Caron redirects here, for the French actress, see Leslie Caron.
HACEK organisms are a subgroup of bacteria. Leslie Caron (b. ... A HACEK organism is one of a set of slow-growing Gram negative bacteria that form a normal part of the human flora. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...

A háček ("ˇ", pronounced [haːʧɛk]), also known as a caron, is a diacritic placed over certain letters to indicate palatalization or iotation in the orthography of Baltic languages and some Slavic languages, whereas some Finno-Lappic languages use it to mark postalveolar fricatives (sh, zh, ch). It looks similar to a breve, but has a sharp tip, like an inverted circumflex (^), while breve is rounded. The left (down) stroke is thicker than the right (up) stroke in typographically correct typefaces, but these are rare. Compare Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ (hacek) with Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ (breve). When it is not available, in Finno-Lappic languages it can be substituted with 'h', e.g. 'sh' for 'š'. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce. ... A diacritical mark or accent mark is an additional mark added to a basic letter. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Iotation is a form of palatalisation which occurs in Slavic languages. ... The Baltic languages are a group of genetically-related languages spoken in the Northern Europe and belonging to the Indo-European language family. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... This article is about the breve breve in music, see double whole note. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ...

The word háček means "little hook" in Czech. In Slovak it is called mäkčeň (i.e. "softener" or "palatalization mark"), in Slovenian strešica ("little roof"), in Croatian kvačica (also "small hook"), and hattu ("hat") in Fennic languages. Hook has a definition at Wiktionary: hook Hook may be a reference to: a fishing hook Captain Hook, a fictional character from J. M. Barries book Peter Pan Hook, a 1991 movie starring Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook hook, a catchy musical passage hook, a type of punch portion... A roof is the top covering of a building that prevents the ingress of weather into the building interior. ...

Usage

The use of háček (and the acute) for Latin characters was introduced by Jan Hus in the 15th century into the Czech language and today it is also used by the Slovaks, Slovenians, Croatians, Bosnians, Serbs, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian Sorbs, Lithuanians, Latvians and of Fennic languages, Karelian and some Sami languages. The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ... Renaissance portrait of Jan Hus Jan Hus (1369 Husinec, Southern Bohemia – July 6, 1415 Constance) was a religious thinker and reformer. ... The Czech language is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian, and Sorbian. ... The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Finno-Ugric languages spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, in Northern Europe. ...

It is also often used as a diacritical mark on consonants for international transliteration, particularly of other Slavic languages. Philologists often prefer using it to express the sounds that in English require a digraph: "sh", "ch", and "zh", because the Slavic languages use only one character to spell these sounds. Its use for this purpose can even be found in America, because certain atlases edited in Europe but published elsewhere under a domestic logo, use it. Transliteration in a narrow sense is a mapping from one script into another script. ... The abbreviation ATLAS can stand for one of several things: Abbreviated Test Language for Avionics Systems, a tool for testing military avionics equipment. ...

It is also used as an accent mark, that is, to indicate a change in the pronunciation of a vowel. The main example is in Pinyin for Chinese, where it represents a falling-rising tone. Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...

Besides the háček and acute (čárka), the Czechs also use the diacritical mark called the kroužek (ring). The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ... In punctuation, the term ring is usually reserved for the ring above diacritic mark ˚ (looks similar to °). The ring may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets. ...

The háček is used in Americanist phonetic notation as a diacritic to indicate various types of pronunciation. Americanist phonetic notation (also Americanist Phonetic Alphabet, American Phonetic Alphabet, sometimes abbreviated APA) is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and Euro-American anthropologists and language scientists (former Neo-grammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of Native American languages. ...

Writing and printing haceks

In printed text, the hacek combined with some particular letters is reduced to a small line (as in ť ď ľ Ľ). This only rarely happens in handwritten text. Although the small line may look like an apostrophe, that is definitely not the case. Using apostrophe in place of an caron looks very unprofessional though it is quite common on goods produced in foreign countries and imported to Slovakia or the Czech Republic (compare L' Ľ, t' ť, L'ahko Ľahko). Foreigners also sometimes mistake caron for the acute accent (compare Ĺ Ľ, ĺ ľ). The word apostrophe can refer to several things: A form of punctuation, see Apostrophe (mark). ... Caron may refer to multiple things. ... The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin script. ...

Note: The plural form of háček in Czech is háčky.

