Halford John Mackinder

Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15, 1861 - March 6, 1947), was an English geographer and geopolitician. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (723x747, 38 KB)Halford John Mackinder. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (723x747, 38 KB)Halford John Mackinder. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001... A geographer is a crazy psycho whose area of study is geocrap, the pseudoscientific study of Earths physical environment and human habitat and the study of boring students to death. ... Geopolitics analyses politics, history and social science with reference to geography. ...

He was educated at Epsom College and Christ Church, Oxford, and specialised as a physical geographer, later branching into economics and political theory, arguing that physical and human geography should be treated as a single discipline. Epsom College is a co-educational Public School in Epsom, Surrey, England with around 720 pupils, and a member of the Headmasters Conference. ... College name Christ Church Named after Jesus Christ Established 1546 Sister College Trinity College Dean The Very Revd Christopher Andrew Lewis JCR President William Dorsey Undergraduates 426 Graduates 154 Home page Boat Club Christ Church (Latin: Ædes Christi, the temple or house of Christ, and thus once commonly and still... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala. ... Niccolò Machiavelli, ca 1500, became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to political science Political Science is the systematic study of the allocation and transfer of power in decision making. ...

Work and achievements

• In 1887 he was appointed Reader in Geography at Oxford University, then by far the most senior position for a British geographer, announcing: "A platform has been given to a geographer." By 1899 he had drawn together a single School of Geography.
• The climbing of Mt. Kenya in 1899.
• In 1902 the publication of "Britain and The British Seas", which included the first comprehensive geomorphology of Britain, and in which he described Britain as 'a lump of coal surrounded by fish'.
• In 1895, he was one of the founders of the London School of Economics.
• And in 1904 and the formulation and addition of the Heartland Theory to the field of Geopolitics, with the submission of a paper titled "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society. Although initially receiving little attention outside geography, this theory would influence the foreign policies of world powers ever since.
• He helped found the University of Reading in 1892, and the Geographical Association in 1893 which promoted (and promotes) the teaching of geography in schools. He was GAs chair from 1913 to 1946 and President from 1916.
• He was knighted in 1920.

Possibly disappointed at not getting a full Chair, Mackinder left Oxford and became director of the London School of Economics between 1903 and 1908. After 1908, he concentrated on advocating the cause of imperial unity and only was involved in lecturing part-time. He was elected to Parliament in 1910 as Unionist Party member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated in 1922. 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya, and the second-highest in Africa (after Mount Kilimanjaro). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Surface of the Earth Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist university and a constituent college of the federal University of London, located on Houghton Street in Central London, off the Aldwych and next to the Royal... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Overview The Geographical Pivot of History was an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1902 to the Royal Geographical Society. ... Geopolitics analyses politics, history and social science with reference to geography. ... The Geographical Pivot of History was an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1902 to the Royal Geographical Society that advanced his Heartland Theory. ... The Royal Geographical Society is a learned society, founded in 1830 with the name Geographical Society of London for the advancement of geographical science, under the patronage of King William IV. It absorbed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (founded by Joseph Banks in... A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... The University of Reading (pronounced Redding) is a university in the English town of Reading. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Geographical Association is a Sheffield,United Kingdom-based organisation that aims to further the teaching of geography and to communicate the value of learning geography for all. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist university and a constituent college of the federal University of London, located on Houghton Street in Central London, off the Aldwych and next to the Royal... -1... The Conservative Party is the largest political party on the centre-right in the United Kingdom. ... Glasgow Camlachie was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1950. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

His next major work was in 1919 - Democratic Ideals and Society - was a perspective on the 1904 work in the light of peace treaties and Woodrow Wilson's idealism. This contains his most famous quote: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes). 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ... The term White Russian may refer to: A member of the White movement, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. ... An economist is an individual who studies, develops, and applies theories and concepts from economics, and writes about economic policy. ... John Maynard Keynes (right) and Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods Conference John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (pronounced kānz / kAnze) (June 5, 1883 – April 21, 1946) was a British economist whose ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on...

Enter the Nazis

The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, in particular by Karl Haushofer. Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas. The German interpretation of the Heartland Theory is referred to explicitly (wihout mentioning the connection to Mackinder) in The Nazis Strike, the second of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series of American World War II propaganda films. The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... General Karl Haushofer General Karl Ernst Haushofer (August 27, 1869, Munich - March 13, 1946, Pähl) was a German geopolitician. ... Geopolitik is the German branch of Geopolitics. ... The Nazis Strike was the second film of Frank Capras Why We Fight propaganda film series. ... Frank Capra Frank Capra (May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an American film director and a major creative force behind a number of highly popular films. ... Prelude to War depicts the Nazi propaganda machine. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... The Why We Fight Series depicts the Nazi propaganda machine. ...

The importance of Mackinder

Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. Oxford would not appoint a Chair until 1934, but Liverpool University and Aberystwyth University both appointed Chairs in 1917. Mackinder was given a personal chair at the London School of Economics in 1923. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than any single British geographer. The University of Liverpool is a university in the city of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. ... The University of Wales, Aberystwyth, a Member Institution of the federal University of Wales, was the first university institution to be established in Wales. ... The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist university and a constituent college of the federal University of London, located on Houghton Street in Central London, off the Aldwych and next to the Royal...

Mackinder on geography

"The science whose main function is to trace the interaction of man in society and as much of his environment and as varies locally."

"The science of distribution. The science, that is, which traces the arrangement of things in general on the Earth's surface."

External links

• Mackinder biographical entry at the London School of Economics