NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία; "Holy Wisdom", Turkish: Ayasofya) is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum, in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Medieval Seville Cathedral in 1520. Hagia Sophia or Saint Sophia (Î†Î³Î¹Î± Î£Î¿Ï†Î¯Î± in Greek, Sancta Sophia in Latin, Ayasofya in Turkish) can refer to: The Holy Wisdom of God especially in Eastern Orthodoxy: Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Holy Wisdom in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople), now a museum Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Ukraine Saint Sophia... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x688, 180 KB) Description: Einer der bekanntesten Bauten der SpÃ¤tantike: die Hagia Sophia (Baubeginn 325), nach einem Brand wieder neu errichtet unter Justinian I Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 18. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x688, 180 KB) Description: Einer der bekanntesten Bauten der SpÃ¤tantike: die Hagia Sophia (Baubeginn 325), nach einem Brand wieder neu errichtet unter Justinian I Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 18. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1090 Ã— 1646 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 397 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1090 Ã— 1646 pixels, file size: 2. ... Holy Wisdom, also called Divine Wisdom (Greek: â€œHoly Wisdomâ€, Sancta Sophia in Latin) is the theological idea that in God alone is perfect Wisdom to be found. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... St. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Louvre Museum in Paris, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... For other uses, see Dome (disambiguation). ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... Cathedral from the Patio of Oranges Interior of the Cathedral FaÃ§ade of the Cathedral The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa MarÃa de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. ...

The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots). It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50-foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focus point of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire for nearly 1000 years. Events First year in which Anno Domini calendar is actually used for numbering (in Dionysius Exiguuss treatise) January 11 - Nika riots in Constantinople; the cathedral is destroyed. ... Events Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... This article is about the Roman emperor. ... Isidore of Miletus was the architect who together with Anthemius of Tralles designed Hagia Sophia in modern day Istanbul The Emperor Justinian I decided to rebuild the 4th century basilica in Constantinople which was destroyed during the Nika riots of 532. ... Anthemius of Tralles (c. ... For other uses, see Relic (disambiguation). ... 17th-century iconostasis of Prophet Elias church, Yaroslavl. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Coptic Orthodox Pope Â· Roman Catholic Pope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Faith... Byzantine redirects here. ...

In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque. The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features - such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside - were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans. It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the secular Republic of Turkey. April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Ottoman Sultanate Commanders Constantine XI â€ , Loukas Notaras, Giovanni Giustiniani â€ [1] Mehmed II, ZaÄŸanos Pasha Strength 80,000[2] 80,000[1]-200,000[1][3] Casualties 4,000 dead[4] [5][6] unknown The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empires... Ottoman redirects here. ... The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø«Ø§Ù†Ù‰ , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (Ø§Ù„ÙØ§ØªØ), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 â€“ May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... This article is about a decorative art. ... Mihrab (in Persian Ù…Ù‡Ø±Ø§Ø¨ or Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨, in Arabic Ø£Ù„Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨ pl. ... Minbar in the OrtakÃ¶y mosque in Istanbul. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ...

For almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia served as a model for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque of Istanbul), the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque. The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Turkish: Sultanahmet Camii) is a mosque in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the capital of the Ottoman Empire (from 1453 to 1923). ... The Åžehzade Mosque (Turkish: Åžehzade Camii) is a mosque in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. ... The Suleiman Mosque side view. ... The RÃ¼stem Pasha Mosque is an Ottoman mosque located in Hasircilar Carsisi (Strawmat Weavers Market) in Eminonu, Istanbul. ...

Although it is sometimes referred to as Saint Sophia (greek for wisdom), the Greek name in full is Church of the Holy Wisdom of God Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας - and it was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom of God rather than a specific saint named Sophia. Holy Wisdom, á¼‰Î³Î¯Î± Î£Î¿Ï†Î¯Î± also called Divine Wisdom (Greek:â€œHagia Sophiaâ€, Sancta Sophia in Latin) is the theological idea that in God alone is perfect Wisdom to be found. ...

History

First church

Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Megalè Ekklèsia (Great Church), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".^[1] As often happened in those days, the site was selected because there had been a pagan temple there.^[2] The church was built next to the area where the imperial palace was being developed and next to the smaller church Hagia Eirene, finished first and acting as cathedral until the Hagia Sophia was completed. The Hagia Sophia was inaugurated by Constantius II on 15 February 360. Both churches acted together as the principal churches of the Byzantine Empire. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1536 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 464 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 464 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Church of St. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Byzantine redirects here. ...

