This view from space in July 1996 shows portions of each of the Seven Cities of Hampton Roads which generally surround the harbor area of Hampton Roads, which framed by the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel visible to the east (right), the Virginia Peninsula subregion to the north (top), and the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel to the west (left) and the 3 branches of the Elizabeth River which drain into the harbor from the south (bottom), running through many communities of the South Hampton Roads subregion. To the west of the harbor, are the mouths of the James River (upper left) and the Nansemond River (lower left). Crossing the James River, the 4 mile-long James River Bridge is also clearly visible, connecting Newport News with Isle of Wight County. NASA photograph

Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and the region of land areas which surround it in southeastern Virginia in the USA. Hampton Roads is notable for its ice-free harbor, for U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force facilities, shipbuilding and repair yards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy. Image File history File linksMetadata Newport_news_norfolk_portsmouth_rotated. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Newport_news_norfolk_portsmouth_rotated. ... The Seven Cities of Hampton Roads are 7 independent cities located in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia in the United States. ... Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) is the 3. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel (MMMBT) is the 4. ... The Elizabeth River is a short tidal estuary forming an arm of Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... The Nansemond River is a tributary of the James River in the U.S. state of Virginia. ... James River Bridge, near Hampton Roads in Virginia. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Isle of Wight is an unincorporated town in Virginia. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Seal of the Air Force. ... Aerial view looking east of Virginian Railway coal piers at Sewells Point on Hampton Roads near Norfolk, Virginia. ...

The water area known as Hampton Roads (informally known locally as "the harbor") is one of the world's biggest natural harbors, and incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River and James River with several smaller rivers and itself empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... The Elizabeth River is a short tidal estuary forming an arm of Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ...

The land area includes most of the cities, counties and towns in the southeastern corner of Virginia. The Virginia Peninsula and the South Hampton Roads subregions of Hampton Roads are sometimes collectively referred to as "Tidewater Virginia". However, that term properly applied also refers, geographically, to the entire coastal plain of Virginia including areas north of the Hampton Roads region. The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ... In geography, a coastal plain is an area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast and separated from the interior by other features. ...

There are also frequent references to the "Seven Cities," the latter after the region's seven major cities: Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach, each of which is linked by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway. However, the region also includes the smaller independent cities of Franklin, Poquoson, and Williamsburg, as well as a number of counties and towns beyond the boundaries of the cities. The Seven Cities of Hampton Roads are 7 independent cities located in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia in the United States. ... Chesapeake is the name of various places in the United States of America: Chesapeake, Ohio Chesapeake, Virginia There are also: Chesapeake Academy, an independent PK-Gr 5 school located in Arnold, Maryland near Annapolis. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... Newport News is an independent city located in Virginia. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1742 Mayor Linda T. Johnson Area    - City 1,111. ... Part of the Virginia Beach oceanfront resort strip. ... A map of the Hampton Roads Beltway (from the Virginia Department of Transportation) Hampton Roads Beltway is a loop of Interstate 64 and Interstate 664 highways which link the communities of the Virginia Peninsula and South Hampton Roads which surround the body of water known as Hampton Roads in the... An independent city is a city that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Incorporated March, 1876 Government  - Mayor James P. Councill Area  - City  8. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1631 Government  - Mayor Gordon Heisel, Jr. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ...

The Hampton Roads metropolitan area (officially, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA) has a population of about 1.6 million, making it the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States (behind only Atlanta and Charlotte in the Southeast) and the largest metropolitan area in the United States without a professional major league sports team. (There are minor league teams and several Division I-AA college teams in the area.) Newport News, Hampton, Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia from space, July 1996 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA is a U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June, 2003. ...

The area is steeped in 400 years of American history, and hundreds of historical sites and attractions in the area draw visitors from around the world each year. In late 2006, the Hampton Roads Partnership, a non-profit organization representing 17 localities, all local universities and major military commands as well as leading businesses in southeastern Virginia, commenced a campaign aimed at branding Hampton Roads as "America's First Region." (See additional information in separate section below.)

The harbor was the key to the Hampton Roads area's growth, both on land and in water-related activities and events. Ironically, the harbor and its tributary waterways were (and still are) both important transportation conduits and obstacles to other land-based commerce and travel. Yet, the community leaders learned to overcome them. Many early bridges were constructed and funded privately through the collection of tolls. Later, state-sponsorship was required to fund larger projects. The area came to be known for its bridge-tunnel complexes, each innovatively designed and funded with toll revenue bonds, including the longest in the world across the entire mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ... A revenue bond is a special type of municipal bond distinguished by its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by a specified revenue-generating entity associated with the purpose of the bonds. ...

In the 21st century, the conflicts between traffic on vital waterways and land-based travel continue to present the area's leaders with extraordinary transportation challenges. Public opinion polls seem to indicate that many citizens feel the accomplishments with the historic bridge-tunnels and the many other improvements since, such as the completion of the Hampton Roads Beltway and an additional bridge-tunnel in 1992, are indicative that the region's leaders will be capable of seeking and employing new transportation and funding solutions for the future, and that they will receive the necessary public support to do so.

History

The harbor area of Hampton Roads, from official state map of pre-civil war Virginia circa 1858, North is at the top. image from the Library of Virginia

Hampton Roads, Virginia - from official state map published in 1859 Template:PD-US File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia - from official state map published in 1859 Template:PD-US File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

1607: the English colonists chose Jamestown

The first colonists arrived in 1607 when English Captain Christopher Newport's three ships, his flagship Susan Constant, the smaller Godspeed, and even smaller Discovery landed in April 1607 at Cape Henry along the Atlantic Coast in today's City of Virginia Beach, an event now known as the "First Landing." However, they moved on, under orders from the Virginia Company of London, the crews and new colonists sought a more sheltered area up one of the rivers. Their major concern was other European competitors such as the Spanish, who had earlier discovered the Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's rivers, and had even in 1570 begun a small settlement on the Virginia Peninsula known as the Ajacan Mission, which had failed. Christopher Newport (c. ... A flagship is the ship used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. ... Susan Constant was the largest of three ships of the English East India Company led by Captain Christopher Newport on the voyage which resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia in 1607. ... Godspeed may refer to: Godspeed - a term used to express respect and good will when addressing someone, typically someone about to go on a journey or a daring endeavor. ... Discovery was a 70-ton fly-boat of the English East India Company, launched before 1602. ... Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia. ... Virginia Company of London Seal The London Company (also called the Virginia Company of London) was an English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... The Ajacan Mission was a failed attempt in the 16th century by Spanish Jesuit priests to settle and bring Christianity to the Native Americans of the Virginia Peninsula area of the New World. ...

During 18 days of exploring the area, they surely saw the enormous harbor of Hampton Roads, and some of the party must have appreciated its possibilities. However, after exploring the James River west at least as far as present-day Hopewell, they agreed upon Jamestown Island, where they established the first English speaking settlement to survive in the New World on May 14, 1607. The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... Waterfront at City Point, Virginia (now Hopewell) in 1865 Hopewell is an independent city in the state of Virginia. ... Jamestown was a village on an island in the James River in Virginia, about 45 miles southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (135th in leap years). ... Events January 20 - Tidal wave swept along the Bristol Channel, killing 2000 people. ...

Despite the defensive advantages of that location against Spanish attacks, the low and marshy site at Jamestown proved a very poor choice in many other ways. More than five years of fragile existence and high mortality rates followed including the Starving Time of 1609-10 when over 80% of the 500 colonists perished before the future of the Virginia Colony began to appear more promising. The change came about with the just-in-time arrival of a new Governor, Lord Delaware, and a new colonist with a successful business idea named John Rolfe. The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Virginia Colony occurred during the winter of 1609–10. ... The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony from sea to sea The Virginia Colony refers to the English colony in North America that existed during the 17th and 18th centuries before the American Revolution. ... Arrival of De La Warr at Jamestown Thomas West, 3rd (or 12th) Baron De La Warr (July 9, 1577 – June 7, 1618), was the Englishman for whom the state, river, and the American Indian tribe now called Delaware (in the United States) were named. ... This article is about the Virginia colonist. ...

Main article: Jamestown, Virginia

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Source of the name "Hampton Roads"

The term "Hampton Roads" is a centuries-old designation that originated when the region was a struggling English outpost nearly four hundred years ago. The name is believed to originated from the combination of two separate words.

The word "Hampton" honors one of the founders of the Virginia Company of London and a great supporter of the colonization of Virginia, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. Virginia Company of London Seal The London Company (also called the Virginia Company of London) was an English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America. ... Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, 1603, in the Tower, atrributed to John de Critz. ...

Signifying the safety of a port, the word "roads" (also called roadstead) in nautical terminology of the day meant "a place less sheltered than a harbor where ships may ride at anchor." Although perhaps by that definition the label "harbor" is technically incorrect, its name became "Hampton Roads" and it has become well-known as the "world's greatest harbor." This is partially because it is the northernmost major East Coast port of the United States which is ice-free year round (with the notable exception of extraordinary cold winter of 1917, which was the entire U.S.'s coldest year on record. A roadstead is a place outside a harbor where a ship can lie at anchor. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Trends in natural disasters, Pascal Peduzzi (2004) Is climate change increasing the frequency of hazardous events? Environment Times UNEP/GRID-Arendal Extreme weather includes weather phenomena that are at the extremes of the historical distribution, especially severe or unseasonal weather. ...

Values of the harbor: commerce, military control

For centuries, the harbor and rivers of Hampton Roads have been ideal locations for both commerce and for many major shipyards. Some were established as early as the late 17th century such as the Gosport Navy Yard in what is now the City of Portsmouth. Aerial View of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ...

The harbor was also a key point for military control of the region. Even the earliest settlers created fortifications at Old Point Comfort by 1610 against potential attacks by ships of Spanish or other unfriendly European forces. Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton at the extreme tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the United States. ...

American Revolutionary War

Important conflicts of the American Revolutionary War involved Norfolk and Craney Island (at the mouth of the Elizabeth River in Portsmouth). It was at Norfolk where the last Royal Governor of the Virginia Colony, Lord Dunmore, departed mainland Virginia for the last time. Combatants American Revolutionaries French Monarchy Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Oneida and Tuscarora tribes Polish volunteers Prussian volunteers Kingdom of Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy Hessian mercenaries Loyalists Commanders George Washington Nathanael Greene Gilbert de La Fayette Comte de Rochambeau Bernardo de Gálvez Tadeusz Kościuszko Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Sir... Craney Island is a point of land in the independent city of Portsmouth in the South Hampton Roads region of eastern Virginia in the United States. ... The Elizabeth River is a short tidal estuary forming an arm of Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. ... Lord Dunmore John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (1730–February 25, 1809) was the British governor of the Province of New York from 1770 to 1771 and the Virginia Colony, from September 25, 1771 until just before the American Revolutionary War began in June 1775. ...

Main article: American Revolutionary War

Combatants American Revolutionaries French Monarchy Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Oneida and Tuscarora tribes Polish volunteers Prussian volunteers Kingdom of Great Britain Iroquois Confederacy Hessian mercenaries Loyalists Commanders George Washington Nathanael Greene Gilbert de La Fayette Comte de Rochambeau Bernardo de Gálvez Tadeusz Kościuszko Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Sir...

War of 1812

The first naval action of the War of 1812 took place on 8 July 1812, when the Bermuda sloop, HMS Whiting, its crew oblivious to the US declaration of war, lowered anchor in Hampton Roads. As its captain was being rowed ashore, the Royal Naval vessel was seized by the American privateer Dash, which happened to be leaving port. Combatants United States Great Britain Canada Bermuda Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war): •Frigates:6 •Other... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... The Bermuda sloop is a type of sailing vessel developed on the island of Bermuda in the 17th century. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ...

Main article: War of 1812

Combatants United States Great Britain Canada Bermuda Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war): •Frigates:6 •Other...

United States

Under the new United States government, by the 1830s, the entrance from Chesapeake Bay was defended by Fort Monroe, built by the U.S. Army beginning in 1819 on Old Point Comfort, and by Fort Wool, built as Fort Calhoun in 1829, on a small island called the Rip Raps near the middle of the channel (and now adjacent to one of the manmade islands of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel). Much work in the building of these fortresses in the early 19th century was done by a 24-year old engineer in the U.S. Army, a Lieutenant named Robert E. Lee The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton at the extreme tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the United States. ... Fort Wool (originally named Fort Calhoun) was the companion to Fort Monroe in protecting Hampton Roads. ... Rip Raps is a small 15 acre (60,000 m²) artificial island at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia. ... Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) is the 3. ... // This article is about the Confederate general. ...

Main article: Fort Monroe

Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ...

American Civil War, emancipation and education of former slaves

Main article: Battle of Hampton Roads

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the famous Battle of Hampton Roads between the first American ironclad warships, the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia (ex-USS Merrimack) took place off Sewell's Point, on March 8-9, 1862. That battle was inconclusive, but later in 1862, Union forces took control of Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and the lower James River. However, their efforts to take the Confederate capital of Richmond via the James River with their vastly superior Navy were thwarted by a strong Confederate battery position high above a bend in the river about 8 miles below Richmond at Drewry's Bluff. Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders John L. Worden Franklin Buchanan Catesby R. Jones Strength 1 ironclad, 3 wooden warships 1 ironclad, 2 wooden warships, 1 gunboat, 2 tenders Casualties 2 wooden warships sunk, 1 wooden warship damaged 261 killed 108 wounded 1 ironclad damaged 7... This article is becoming very long. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders John L. Worden Franklin Buchanan Catesby R. Jones Strength 1 ironclad, 3 wooden warships 1 ironclad, 2 wooden warships, 1 gunboat, 2 tenders Casualties 2 wooden warships sunk, 1 wooden warship damaged 261 killed 108 wounded 1 ironclad damaged 7... Ironclad warships, frequently shortened to just ironclads, were wooden ships or ships of composite construction (wooden planking on iron frames) armored with thick iron plates. ... USS Monitor was the first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy. ... CSS Virginia was an ironclad warship of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War (built using the remains of the scuttled USS Merrimack). ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in leap years). ... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (69th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (traditional) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Government Republic President... Nickname: Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars) Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Government  - Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (I) Area  - City 62. ... View of Fort Darling at Drewrys Bluff from James River in 1865, Drewrys Bluff is located in northeastern Chesterfield County, Virginia in the United States. ...

Main article: Peninsula Campaign

Fort Monroe was the launching place for Union General George McClellan's massive 1862 Peninsula Campaign, a land campaign of many months which began at Fort Monroe and advanced up the Virginia Peninsula, with a Siege at Yorktown and another battle at Williamsburg before the Union Army almost literally reached the gates of Richmond, ending at the Chickahominy River within earshot of the city's church bells, according to the journals of Union soldiers. However, the Confederates mounted a credible defense of their capital city, and McClellan's campaign failed to capture Richmond, ending in the Seven Days Battles, during which the Union Army withdrew, effectively extending the War for almost three more years. McClellan and Johnston of the Peninsula Campaign The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. ... George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 - October 29, 1885) was a Major General of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... McClellan and Johnston of the Peninsula Campaign The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... Chickahominy also known as the Chick is a river in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Virginia, near which several battles of the United States Civil War were fought in 1862 and 1864. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Strength Army of the Potomac; 105,445 Army of Northern Virginia; 90,500 Casualties 1,734 killed 8,062 wounded 6,053 missing/captured 3,286 killed 15,009 wounded 946 missing/captured Peninsula...

Main article: Grand Contraband Camp

Beginning in 1861, some of the former slaves found refuge near Fort Monroe, which remained in Union hands throughout the War. There, the commander, Union Army General Benjamin F. Butler, a lawyer by training, declared them to be "Contraband of war". On that legal basis, Union forces refused to return them to Confederate owners as would have been the practice even in many "free states" before Virginia seceded and declared itself a foreign power. Soon, word spread, and many slaves were understandably anxious to become "contraband." Grand Contraband Camp was located in Elizabeth City County near Fort Monroe and the downtown section of the present-day independent city of Hampton, Virginia during and immediately after the American Civil War. ... Slave redirects here. ... Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... Benjamin Franklin Butler (1795–1858) was a U.S. lawyer. ... English barrister 16th century painting of a civil law notary, by Flemish painter Quentin Massys. ... Contraband was the terminology used by Brigadier General Benjamin Butler, commander at Fort Monroe in southeastern Virginia, at the outset of the American Civil War to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves. ...

Although many of the "contraband" men at Hampton and elsewhere during the War volunteered and became part of the United States Colored Troops (USCT), others and the women and children grew in increasing numbers near Fort Monroe in Elizabeth City County. From the wood and materials salvaged from the remains of the Town of Hampton, which had been burned earlier by retreating Confederates, they built the Grand Contraband Camp, near, but outside the protective walls of the Army base. It was the first self-contained African American community in the United States. The United States Colored Troops (USCT) were those regiments of the United States Army during the American Civil War which were made up of African-American soldiers. ... Elizabeth City County was located at the eastern tip of the Virginia Peninsula. ... Grand Contraband Camp was located in Elizabeth City County near Fort Monroe and the downtown section of the present-day independent city of Hampton, Virginia during and immediately after the American Civil War. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Close by, was (and still is) the Emancipation Oak, on the grounds of the school for them which grew to become Hampton University. Beginning as a normal school founded to train teachers, Hampton University was established by church groups and former Union Army officers. Early educators of the era included Mary Smith Peake and former Union Army General Samuel Chapman Armstrong, who was himself the son of missionaries, and had commanded a USCT force during the War. Among the earlier students was a young former slave named Booker T. Washington, who became a famed African-American educator and was the first head of present-day Tuskegee University. The Emancipation Oak is part of the official logo of the modern city of Hampton. On September 17, 1861, Mrs. ... Hampton University (formerly Hampton Institute) is an American university located in Hampton, Virginia. ... A normal school is an institution for training teachers. ... In this map:  Union states prohibiting slavery  Union territories  Border states on the Union side which allowed slavery  Kansas, which entered and fought with the Union as a free state after the Bleeding Kansas crisis  The Confederacy  Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories During the American Civil War, the Union... On September 17, 1861, Mrs. ... Samuel Chapman Armstrong (January 30, 1839-May 11, 1893) was an American educator and a commissioned Union officer in the American Civil War. ... Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Tuskegee University is an American institution of higher learning located in Tuskegee, Alabama. ...

See also: Hampton University and Booker T. Washington

Hampton University (formerly Hampton Institute) is an American university located in Hampton, Virginia. ... Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. ...

Sewell's Point: Jamestown Exposition and a Navy Base

Main article: Jamestown Exposition

The Jamestown Exposition for the 300th anniversary of the 1607 founding of Jamestown was held at Sewell's Point in a rural section of Norfolk County in 1907. The Jamestown Exposition was one of the many worlds fairs and expositions that were popular in the United States early part of the 20th century. ... The Jamestown Exposition was one of the many worlds fairs and expositions that were popular in the United States early part of the 20th century. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... Norfolk County, Virginia (from 1895 map), existed from 1691-1963, now extinct Norfolk County is an extinct political subdivision in eastern Virginia. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

President Theodore Roosevelt arrived by water in the harbor of Hampton Roads, as did other notable persons such as Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers, who both arrived aboard the latter's steam yacht Kanawha. A major naval display was featured, and the U.S. Great White Fleet made an appearance. The leaders of the U.S. Navy apparently did not fail to note the ideal harbor conditions, as was later proved. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, writer, and lecturer. ... Henry Huttleston Rogers (January 29, 1840 – May 19, 1909) was a United States capitalist, businessman, industrialist, financier, and philanthropist. ... Kanawha, built in 1899, was the luxury steam yacht of Henry Huttleston Rogers, builder of the coal-hauling Virginian Railway from the Kanawha River in West Virginia to coal piers on Hampton Roads near Norfolk, Virginia. ... Mort Kuntsler 1977 painting The Great White Fleet Sails. ...

Main article: Naval Station Norfolk

Beginning in 1917, as the United States became involved in World War I under President Woodrow Wilson, formerly rural Sewell's Point became the site of what grew to become the largest Naval Base in the world which was established by the U.S. Navy and is now known as the Naval Station Norfolk.-1... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... -1...

Military use of northern side of the Peninsula

Twice in the 20th century, families of mostly African American heritage were displaced from entire communities when their land along the northern side of the Peninsula primarily in York County west of Yorktown was taken in large tracts for military use during WWI and WWII, creating the present-day US Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, which includes Cheatham Annex, and a former Seabee base which became Camp Peary. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... Location in the state of Virginia Formed 1634 Seat Yorktown Area  - Total  - Water 558 km² (216 mi²) 285 km² (110 mi²) 50. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Naval Weapons Station Yorktown is a United States Navy base in Virginia. ... The Seabee logo The Seabees are the Construction Battalions of the United States Navy. ... Camp Peary is a military reservation in York County, Virginia. ...

Included in the creation of these large military bases were the entire lost towns of Virginia known as "the Reservation", Halstead's Point, Penniman, Bigler's Mill, and Magruder. Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia are those which formerly existed in the English Colony of Virginia or the Commonwealth of Virginia as one of the United States. ... Lackey (also known locally in its heyday as the Reservation) was a small unincorporated town in Virginia near Yorktown in York County which is now extinct. ... Halsteads Point was an unincorporated community in York County, Virginia. ... Penniman, Virginia was an unincorporated town in northwestern York County, