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In modern parlance, the hacker ethic (otherwise known as hacktivism) is either: This rendering of a likeness of grey hat hacker Adrian Lamo highlights the mystique surrounding hackers in the context of issues of right and wrong in the digital age. ...
- the belief that information-sharing is a powerful positive good, and that it is an ethical duty of hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and facilitating access to information and computing resources wherever possible; and/or
- the belief that system cracking for fun and exploration is ethically acceptable as long as the hacker commits no theft, vandalism, or breach of confidentiality.
Both of these normative ethical principles are widely, but by no means universally, accepted among hackers. The first, and arguably the second, emerged from the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory during the '60s and '70s. This article is about free software as defined by the sociopolitical free software movement; for information on software distributed without charge, see freeware. ...
In computer security, hacker refers to a type of computer hacker who is involved in programming and computer insecurity and are able to exploits systems and/or gain unauthorized access through skills, tactics and detailed knowledge. ...
Everyday instance of theft: the bike which fits on this wheel has disappeared. ...
A caricature of Gustave Courbet taking down a Morris column, published by Le Père Duchêne illustré magazine Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement destruction of a structure or symbol against the will of the owner/governing body. ...
Confidentiality has been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access and is one of the cornerstones of Information security. ...
The MIT Artificial intelligence Laboratory was an interdisciplinary research entity at MIT founded in 1959, and one of the most influential and accomplished in the field. ...
Dr. Seuss Jean Shepherd Ringo Starr John Steinbeck Gloria Steinem Tom Stoppard Hunter S. Thompson Gore Vidal Peter Vincent Kurt Vonnegut Andy Warhol Alan Watts Bob Weir Brian Wilson Tom Wolfe There were six Olympics held during the decade. ...
The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...
Most hackers subscribe to the hacker ethic in the first sense, and many act on it by writing free software, giving the user permission to study, modify, and redistribute it. A few, such as the Free Software Foundation, go further and assert that it is immoral to prevent computer users from sharing or altering software, as is typical with proprietary software. This article is about free software as defined by the sociopolitical free software movement; for information on software distributed without charge, see freeware. ...
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
Proprietary software is software with restrictions on using, copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...
The second sense is more controversial: some people consider the act of cracking afoul of the government itself to be unethical, like breaking and entering into an office. But the belief that 'ethical' cracking excludes destruction at least moderates the behavior of people who see themselves as 'benign' crackers (see also samurai, grey hat). On this view, it may be one of the highest forms of hacker courtesy to (a) break into a system, and then (b) explain to the SysOp, preferably by email from a superuser account, exactly how it was done and how the hole can be plugged; effectively acting as an unpaid (and unsolicited) tiger team. Breaking and entering is defined as the crime of illegally entering a residence or other enclosed property using any amount of force (even pushing open an unlocked door). ...
A grey hat (or, in American english, gray hat) in the computer security community, refers to a skilled hacker who sometimes acts legally, sometimes in good will, and sometimes not. ...
SysOp (pronounced /ˈsɪs. ...
On many computer operating systems, superuser is the term used for the special user account that is controlled by the system administrator. ...
In computer software a security vulnerability is a software bug that can be used deliberately to violate security. ...
A tiger team is an individual, or more commonly a collection of individuals, who are employed or contracted by an organization to attempt to break its security, as a means of testing the reliability of that security. ...
The most reliable manifestation of either version of the hacker ethic is that almost all hackers are actively willing to share technical tricks, software, and (where possible) computing resources with other hackers. Huge cooperative networks such as Usenet, FidoNet and the Internet itself can function without central control because of this trait; they both rely on and reinforce a sense of community that may be hackerdom's most valuable intangible asset. Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP network of the same name. ...
The FidoNet logo FidoNet is a worldwide computer network that is used for communication between bulletin board systems. ...
A community usually refers to a group of people who interact and share certain things as a group, but it can refer to various collections of organisms sharing an environment, plant or animal. ...