This church was chronicled by Socrates of Constantinople (380-440), who claimed that it was built by Constantine the Great. It was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof. It was preceded by an atrium. This first church was then already claimed to be one of the world's most outstanding monuments. The appellation "Megalo Ecclesia" continued to be used for a long time, only to be replaced by the name "Hagia Sophia" after the conquest of Byzantium in 1453. Socrates of Constantinople[1] was a Greek Christian church historian, a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret, who used his work; he was born at Constantinople c. ... Constantine. ... St. ... Looking up inside the 32-story atrium of the Shanghai Grand Hyatt, part of the Jin Mao Building. ...

Second church

The patriarch of Constantinople John Chrysostom came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Arcadius and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burned down. A second church was ordered by Theodosius II, who inaugurated it on 10 October 405. The fire that started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt resulted in the destruction of the (second) Hagia Sophia that burned down to the ground on 13-14 January 532. Several marble blocks of this second church have survived to our date, and are displayed in the garden of the current (third) church. These marble slabs were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935. They were part of a monumental front entrance. For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ... John Chrysostom (349â€“ ca. ... Eudocia Augusta (c. ... Idealising bust of Arcadius in the Theodosian style combines elements of classicism with the new hieratic style (Istanbul Archaeology Museum) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arcadius For the Greek grammarian, see Arcadius of Antioch. ... Theodosius II Flavius Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450 ). The eldest son of Eudoxia and Arcadius who at the age of 7 became the Roman Emperor of the East. ... For other uses, see 405 (disambiguation). ... The Nika riots (Greek: Î£Ï„Î¬ÏƒÎ· Ï„Î¿Ï… ÎÎ¯ÎºÎ±), or Nika revolt, took place over the course of a week in Constantinople in 532. ...

Third church

On 23 February 532, only a few days after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I took the decision to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... An imaginary world composed of photorealistic inanimate, human, and plant objects spurs a psychological impact upon the viewer. ... This article is about the Roman emperor. ...

Justinian chose the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year. The construction is described by the Byzantine historian Procopius' On Buildings (De Aedificiis). The emperor had material brought over from all over the empire, such as Hellenistic columns from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Large stones were brought from far-away quarries : porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosphorus region and yellow stone from Syria. More than ten thousand people were employed during this construction. This new church was immediately recognized as a major work of architecture, demonstrating the creative insights of the architects. They may have used the theories of Heron of Alexandria to be able to construct a huge dome over such a large open space. The emperor, together with the patriarch Eutychius, inaugurated the new basilica on December 27, 537 with much pomp and circumstance. The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565-578). Isidore of Miletus was the architect who together with Anthemius of Tralles designed Hagia Sophia in modern day Istanbul The Emperor Justinian I decided to rebuild the 4th century basilica in Constantinople which was destroyed during the Nika riots of 532. ... Anthemius of Tralles (c. ... Procopius of Caesarea (in Greek Î ÏÎ¿ÎºÏŒÏ€Î¹Î¿Ï‚, c. ... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ... For the town in the southern United States, see Ephesus, Georgia. ... A piece of porphyry Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. ... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Î˜ÎµÏƒÏƒÎ±Î»Î¹Î±; modern Greek ThessalÃa; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Bosphorus - photo taken from International Space Station. ... Heros aeolipile Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (c. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Events Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius. ... Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus or Justin The Divine (c. ...

Earthquakes in August 553 and on 14 December 557 caused cracks in the main dome and the eastern half-dome to appear. The main dome collapsed completely during an earthquake on 7 May 558, destroying the ambon, the altar and the ciborium over it. The emperor ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isodorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus. This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 meters, thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.60 meters. ^[3]. This reconstruction, giving the church its present sixth-century form, was completed in 562. The Byzantine poet Paul the Silentiary composed an extant, long epic poem, known as Ekphrasis, for the rededication of the basilica on 23 December 562. Events May 7 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. ... Ambon may refer to two geographical places. ... A Ciborium is a container, used in Roman Catholic, Anglican, and related Churches rituals to store Holy Communion. ... Paul the Silentiary, also known as Paul Silentiarus was a Byzantine peot noted for his ecphrases which descibed the Hagia Sophia as if it were a meadow of marble (due to the many colours of marble employed in its construction). ... Ecphrasis or ekphrasis (from Greek ek out + phrasis speaking, verb ekphrazein, to proclaim or call an inanimate object by name) in modern times is taken to be the graphic, often dramatic description of a visual work of art while anciently the word applied to a description of any things, persons...

Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as crowning ceremonies. The basilica also offered asylum to wrongdoers. Foreign visitors were deeply impressed. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Look up asylum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In 726 the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (iconoclasm), ordering the army to destroy all icons. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene (797-802), the iconoclasts made a comeback. Emperor Theophilus (829-842) was strongly influenced by the Islamic art, forbidding graven images. He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church. Leo III the Isaurian (c. ... Statues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht, attacked in Reformation iconoclasm in the 16th century. ... This solidus struck under Irene reports the legend bASILISSH, Basilissa. ... Theophilus, in the Chronicle of John Skylitzes Theophilos or Theophilus (Greek: Î˜ÎµÏŒÏ†Î¹Î»Î¿Ï‚), (813 â€“ 20 January 842) was Byzantine emperor from 829 to 842. ... The Chi-Rho, a monogram of the first two letters in the Greek word for Christ E and L embroider for clothes and bedding, for a wife by the initials E L or L E A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or...

The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on 8 January 869 that made a half-dome collapse. Emperor Basil I ordered the church to be repaired. Basil, his son Constantine, and his second wife, emperess Eudoxia Ingerina. ...

After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.^[4]. His main repairs were to the western arch and a portion of the dome. The extent of the church's destruction meant that reconstruction lasted six years. The church was re-opened on 13 May 994. Painting of Basil II, from an 11th century manuscript. ... Hagia Sophia Trdat the Architect (c. ... The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower Ani (Armenian: , Latin: Abnicum[1] ) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. ...

In his book De Ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913-919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch. De Ceremoniis (full title: De Ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae) is a work of compilation produced for the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-959), and partially revised or updated under Nikephoros II Phokas (963-969), perhaps under the direction of Basil the Nothos, or Parakoimomenos. ... Constantine and his mother ZoÃ«. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, the Purple-born (Greek: ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î–Î„ Î Î¿ÏÏ†Ï…ÏÎ¿Î³ÎÎ½Î½Î·Ï„Î¿Ï‚, KÅnstantinos VII PorphyrogennÄ“tos), (Constantinople, September 905 â€“ November 9, 959 in Constantinople) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. ...

At the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated. The Byzantine Greek historian Nicetas Choniates described the capture of Constantinople. Many relics from the church, such as a stone from the tomb of Jesus, the Virgin Mary's milk, the shroud of Jesus, and bones of several saints, were sent to churches in the West and can be seen now in various museums in the West. During the Latin occupation of Constantinople (1204–1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral. Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia, at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices. Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church. The tomb inscription carrying his name, which has become a part of the floor decoration, was spat upon by many of the angry Byzantines who recaptured Constantinople in 1261. However, restoration carried out during the period 1847-1849 cast doubt upon the authenticity of the doge's grave. It is more likely a symbolic burial site to keep alive his memory. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 575 KB) Thomb of Henricus Dandolo, Doge of Venice, in Hagia Sophia photo by Radomil talk File links The following pages link to this file: Enrico Dandolo Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 575 KB) Thomb of Henricus Dandolo, Doge of Venice, in Hagia Sophia photo by Radomil talk File links The following pages link to this file: Enrico Dandolo Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Dandolo Preaching the Crusade, by Gustav Dore Tomb of Enrico Dandolo Enrico Dandolo (1107?-1205) was the Doge (1192-1205) of Venice during the Fourth Crusade. ... Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century For about a thousand years, the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge, a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux, as the major Italian parallel Duce and the English Duke. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge - 1789â€“97 Ludovico Manin History - Established 697 - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (EugÃ¨ne Delacroix, 1840). ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (EugÃ¨ne Delacroix, 1840). ... Nicetas Choniates (c. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... [Neilhughandafriendlypeasant. ... Events July 25 - Constantinople re-captured by Nicaean forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Empire re-formed August 29 - Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first Bela IV of Hungary repels Tatar invasion Charles of Anjou given rule of... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Baldwin I (July 1172 â€“ 1205, Bulgaria), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the... Dandolo Preaching the Crusade, by Gustav Dore Tomb of Enrico Dandolo Enrico Dandolo (1107?-1205) was the Doge (1192-1205) of Venice during the Fourth Crusade. ... Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century For about a thousand years, the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge, a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux, as the major Italian parallel Duce and the English Duke. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge - 1789â€“97 Ludovico Manin History - Established 697 - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... [Neilhughandafriendlypeasant. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ...

