [4]

<object>…</object> In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ...

Use for including generic objects within the head. Though rarely used as a head element, this could potentially be used to extract foreign data, relevant to the document, and associate this data with the current document.

<meta/>

Can be used to specify author, publication date, expiry date, page description, keywords and any other metadata not provided through the other head elements and attributes. Because of their generic nature, meta elements specify key-value pairs.

In one form, meta elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent before the actual content when the HTML page is served from web server to client. For example:

<meta http-equiv="foo" content="bar" />

This example specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called 'foo' that has a value 'bar'

In the general form, a meta element specifies name and associated content attributes describing aspects of the HTML page. To prevent possible ambiguity, a third optional scheme attribute may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value. For example

<meta name="foo" content="bar" scheme="DC" />

In this example, the meta element identifies itself as containing the 'foo' element, with a value of 'bar', from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework.

For more specific information of the use of the meta element in HTML, see the W3C specification.

Metadata (Greek meta after and Latin data information) are data that describe other data. ... HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata model using XML but which has come to be used as a general method of modeling knowledge, through a variety of syntax formats (XML and non-XML). ...

Inline

Inline elements cannot be placed directly inside the body element for valid HTML. They must be wholly nested within block-level elements (see block elements below).

General phrase elements

<em>…</em>

Emphasis (conventionally displayed in italics)

<strong>…</strong>

strong emphasis (conventionally displayed bold). An oral user agent may use different voices for emphasis.

<q>…</q>

A quotation containing only inline elements (for quotations containing block level elements see blockquote below). Quote elements may be nested. By the specification, the author should not include quotation marks. Rather, quotation marks — including nested quotation marks — should be rendered through stylesheet properties or the browser's default stylesheet. Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find work-arounds. The cite attribute gives the source, and must be a fully qualified URI.

Note: within semantic HTML, the display of a lengthy inline quotation as an indented block should be handled through stylesheet presentation. One method is to use an XSLT to select quotation elements exceeding a certain length (in terms of characters or words, etc.) for indented block presentation. An alternative, using Cascading Stylesheets, requires some presentational markup to manually classify the element as a lengthy quotation. For example:

<q class='lengthy'>An inline quotation of significant length (say 25 words, for example) goes here...</q>.

<cite>…</cite> A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. ...

A citation. Reference for a quote or statement in the document.

<dfn>…</dfn>

Defining first instance of a term

<abbr>…</abbr>

Contains an abbreviation like HTML

<acronym>…</acronym>

Contains an acronym similar to the abbr element.

Computer code phrase elements

These elements are useful primarily for documenting computer code development and user interaction through differentation of source code (<code>), source code variables (<var>), user input (<kbd>), and terminal output (<samp>).

<code>…</code>

A code snippet. Conventionally rendered in a monospace font: Code snippet.

<samp>…</samp>

Sample output (from a program or script)

<kbd>…</kbd>

Keyboard - text to be entered by the user

<var>…</var>

Variable

Special inline elements

<sub>…</sub> <sup>…</sup>

Create _subscript or ^superscript text: Equivalent CSS: {vertical-align: sub} or {vertical-align: super}

<del>…</del> A subscript is a number, figure, or indicator that appears below the normal line of type, typically used in a formula, mathematical expression, or description of a chemical compound. ... This article is about the term superscript as used in typography. ...

Deleted text. Typically rendered as a strikethrough: Deleted text.

<ins>…</ins> Strikethrough is a typographical presentation of words with a horizontal line through the centre of them. ...

Inserted text. Often used to markup replacement text for <del>'d text. Typically rendered underlined: Inserted text.

Note, both ins and del elements may be used as block elements: containing other block and inline elements. However, these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well-formed HTML document. For example deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraph and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate del elements. Two del elements would be required as inline element to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs, and a third, used as a block element, to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs.

<isindex>…</isindex> (deprecated) An underline is one or more horizontal lines immediately below a portion of text. ...

The :isindex element requires server side support for indexing documents. Visually presents a one-line text input for keyword entry. When submitted, the query string is appended to the current URL and the document is displayed with these keywords highlighted. Generally if the server supports this feature it will add the iisindex elements to documents without author intervention.