List of letters

A complete list of Czech and Slovak letters with the háček/caron:

• Č/č (pronounced /ʧ/ — similar to 'ch' in cherry, e.g. Československo which means Czechoslovakia)
• Š/š (pronounced /ʃ/ — similar to 'sh' in she, e.g. in Škoda  ^listen)
• Ž/ž (pronounced /ʒ/ — similar to 's' in treasure, e.g. žal which means sorrow)
• Ř/ř (only in Czech: special fricative trill /r̝/, also transcribed as /ɼ/ pronounced roughly as a compound of trilled /r/ and /ʒ/, e.g. Antonín Dvořák  ^listen )
• Ď,Ť,Ň/ď,ť,ň (palatals, pronounced /ɟ/, /c/, /ɲ/, slightly different from palatalized consonants as found in Russian): "Ďábel a sťatý kůň" which means "Devil and beheaded horse")
• Ľ/ľ (only in Slovak: pronounced as palatal /ʎ/: "podnikateľ" means "businessman")
• DŽ/dž (pronounced /ʤ/ "džungle" means "jungle" - almost identical to the "j" sound in jungle and the "g" sound in genius. Somewhat rare.
• Ě/ě (only in Czech) indicates mostly palatalization of preceding consonant: "dě", "tě", "ně" is pronounced /ɟɛ/, /cɛ/, /ɲɛ/; but "mě" is /mɲɛ/, "bě", "pě", "vě" are /bi̯ɛ/, /pi̯ɛ/, /vi̯ɛ/

Of Baltic and Slavic languages, Croatian, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. Croatian and Latvian also use Dž. The Belarusian Lacinka alphabet also uses them. The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ... Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák  listen (September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of classical music. ... To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ... DŽ (miniscule dž, titlecase Dž) is the seventh letter of the Croatian alphabet, after D and before Đ. It is pronounced as . ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Of Finno-Lappic languages, Estonian (and transcriptions to Finnish) use Š/š and Ž/ž, and Karelian and some Sami languages use Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. Notice that these are not palatalized, but postalveolar consonants. For example, Estonian kass (palatalized) is distinct from kaš (postalveolar). Palatalization is typically ignored in spelling, but some Karelian orthographies use an apostrophe ('). The Karelian language is a variety closely related to Finnish. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Finno-Ugric languages spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, in Northern Europe. ... The word apostrophe can refer to several things: A form of punctuation, see Apostrophe (mark). ...

Other uses

The caron is also used in Mandarin Chinese pinyin romanization and orthographies of several other tonal languages to indicate the "falling-rising" tone (third tone in Mandarin). The caron can be placed on top of the following vowels: Mandarin  listen(Traditional: 北方話, Simplified: 北方话, Hanyu Pinyin: Běifānghuà, lit. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Tone refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. ... The word tone is used in several different fields with different meanings. ...

• Ǎ/ǎ
• Ě/ě
• Ǐ/ǐ
• Ǒ/ǒ
• Ǔ/ǔ
• Ǚ/ǚ

The characters Ě/ě are a part of the Unicode Latin Extended-A set because they occur in Czech, while the rest are in Latin Extended-B, which often causes an inconsistent appearance. In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...

The recommendation in Finnish is to used š instead of "sh" and ž for "zh" in transliterations, e.g. Hovanštšina, not Hovanshtshina. However, as Finnish uses neither sound, and neither keyboards nor the ubiquitous ISO_8859-1 codepage support these characters, this recommendation is rarely followed. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 or less formally as Latin-1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. ...

Software

Unicode

For legacy reasons most letters which can carry háčeks exist as precombined glyphs in Unicode, but a háček can also be added to any letter by using the character U+030C COMBINING CARON: example š or ž, but also nonstandard combinations like b̌ or q̌. In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...

TeX

In TeX, háček can be written using the sequence v. For example, a č is written as follows: The TeX mascot, by Duane Bibby TEX, written as TeX in plain text, is a typesetting system created by Donald Knuth. ...

 v{c} 

Macintosh

On Mac OS X's 'Extended' keyboard layouts the háček is typed by pressing option-v followed by the letter you want. The combination shift-option-v will produce a combining háček appended to the previous character. Mac OS X is the latest version of the Mac OS, the operating system software for Macintosh computers. ...

Microsoft Word

In Microsoft Word, you can usually find letters with háčeks by clicking Insert → Symbol → Symbols. Select "(normal text)". Microsoft Word 2003 features a number of improvements over earlier Word packages. ...

XFree86

In recent versions of XFree86/X.Org servers, letters with háček can be typed as a compose sequence <compose> c <letter>, e.g. pressing Compose-key c e yields the letter ě. XFree86 is a free and Open Source windowing system for bitmap displays implementation. ... The XOrg Foundation Open Source Public Implementation of X11 (the XOrg Server) is the official reference implementation of the X Window System. ...