Origins and history
The term "hacker ethic" was coined by journalist Steven Levy and used for the first time in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (1984). Levy's account of the hacker ethic is in large parts based on the values of the "old school" hackers at MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Among these hackers were Richard M. Stallman, whom Levy at the time called the last true hacker. The similarities between the Hacker Ethic and values existing in open scientific communities is, therefore, no coincidence. Steven Levy is an American journalist who has written several books on computers, technology, cryptography, the Internet, cyber security and privacy. ...
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (ISBN 0385191952) is a book by Steven Levy about the hacker culture. ...
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Richard Matthew Stallman (nickname RMS) (born March 16, 1953) is an acclaimed software freedom activist, hacker, and software developer. ...
In Levy's codification, the principles of the Hacker Ethic were:
- Access to computers — and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works — should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-on Imperative!
- All information should be free.
- Mistrust authority — promote decentralization.
- Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position.
- You can create art and beauty on a computer.
- Computers can change your life for the better.
Later in 2001, Finnish philosopher Pekka Himanen opposed the Hacker ethic with Protestant work ethic. In Himanen's opinion the hacker ethic is more closely related to the Virtue ethics found in the writings of Plato and of Aristotle. It has been suggested that Professional degree be merged into this article or section. ...
The effects of ageing on a human face Elderly woman Ageing or aging is the process of becoming older. ...
This article concerns the term race as used in reference to human beings. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Pekka Himanen (born October 19, 1973) is a Finnish philosopher. ...
The Protestant work ethic, or sometimes called the Puritan work ethic, is a Calvinist value emphasizing the necessity of constant labor in a persons calling as a sign of personal salvation. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
Aristotle (Greek: Aristotélēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a teacher of Plato and of Alexander the Great. ...
For Himanen (who wrote "The Hacker Ethic"), Torvalds (prologue), and Castells (epilogue), the hacker ethic centers around passion, hard work, creativity and joy in creating software.
Written on January 8th, 1986 by a hacker with the handle "The Mentor", 'The Hacker Manifesto' illustrates some of the commonly held philosophies of hacker ethic. Hacker ethic itself is typically a discussion arising in reference to the definition of a hacker as an individual capable and willing to infiltrate, exploit, or otherwise bypass security restrictions for some purpose. It is the intentions of the hacker, and their purpose which are deemed either ethical, or unethical based on the so called hacker ethic. Note, hackers themselves tend to have little patience for incompetence, hence, were one to damage a system in an attempt to infiltrate it, even with good intentions, it may be considered somewhat unethical in that an individual without the necessary skill to accomplish the task at hand, would be deemed unfit to take on the responsibility. The Hacker Manifesto was written to give somewhat of an insight into the motivations of a hacker, which is closely related to the so called hacker ethic. Essentially it served as an argument that, though a hacker may break the law, their intentions may still be entirely good natured, purposeful, beneficial, and otherwise ethical. Loyd Blankenship (a. ...
The Conscience of a Hacker (also known as The Hacker Manifesto) is a small essay written January 8, 1986 by a hacker who went by the handle (or pseudonym) of The Mentor (born Loyd Blankenship). ...
See also In the context of a code adopted by a profession or by a governmental or quasi-governmental organ to regulate that profession, an ethical code may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which may dispense with difficult issues of what behavior is ethical. Some codes of ethics are...
A grey hat (or, in American english, gray hat) in the computer security community, refers to a skilled hacker who sometimes acts legally, sometimes in good will, and sometimes not. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The terms hacker and hacking have controversial definitions. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Books and media Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (ISBN 0385191952) is a book by Steven Levy about the hacker culture. ...
This article is about the 1983 US movie. ...
Pekka Himanen (born October 19, 1973) is a Finnish philosopher. ...
External links - Ethical Hacking Blog
- Darknet - Ethical Hacking and Computer Security
- Enid Gabriella Coleman, an anthropologist at the University of Chicago, has written extensively on the hacker ethic and culture [1]
- Tom Chance, The Hacker Ethic and Meaningful Work
- Hacker ethic from the Jargon file
- "Hacker's manifest"
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