In the World Wide Web, a query string is the part of a URL that contains data to be passed to CGI programs. ... Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a technical, Web-related term used in two distinct meanings: in popular usage, it is a widespread synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) — many popular and technical texts will use the term URL when referring to URI; strictly, the idea of a uniform syntax for...

Links and anchors

<a>…</a>

Creates an element that becomes a hyperlink with the href (hypertext reference) attribute set to a URL; additionally the attribute title may be set to a hover box text, some informative text about the link:

<a href="URL" title="additional information">link text</a>

In most graphical browsers, when the cursor hovers over the link, the cursor typically changes into a hand with a stretched index finger and the additional information pops up, not in a regular window, but in a special "hover box", usually similar to a Tooltip, which disappears when the cursor is moved away. Some browsers render alt text the same way, though this is technically incorrect.

Alternatively (and sometimes concurrently), the element becomes an anchor with the name attribute set, which preceded by a number sign '#', and appended to the URL, acts as a link target (a "document fragment"), typically causing a Web browser to scroll directly to that point of the page. Any element can be made into an anchor by using the id attribute,[5] so using <a name="foo"> is not necessary.

See also:link

A hyperlink (often referred to as simply a link), is a reference or navigation element in a document to another section of the same document, another document, or a specified section of another document, that automatically brings the referred information to the user when the navigation element is selected by... A Uniform Resource Locator, URL (spelled out as an acronym, not pronounced as earl), or Web address, is a standardized address name layout for resources (such as documents or images) on the Internet (or elsewhere). ... The tooltip is a common graphical user interface element. ... The alt attribute is used in HTML documents to specify text which is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. ... Number sign in Arial font Number sign is the preferred Unicode name for the glyph or symbol # (Do not confuse with ♯ (Sharp)). The name was chosen from several used in the United States and Canada. ... A fragment identifier is a short string of characters that refers to a resource that is subordinate to another, primary resource. ... An example of a web browser (Mozilla Firefox), displaying the English Wikipedia main page. ... In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. ...

Images and objects

<img/>

Includes an image with the src attribute, the required alt provides alternative text in case the image cannot be displayed. Alt is intended as alternative text, although Microsoft Internet Explorer renders it as a tooltip; the title attribute is the tooltip text.

<br>
<br/> (XML compatible) In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person. ... It has been suggested that Internet Explorer 7 be merged into this article or section. ... The tooltip is a common graphical user interface element. ...

Specifies a line-break.

<map>…</map>

Specifies a client-side image map.

<area>
<area/> (XML compatible) In HTML, an image map is list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to various destinations (as opposed to a normal image link, in which the entire area of the image links to a single destination). ...

Specifies an area in the map.

<object>…</object>

Includes an object in the page of the type specified by the type attribute. This may be in any MIME-type the Web browser understands, such as an embedded page, code to be handled by a plug-in such as Flash, a Java applet, a sound file, etc.

<param>…</param>

or <param/> Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard that extends the format of e-mail to support text in character sets other than US-ASCII, non-text attachments, multi-part message bodies, and header information in non-ASCII character sets. ... // == Macromedia Flash == ==]] Using Macromedia Flash 8 (bundled in Studio 8) in Windows XP. Maintainer: Adobe Systems (formerly Macromedia) Latest release: 8 / September 30th, 2005 OS: Windows (no native Windows XP Professional x64 Edition support), Mac OS X, Linux (i386 only, via wine [1]) Use: Multimedia Content Creator License: Proprietary Website... Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ... An applet is a software component that runs in the context of another program, for example a web browser. ...

This element may only appear inside an object element. Using attributes such as name and value, each <param/> sets a parameter for the object. Examples include width, height, font, background colour, etc, depending what has been exposed in this way by the object's developers.

<embed>…</embed> (proprietary)

Calls a plug-in handler for the type specified by the type attribute. Used for embedding Flash files, sound files, etc. This is a proprietary Netscape extension to HTML; <object> is the W3C standard method.

<noembed>…</noembed> (proprietary)

Specifies alternative content, if the embed cannot be rendered.

<applet>…</applet> (deprecated)

Includes a Java applet in the page. Deprecated; <object> is now preferred.

Netscape Communications Corporation (commonly known as Netscape), was an American computer services company, best known for its web browser. ... The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards&#8212;recommendations, as they call them&#8212;for the World Wide Web. ...

Span element

<span>…</span>

Creates an inline logical division. This may be used to identify a part of the HTML page, for example so as to apply an id or class attribute, which can then be referenced from CSS or DOM call. Like most HTML elements, span also supports inline CSS in its optional style attribute).

In HTML and XHTML, span and div tags are used to describe content that cannot be properly described by other, more semantic tags. ... In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ... Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform- and language-independent standard object model for representing HTML or XML and related formats. ...

Block

Many HTML elements are designed for altering the semantic structure or meaning of a document. Some are block-level, but most are inline and can be included in the normal flow of text.

General block elements

<p>…</p> Creates a paragraph, perhaps the most common block level element. The closing tag is not required in HTML.

<blockquote>…</blockquote>

Contains quoted material when the quotation itself includes block level elements (for instance, quoting several paragraphs). The cite attribute may give the source, and must be a fully qualified Uniform Resource Identifier. The blockquote element is often misunderstood. It is an element meant to contain quotations that are themselves block level. In other words, it contains a complete paragraph or many paragraphs. In HTML strict DTDs inline elements are prohibited from blockquote elements. For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote (q) element.

<hr/> A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. ...

Inserts a horizontal rule. Horizontal rules can also be handled through the CSS properties.

Headings

<h1>…</h1> <h2>…</h2> <h3>…</h3> <h4>…</h4> <h5>…</h5> <h6>…</h6>

Section headings at different levels. Use <h1> for the highest-level heading (the major sections), <h2> for the next level down (sub-section), <h3> for a level below that, and so on. The lowest level heading is <h6>.

Most web browsers will show <h1> as large text in a different font, and <h6> as small bold-faced text, but this can be overridden with CSS. The heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text: they describe something about the document's structure and organization. Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents.

In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ...

Lists

<dl>…</dl>

Creates a definition list (consisting of definition terms paired with definitions). Can also be used to specify speakers and quoted text.

<dt>…</dt>

Creates a definition term.

<dd>…</dd>

Creates a definition.

<ol>…</ol> and <ul>…</ul>

Main article: ordered list

Creates an ordered (enumerated) or unordered (bulleted) list. With ol, the type attribute can be used to specify the kind of ordering, but CSS gives more control: {list-style-type: foo}. The default is Arabic numbering. For ul, CSS can be used to specify the list marker: {list-style-type: foo}. The default marker is a disc.

<li>…</li> Look up list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Creates a list item in ordered and unordered lists.

<dir>…</dir> (deprecated)

Delimits a directory listing. Deprecated in favor of <ul>.

<menu>…</menu> (deprecated)

Creates a menu listing. Should be more compact than an <ul> list, but badly supported. Deprecated in favor of <ul>.

Tables

See also b:HTML Programming/Tables

<table>…</table>

Creates a table

<tr>…</tr>

Creates a row in the table.

<th>…</th>

Creates a table header cell within a row; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered. An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items.

<td>…</td>

Creates a table data cell within a row.

<colgroup>…</colgroup>

Specifies a column group in a table.

<col/>

Specifies attributes for an entire column in a table.

<caption>…</caption>

Specifies a caption for the entire table.

<thead>…</thead>

Specifies the header part of a table. This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media).

<tbody>…</tbody>

Specifies the main part of a table.

<tfoot>…</tfoot>

Specifies the footer part of a table. Like <thead>, this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media)

Forms

These elements can be combined into a form or used separately as user-interface controls. Combined with a first-class javascript engine, these controls provide support for rich user interfaces.

Main article: HTML form

HTML specifies the elements that make up a form, and the method by which it will be submitted. However, some form of script either server-side or client side must be used to process the user's input once it is submitted. A form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is, typically, sent to a server for processing and to mimic the usage of paper forms. ... Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a users request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic HTML pages. ...

<form action="url">…</form>

Creates a form.

<select name="xyz">…</select> A webform on a web page allows a user to enter data that is, typically, sent to a server for processing and to mimic the usage of paper forms. ...

Create a menu list, from which the user can select a single option. May be rendered as a dropdown menu.

<option value="x"/>

Creates a menu item in a menu list.

<input type="checkbox"/>

Creates a checkbox. Can be checked or unchecked.

<input type="radio"/>

Creates a radio button. If multiple radio buttons are given the same name, the user will only be able to select one of them from this group.

<input type="button"/> A group of radio buttons, with one choice selected, in Windows XP A pair of radio buttons in Apples Mac OS X A radio button is a type of graphical user interface widget that allows the user to choose one of a predefined set of options. ...

Creates a general-purpose button. But it's advised to use <button> if possible (i.e. if the client supports it) which provides richer possibilities.

<input type="submit"/>

Creates a submit button.

<input type="image"/>

Creates a button using an image. The image URL may be specified with the src tag.

<input type="reset"/>

Creates a reset button for resetting the form to default values.

<input type="text"/>

Creates a one-line text input. The size attribute specifies the default width of the input in character-widths. Maxlength sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter (which may be greater than size).

<input type="password"/>

Creates a variation of one-line text input. The only difference is that inputted text is masked: usually every character is shown as an asterisk or a dot. It should be noted, however, that the value is submitted to the server as clear text. So an underlying secure transport layer like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a matter.

<label for="name">…</label>

Creates a label for a form input (e.g. radio button). Clicking on the label toggles the control.

<textarea rows="8">…</textarea>

Create a multiple-line text area, the size of which is specified by cols and rows attributes. Text in between the tags appears in the text area when the page is loaded.

Other containers

<div>…</div>

Creates a block logical division. This may be used to identify a part of the HTML document, for example so as to apply an id or class attribute, which can then be referenced from CSS or DOM calls. Like most HTML elements, div also supports inline CSS in its optional style attribute).

<pre>…</pre> The <div> (division) tag divides a document into sections such as chapters and appendices. ... In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ... Dom may refer to: Dom people, an ethnic group in the middle east Domba or Dom people, an ethnic group of India Dom (mountain), a mountain in the Swiss Alps Dom, a title of respect – derived from Latin Dominus – for certain Benedictine and Carthusian monks, for example those of the...

Creates pre-formatted text. Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional font exactly as it is laid out in the file (see ASCII art). Whereas browsers ignore white space (for example, hard returns, carriage-returns, line-feeds, tabs, and repeated-spaces) for all of the other HTML elements, the pre element signals that this white space should be rendered as authored. With the CSS properties: {white-space: pre; font-family: monospace;}, other elements can be presented in the same way. This element can contain any inline element except: image (img), object (object), big font size (big), small font size (small), superscript (sup), and subscript (sub).

<address>…</address> In typography, a typeface is a co-ordinated set of character designs, which usually comprises an alphabet of letters, a set of numerals and a set of punctuation marks. ... ASCII art, an artistic medium relying primarily on computers for presentation, consists of pictures pieced together from characters (preferably from the 95 printable characters defined by ASCII). ...

Used to markup contact information for the document or a section of it. Inline elements are the only permitted. Authors can use the break element br to insert a new line within this element.

<iframe>…</iframe>

Includes another HTML document in the page. Although not formally deprecated in HTML 4.01, "The object element allows HTML authors to specify everything required by an object for its presentation by a user agent [and] thus subsumes some of the tasks carried out by" iframe [6]

Unlike an object element, an iframe (inline frame) element may be the "target" frame for links defined in other elements and it may be "selected" by a browser as the focus for printing, viewing HTML source etc.[7]

The iframe element was not included in the version 1.1 XHTML specification, despite having never been formally deprecated. Those serving their web content as XHTML 1.1 must use the object element.

(Also see Frames below.)

IFRAME is a tag used in web page designing. ... In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. ...

Frames

An HTML document may contain a header and a body or a header and a frameset, but not both. For frames the Frames DTD must be used.

<frameset>…</frameset>

Delimit the frameset. The frames layout is given by comma separated lists in the rows and cols attributes.

<frame>…</frame>

Delimit a single frame, or region, within the frameset. A different document linked with the src attribute appears inside.

<noframes>…</noframes>

Contains a normal <body> element with child elements that will appear in web browsers that don't support frames.

<iframe>…</iframe>

An inline frame inside a normal HTML <body>, which embeds another HTML document. A similar effect can also be achieved using the object element. These approaches differ in some ways (World Wide Web Consortium [8]).

See also Framing (World Wide Web). IFRAME is a tag used in web page designing. ... The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (W3). ... On a web page, framing means that a website can be organized into frames. ...

Presentational markup

Official

The use of presentational markup is discouraged. The equivalent CSS should be used instead. Deprecated elements are only valid in the Transitional and Frameset variants of HTML 4.01 and XHTML1.0. They are invalid in the Strict variants of HTML 4.01, XHTML1.0 and XHTML 1.1. <b>…</b> and <i>…</i> are invalid in the current draft of XHTML2.0.

<center>…</center> (deprecated)

Creates a block-level centered division. May also center-align all text. Deprecated in favor of <div> or another element with centering defined using CSS.

<b>…</b>

Use boldface type. Equivalent CSS: {font-weight: bold}

<i>…</i>

Use italic type. Equivalent CSS: {font-style: italic}

<big>…</big>

Creates bigger text. Equivalent CSS: {font-size: larger}.

<small>…</small>

Creates smaller text. Equivalent CSS: {font-size: smaller}

<s>…</s> (deprecated)

<strike>…</strike> (deprecated)

Create strike-through text: Strikethrough Equivalent CSS: {text-decoration: line-through}

<tt>…</tt>

Use a typewriter-like (fixed-width) font. Equivalent CSS: {font-family: monospace}

<u>…</u> (deprecated)

Use an underlined font. Equivalent CSS: {text-decoration: underline}

<font>…</font> (deprecated)

<font [color=color] [size=size] [face=face]>…</font>

Can specify the font color with the color attribute, typeface with the face attribute, and absolute or relative size with the size attribute.

Examples (all the examples are deprecated, use CSS equivalents if possible): In typography, a typeface is a co-ordinated set of character designs, which usually comprises an alphabet of letters, a set of numerals and a set of punctuation marks. ... In computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content. ...

1. <font color="green">text</font> creates green text.
2. <font color="#1f4099">text</font> creates text with hexadecimal color #1f4099.
3. <font size="4">text</font> creates text with size 4. Sizes are from 1 to 7. The standard size is 3, unless otherwise specified in the <body> or other tags.
4. <font size="+1">text</font> creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard.. <font size="-1">text</font> is opposite.
5. <font face="Courier">text</font> makes text with Courier font.

Equivalent CSS for font attributes: Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. ...

• <font size="N"> corresponds to {font-size: Yunits} (the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit-size Y, nor does it define a unit).
• <font color="red"> corresponds to {color: red}
• <font face="Courier"> corresponds to {font-family: Courier}

Unofficial

These are unofficial presentational elements that may not be supported in all browsers.

<blink>…</blink> (unofficial)

Causes text to blink. Can be done with CSS where supported: {text-decoration: blink}

<marquee>…</marquee> (unofficial)

Creates scrolling text. No equivalent with CSS; use scripting instead.

<nobr>…</nobr> (unofficial)

Causes text to not return at end of line. Can be done with CSS: {white-space: nowrap}

The Blink tag is a non-standard HTML markup element type, whose function serves to cause text onscreen to blink. ... The marquee tag is a non-standard HTML markup element type which causes text onscreen to scroll from left to right across the screen. ...

HTML Comment

<!--…-->

Encloses a comment. This is an SGML tag and not limited to HTML, so it may appear anywhere in the document, even before the DTD or after </html>. A client should render none of its enclosed contents. The closing ">" is required. For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers, SGML comments are sometimes used inside <style> or <script> tags, but this is not necessary and may in fact cause undesired effects.

External links

• Complete lists of elements and attributes for HTML 4.01