In genetics, a hairpin is a part of single-stranded DNA, usually a palindromic sequence, that aligns with itself to form a needle-like structure. A single-stranded DNA like
Hairpin sequences are folded into their original complementary patterns to illustrate the methylation states of CpG dyads.
Other highlighting shows: hairpin linker, gray; unconverted CpG dyads, red; converted CpG dyads, blue; unconverted non-CpG cytosines, magenta; CpG dyads that are uninformative because of PCR or sequencing errors, as well as ambiguous sequence polymorphisms, yellow; PCR errors, green.
Because the presence/absence of complementarity within hairpin sequences can be used to distinguish between evolutionary mutations and PCR errors, the non-CpG cytosine in sequence NM848158A was counted as a PCR error rather than as a nonconversion.
Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms, as well as the medical practice of diagnosing, treating, and counseling patients with genetic disorders.
Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and breeding of plants and animals.
Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules.
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