Halford John Mackinder

Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15, 1861 - March 6, 1947), was an English geographer. This article concerns the British Sovereigns Privy Council. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. ...

He was educated at Epsom College and Christ Church, Oxford, and specialised as a physical geographer, later later branching into economics and political theory, arguing that physical and human geography should be treated as a single discipline. He joined the London School of Economics at its foundation and was its director from 1903 till 1908. Christ Church, Oxford - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Economics is the social science studying production and consumption through measurable variables. ... Niccolò Machiavelli, ca 1500, became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to political science Political Science is the systematic study of the allocation and transfer of power in decision making. ... Physical map of the Earth (Medium) (Large 2 MB) Geography is the scientific study of the locational and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on Earth. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often called the London School of Economics or the LSE, is one of the worlds major specialist universities in economics and social sciences. ...

Work and achievements

• In 1887 he was appointed Reader in Geography at Oxford University, then by far the most senior position for a British geographer, announcing: "A platform has been given to a geographer." By 1899 he had drawn together a single School of Geography.
• The climbing of Mt. Kenya in 1899.
• In 1902 the publication of "Britain and The British Seas", which included the first comprehensive geomorphology of Britain, and in which he described Britain as 'a lump of coal surrounded by fish'.
• And in 1904 and the formulation and addition of the Heartland Theory to the field of Geopolitics, with the submission of a paper titled "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society. Although initially receiving little attention outside geography, this theory would influence the foreign policies of world powers ever since.
• He helped found the University of Reading in 1892, and the Geographical Association in 1893 which promoted (and promotes) the teaching of geography in schools. He was GAs chair from 1913 to 1946 and President from 1916.
• He was knighted in 1920.

Possibly disappointed at not getting a full Chair, Mackinder left Oxford and joined the civil service, lecturing only part time, mainly at the London School of Economics. He was elected to Parliament in 1910 as Unionist member for the Camlachie, Glasgow and was defeated in 1922. 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya, and the second-highest in Africa (after Mount Kilimanjaro). ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Events January-April January 28 - The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. ... Geomorphology is the study of present-day landforms, including their classification, description, nature, origin, development, and relationships to underlying structures, as well as the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features. ... The word Britain is used to refer to the United Kingdom (UK) the island of Great Britain, which consists of the countries of England, Scotland, and Wales sometimes the Roman province called Britain or Britannia The word British generally means belonging to or associated with Britain in one of the... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Geopolitics analyses politics, history and social science with reference to geography. ... Geopolitics analyses politics, history and social science with reference to geography. ... The Royal Geographical Society is a learned society, founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the African Association founded by Joseph Banks in 1788. ... For political interaction among states, see foreign policy. ... The University of Reading is a university in the English town of Reading. ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Geographical Association is a Sheffield,United Kingdom-based organisation that aims to further the teaching of geography and to communicate the value of learning geography for all. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Physical map of the Earth (Medium) (Large 2 MB) Geography is the scientific study of the locational and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on Earth. ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public-sector employee working for a government department or agency. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often called the London School of Economics or the LSE, is one of the worlds major specialist universities in economics and social sciences. ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

His next major work was in 1919 - Democratic Ideals and Society - was a perspective on the 1904 work in the light of peace treaties and Woodrow Wilson's idealism. This contains his most famous quote: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World" 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 45th state Governor of New Jersey (1911-1913) and later the 28th President of the United States (1913-1921). ...

Enter the Nazis

The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, in particular by Karl Haushofer. Although there is no evidence that Mackinder had any Nazi sympathy, when the German exploitation of his ideas became known on the United Kingdom, he became very unpopular. That he was a fluent German speaker, with many intellectual friends in Germany did not help his image and he died, still somewhat under a cloud. The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... General Karl Haushofer General Karl Haushofer (August 27, 1869-March 13, 1946) popularised geopolitics, notably in the Nazi regime. ...

This is almost certainly unfair. Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes). Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ... The term White Russian may refer to: A member of the White movement, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. ... An economist is someone who studies Economics. ... John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton (pronounced Kaynes) (June 5, 1883 – April 21, 1946) was an English economist, whose radical ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. ...

The importance of Mackinder

Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. Oxford would not appoint a Chair until 1934, but Liverpool University and Aberystwyth University both appointed Chairs in 1917. Mackinder was given a personal chair at the University of London in 1923. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than any single British geographer. The University of Liverpool is a university in the city of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. ... The University of Wales, Aberystwyth, a Member Institution of the federal University of Wales, was the first university institution to be established in Wales. ... Senate House, designed by Charles Holden home to the universitys central administration offices and its library The University of London, founded in 1836, is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ...

Mackinder on geography

"The science whose main function is to trace the interaction of man in society and as much of his environment and as varies locally."

"The science of distribution. The science, that is, which traces the arrangement of things in general on the Earth's surface."

External Links

• Mackinder biographical entry (http://www.lse.ac.uk/resources/LSEHistory/mackinder.htm) at the London School of Economics