After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantines, the church was in a dilapidated state. The four buttresses in the west were probably built during this time. In 1317, emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church. After new cracks had developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. After that, the church remained closed until 1354, when repairs were undertaken by the architects Astras and Peralta. Andronicus II Palaeologus (1260 â€“ February 13, 1332), Byzantine emperor, was the elder son of Michael VIII Palaeologus, whom he succeeded in 1282. ...

Mosque

Immediately after the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque. At that time, the church was very dilapidated. Several of its doors had fallen off. This condition was described by several Western visitors, such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur ^[5] and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti ^[6] The sultan Mehmed II ordered the immediate cleanup of the church and its conversion to a mosque. The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 237 Ã— 598 pixelsFull resolution (1480 Ã— 3732 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 237 Ã— 598 pixelsFull resolution (1480 Ã— 3732 pixels, file size: 1. ... Mihrab (in Persian Ù…Ù‡Ø±Ø§Ø¨ or Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨, in Arabic Ø£Ù„Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨ pl. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 390 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 390 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 398 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (480 Ã— 722 pixels, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Rear view of one of the wooden frame disks suspended within the Ayasofya. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 398 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (480 Ã— 722 pixels, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Rear view of one of the wooden frame disks suspended within the Ayasofya. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... Location Coordinates : , , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name CÃ³rdoba (Spanish) Spanish name CÃ³rdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Cristoforo Buondelmonti was born in Florence (Firenze), Italy in about 1385. ... Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø«Ø§Ù†Ù‰ , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (Ø§Ù„ÙØ§ØªØ), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 â€“ May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... Sultan Beyazid II Bayezid II (1447/48 â€“ May 26, 1512) (Arabic: Ø¨Ø§ÙŠØ²ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§Ù†ÙŠ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) brought back two colossal candles from his conquest of Hungary. They were placed on both sides of the mihrab. During the reign of Selim II (1566-1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world's first earthquake engineers. In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built the two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's loge, and the mausoleum of Selim II to the southeast of the building (then a mosque) in 1577. The mausoleums of Murad III and Mehmed III were built next to it in the 1600s. Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: SulaymÄn, Turkish: ; formally Kanuni Sultan SÃ¼leyman in Turkish) (November 6, 1494 â€“ September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth and longestâ€serving Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ... Mihrab (in Persian Ù…Ù‡Ø±Ø§Ø¨ or Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨, in Arabic Ø£Ù„Ù…ØØ±Ø§Ø¨ pl. ... Selim II (Ottoman Turkish: Ø³Ù„ÙŠÙ… Ø«Ø§Ù†Ù‰ SelÄ«m-i sÄnÄ«, Turkish:)(May 28, 1524 â€“ December 12, 1574) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. ... For other uses, see Sinan (disambiguation). ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 28 - Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. ... Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. ... Mehmed III Mehmed III (May 26, 1566 â€“ December 22, 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death. ...

Later additions were the sultan's gallery, a minbar decorated with marble, a dais for a sermon and a loggia for a muezzin. Minbar in the OrtakÃ¶y mosque in Istanbul. ... The mÃ¼ezzin (the word is pronounced this way Turkish, Urdu, etc. ...

The sultan Murad III (1574-1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave. Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. ... A modern uplighter lamp made completely from Italian alabaster (white and brown types). ... View of the reconstructed Temple of Trajan at Pergamon Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Î ÎÏÎ³Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river...

Sultan Mahmud I ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a medrese (a Koranic school, now the library of the museum), a soup kitchen (for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 a fountain for ritual ablutions (Şadirvan), thus transforming it into a külliye, i.e. a social complex. At the same time a new sultan's gallery and a new mihrab were built inside. Sultan Mahmud I Mahmud I (August 2, 1696 â€“ December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1730 to 1754. ... // About the number 1739 1739 is the smallest integer that can be written as sum of three perfect cubes, in two ways. ... Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ...

The most famous restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan Abdülmecid and completed by eight hundred workers between 1847 and 1849, under the supervision of the Swiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati. The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building. The mosaics in the upper gallery were cleaned. The old chandeliers were replaced by new pendant ones. New gigantic circular-framed disks were hung on columns. They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Muhammad, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and the two grandchildren of Mohammed : Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801-1877). In 1850 the architect Fossati built a new sultan's gallery in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque. Outside the Hagia Sophia, a timekeeper's building and a new medrese were built. The minarets were altered so that they were of equal height. When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with ceremonial pomp on 13 July 1849. AbdÃ¼lmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬ÙŠØ¯ Ø§ÙˆÙ„ â€˜AbdÃ¼â€™l-MecÄ«d-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 â€“ June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A contemporary chandelier in the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky. ... Allah is the Arabic language word for God. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ... â€˜Usman ibn â€˜AffÄn () (c. ... For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation). ... Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib ()â€Ž (Fifteenth of Ramadan, 3 AH â€“ Twenty-eighth of Safar, 50 AH) [6] was the grandson of Muhammad, and was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shiâ€™a Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph) and Fatima Zahra (a daughter of Muhammad). ... This article is about Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (626 â€“ 680). ...

Museum

In 1935, the first Turkish President and founder of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, transformed the building into a museum. The carpets were removed and the marble floor decorations appeared for the first time in centuries, while the white plaster covering the mosaics was painstakingly removed by expert restorers. 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... â€œMustafa Kemalâ€ redirects here. ...

Architecture

Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture. Of great artistic value was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed "Solomon, I have surpassed thee!" (Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών). Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3996x1912, 1770 KB) Description: LÃ¤ngsschnitt der Hagia Sophia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3996x1912, 1770 KB) Description: LÃ¤ngsschnitt der Hagia Sophia. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 473 pixelsFull resolution (4173 Ã— 2467 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 473 pixelsFull resolution (4173 Ã— 2467 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 582 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (795 Ã— 819 pixels, file size: 262 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 582 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (795 Ã— 819 pixels, file size: 262 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... This article is about a decorative art. ... For other uses, see Marble (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Cathedral from the Patio of Oranges Interior of the Cathedral FaÃ§ade of the Cathedral The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa MarÃa de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. ...

Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. Under Justinian's orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.^[7] Late Antiquity is a rough periodization (c. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Temple of Bacchus Details inside Temple of Bacchus Baalbek (Arabic: ) is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 3,850 ft (1,170 m), situated east of the Litani River. ...

The vast interior has a complex structure. The vast nave is covered by a central dome which has a maximum diameter of 31.24 meters and a height from floor level of 55.60 meters, about one fourth smaller than the dome of the Pantheon. The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light. Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m. Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ... For other uses, see Dome (disambiguation). ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Î Î¬Î½Î¸ÎµÎ¿Î½ Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ...

The dome is carried on pendentives — four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base. At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners. Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches. These were reinforced with butresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Sinan. The pendentive (painted yellow) Pendentive in the Hagia Sophia A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. ... For other uses, see Sinan (disambiguation). ...

At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semidomed exedras. Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity. Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, that was solved by adding buttresses from the outside. An exedra adopted by James Cameron for a neoclassical interior space, at the Hermitage In architecture an exedra is a semicircular recess, often crowned by a half-dome, which is usually set into a buildings facade. ...

All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick. This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect. A piece of porphyry Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. ...

On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes. The yellow and red colour of the exterior was added by the architect Fossati during the restorations in the 19th century.

Imperial Gate

The Imperial Gate was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex. It was reserved only for the emperor. The Byzantine mosaic above the portal depicts Christ and Emperor Leo VI the Wise. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 404 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1604 Ã— 2378 pixels, file size: 1,023 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 404 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1604 Ã— 2378 pixels, file size: 1,023 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. ...

Marble jar

The marble jar was brought from Pergamon during the reign of Sultan Murad III. Originally from the Hellenistic period, it was carved from a single block of marble. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixels, file size: 444 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixels, file size: 444 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... View of the reconstructed Temple of Trajan at Pergamon Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Î ÎÏÎ³Î±Î¼Î¿Ï‚, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river... Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. ...

Dome

The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians and architects because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned the dome. The dome is supported by pendentives which had never been used before the building of this structure. The pendentive enables the round dome to transition gracefully into the square shape of the piers below. The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... å…ç¿¼å¤©ä½¿ Seraphim(å…ç¿¼å¤©ä½¿) is a Taiwanese symphonic metal band similar to Nightwish and Therion. ... The pendentive (painted yellow) Pendentive in the Hagia Sophia A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. ...

Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. The bricklayers used more mortar than brick, which weakened the walls. The structure would have been more stable if the builders at least let the mortar cure before they began the next layer; however, they did not do this. When the dome was placed atop the building, the weight of the dome caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to support the weight of the new dome. Another probable change in the design of the dome when it was rebuilt was the actual height of the dome. Isidore the Younger raised the height of the dome by approximately twenty feet so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and the weight of the dome would flow more easily down the walls.

A second interesting fact about the original structure of the dome was how the architects were able to place forty windows around the base of the dome. Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical quality of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, which gives the dome the appearance of hovering above the nave. This design is possible because the dome is shaped like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella with ribs that extend from the top of the dome down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation. Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ...

The anomalies in the design of Hagia Sophia show how this structure is one of the most advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity.

Upper Imperial Gallery

Loge of the Empress

The Loge of the Empress is located in the centre of the upper enclosure, or gallery, of the Hagia Sophia. From there the empress and the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below. A round, green stone marks the spot where the throne of the empress stood. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1920 pixels, file size: 894 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 Ã— 1920 pixels, file size: 894 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The thrones for The Queen of Canada, and the Duke of Edinburgh in the Canadian Senate, Ottawa is usually occupied by the Governor General and her spouse at the annual State Opening of Parliament. ...

Marble Door

The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure, or gallery. It was used by the participants in synods, they entered and left the meeting chamber through this door. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 453 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 Ã— 1200 pixels, file size: 453 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ...

Decorations

Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs of the marble slabs on the walls and mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these, one can still see the two archangels Gabriel and Michael in the spandrels of the bema. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the eulogy of Paul the Silentiary. The spandrels of the gallery are revetted in opus sectile, showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during the iconoclastic controversy (726-843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period. The number of treasures, relics and miracle-working, painted icons of the Hagia Sophia grew progressively richer into an amazing collection. Apart from the mosaics, a large number of figurative decorations were added during the second half of the ninth century : an image of Christ in the central dome; Orthodox saints, prophets and Church Fathers in the tympana below; historical figures connected with this church, such as Patriarch Ignatios; some scenes from the gospel in the galleries. A spandrel is originally a term from Architecture, but has more recently been given an analogous meaning in Evolutionary biology. ... Paul the Silentiary, also known as Paul Silentiarus was a Byzantine peot noted for his ecphrases which descibed the Hagia Sophia as if it were a meadow of marble (due to the many colours of marble employed in its construction). ... Opus sectile refers to an art technique popularized in Rome where materials were cut and inlaid into walls and floors to make a picture or pattern. ... Statues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht, attacked in Reformation iconoclasm in the 16th century. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers... Tympanum may mean: The eardrum; or A sculpted panel that stands within the recessed area formed by a larger arch above the doors to a church or similar building, especially in Romanesque and Gothic architecture; or A single drum in the orchestral percussion section usually called timpani. ... Gospel, from the Old English good tidings is a calque of Greek () used in the New Testament (see Etymology below). ...

Mosaics

The church was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries. They either depicted the Virgin Mother, Jesus, Saints, or emperors and empresses. Other parts were decorated in a purely decorative style with geometric patters. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 Ã— 2560 pixels, file size: 891 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 Ã— 2560 pixels, file size: 891 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

During the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized the valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Much of these valuable items were shipped to Venice, whose Doge, Enrico Dandolo, had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople. The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (EugÃ¨ne Delacroix, 1840). ... [Neilhughandafriendlypeasant. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century For about a thousand years, the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge, a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux, as the major Italian parallel Duce and the English Duke. ... Dandolo Preaching the Crusade, by Gustav Dore Tomb of Enrico Dandolo Enrico Dandolo (1107?-1205) was the Doge (1192-1205) of Venice during the Fourth Crusade. ...

Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were destroyed or covered with plaster, due to Islam's ban on representational imagery. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847-49, the building was restored by two Swiss brothers, Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati, and Sultan Abdülmecid allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process. This work did not include repairing the mosaics and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. This work included covering the previously uncovered faces of two seraphim mosaics located in the centre of the building. The building currently features a total of four of these images and two of them are restorations in paint created by the Fossatis to replace two images of which they could find no surviving remains. In other cases, the Fossatis recreated damaged decorative mosaic patterns in paint, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in an earthquake in 1894. These include a great mosaic of Christ Pantocrator in the dome, a mosaic over a now unidentified Door of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross and a large number of images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana. The Fossatis also added a pulpit (minbar) and the four large medallions on the walls of the nave bearing the names of Muhammad and Islam's first caliphs. For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... AbdÃ¼lmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¬ÙŠØ¯ Ø§ÙˆÙ„ â€˜AbdÃ¼â€™l-MecÄ«d-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 â€“ June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ... å…ç¿¼å¤©ä½¿ Seraphim(å…ç¿¼å¤©ä½¿) is a Taiwanese symphonic metal band similar to Nightwish and Therion. ... For other uses, see Pantokrator (disambiguation). ... Also known as the Latin cross or crux ordinaria. ... This article is about the supernatural being. ... For other uses, see Saint (disambiguation). ... For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ... The Church Fathers or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian church, particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history. ... Tympanum may mean: The eardrum; or A sculpted panel that stands within the recessed area formed by a larger arch above the doors to a church or similar building, especially in Romanesque and Gothic architecture; or A single drum in the orchestral percussion section usually called timpani. ... Minbar in the OrtakÃ¶y mosque in Istanbul. ...

Imperial Gate mosaic

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 503 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1287 pixels, file size: 302 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 503 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1287 pixels, file size: 302 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This article is about the Byzantine Emperor. ... Pantocrator (Greek Î Î±Î½Ï„Î¿ÎºÏÎ±Ï„Î¿Ï) literally means Lord (or master) of Everything (the universe). It is one of the names given to Christ by Greek Orthodox Christians. ...

Southwestern entrance mosaic

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 548 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1404 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 548 pixelsFull resolution (2048 Ã— 1404 pixels, file size: 1. ... Look up Constantine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Roman emperor. ... The Chi-Rho, a monogram of the first two letters in the Greek word for Christ E and L embroider for clothes and bedding, for a wife by the initials E L or L E A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or...

Apse mosaics

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 Ã— 2560 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1920 Ã— 2560 pixels, file size: 1. ... This coin struck during the regency of Theodora shows how Michael was less prominent than his mother, who is represented as ruler alone on the obverse, and even than his sister Thecla, who is depicted together with the young Michael on the reverse of this coin. ... Basil, his son Constantine, and his second wife, emperess Eudoxia Ingerina. ... There is also a Bema in the province of Bergamo in Italy, see Bema, Italy Area - Population (2003) - Population density - Website Bema is one of the districts of the City of Białystok. ...

Upper Gallery

Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery.

Emperor Alexander mosaic

Empress Zoe mosaics

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 788 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1540 pixels, file size: 436 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 788 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1540 pixels, file size: 436 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Mosaic of Constantine IX and Empress Zoe Constantine IX Monomachus (c. ... Empress Zoe as depicted in a mosaic from the Hagia Sophia Zoe (in Greek Î–Ï‰Î®, meaning life), (c. ... Romanus III. Romanos III Argyros or Romanus III Argyrus (Greek: Î¡Ï‰Î¼Î±Î½ÏŒÏ‚ Î“Î„ Î‘ÏÎ³Ï…ÏÏŒÏ‚, RÅmanos III Argyros), (968 â€“ April 11, 1034) was Byzantine emperor (November 15, 1028 - April 11, 1034). ... Michael IV (1010 â€“ December 10, 1041), called the Paphlagonian (in Greek, ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î Î±Ï†Î»Î±Î³ÏŽÎ½, meaning from the province of Paphlagonia), was Byzantine emperor from April 11, 1034 to December 10, 1041. ...

Comnenos mosaic

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 783 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1549 pixels, file size: 403 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 783 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1549 pixels, file size: 403 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... â€œJohn Komnenusâ€ redirects here. ... Piroska of Hungary (1088 - 13 August 1134) was a daughter of Ladislaus I of Hungary and Adelaide of Swabia. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...

Deësis mosaic

Image File history File links Deesis_hagiasophia. ... Image File history File links Deesis_hagiasophia. ... MaestÃ (Madonna with Angels and Saints) (1308-11) Tempera on wood, 214 x 412 cm Museo dellOpera del Duomo, Siena Duccio di Buoninsegna (c. ... For other uses, see Pantokrator (disambiguation). ... This article or section should be merged with End times and Last judgment The Last Judgement - Tympanum sculpture at the Abbey Church of Ste-Foy, Conques-en-Rouergue, France In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgement is the ethical-judicial trial, judgement, and punishment/reward of individual humans (assignment to heaven...

Northern tympanon mosaics

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 666 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1821 pixel, file size: 477 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 666 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 1821 pixel, file size: 477 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Tympanum may mean: Eardrum A sculpted panel that stands within the recessed area formed by a larger arch above the doors to a church or similar building, especially in Romanesque and Gothic architecture singular of timpani (drum) This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share...

20th-century restoration

A large number of mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the American Byzantine Institute led by Thomas Whittemore. The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster, but uncovered all major mosaics found. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 399 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1294 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 399 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1294 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Due to its long history as both a church and a mosque, a particular challenge arises in the restoration process. The Christian iconographic mosaics are being gradually uncovered. However, in order to do so, important, historic Islamic art would have to be destroyed. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures. In particular, much controversy rests upon whether the Islamic calligraphy on the dome of the cathedral should be removed, in order to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World, to be exhibited (assuming the mosaic still exists). Look up Iconography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Contemporary Western Calligraphy. ... Pantocrator (Greek Î Î±Î½Ï„Î¿ÎºÏÎ±Ï„Î¿Ï) literally means Lord (or master) of Everything (the universe). It is one of the names given to Christ by Greek Orthodox Christians. ...

Trivia

Hagia Sophia is featured in the 1963 James Bond film From Russia With Love where Bond's lover Tatiana Romanova slips Bond small blueprints of Istanbul's Russian consulate where Bond needs to steal the Lektor communication device. The Hagia Sophia is also seen in background shots in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough. 007 redirects here. ... For the video game, see From Russia with Love (video game). ... 007 redirects here. ... For other uses, see The World Is Not Enough (disambiguation). ...

The Hagia Sophia also appeared in the Istanbul level of the game Driv3r. Though unnamed, the museum could be easily recognized as it was accurately recreated for the game. The interior however, is inaccessible. DRIV3R or more commonly known as Driver 3, or Drive-three-er, is a racing, shooting, and adventure video game. ...

As seen in the photo, one of the minarets (at southwest) was built from red brick while the other three were built from white marble; of which the slender one at northeast was erected by Sultan Bayezid II while the two larger minarets at west were erected by Sultan Selim II and designed by the famous Ottoman architect Sinan. The reason for the varying dimensions and mass of the minarets was to counterweight the main structure's mass and distribute the weight uniformly. This application by Mimar Sinan was one of the earliest seismic and geotechnical engineering efforts in the world. Latest research shows that without the counterweight of the minarets, the main structure would tend to collapse. Sultan Beyazid II Bayezid II (1447/48 â€“ May 26, 1512) (Arabic: Ø¨Ø§ÙŠØ²ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ø«Ø§Ù†ÙŠ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ... Selim II (Ottoman Turkish: Ø³Ù„ÙŠÙ… Ø«Ø§Ù†Ù‰ SelÄ«m-i sÄnÄ«, Turkish:)(May 28, 1524 â€“ December 12, 1574) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. ... Sinan should no be confused with Sinan Pasha. ...

Gallery

Footnotes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

History

First church

Second church

Third church

Mosque

Museum

Architecture

Imperial Gate

Marble jar

Dome

Upper Imperial Gallery

Loge of the Empress

Marble Door

Decorations

Mosaics

Imperial Gate mosaic

Southwestern entrance mosaic

Apse mosaics

Upper Gallery

Emperor Alexander mosaic

Empress Zoe mosaics

Comnenos mosaic

Deësis mosaic

Northern tympanon mosaics

20th-century restoration

Trivia

Gallery

Footnotes

See also

References

External links

Photos and paintings

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

First church

Second church

Third church

Mosque

Museum

Architecture

Imperial Gate

Marble jar

Dome

Upper Imperial Gallery

Loge of the Empress

Marble Door

Decorations

Mosaics

Imperial Gate mosaic

Southwestern entrance mosaic

Apse mosaics

Upper Gallery

Emperor Alexander mosaic

Empress Zoe mosaics

Comnenos mosaic

Deësis mosaic

Northern tympanon mosaics

20th-century restoration

Trivia

Gallery

Footnotes

See also

References

External links

Photos and paintings

History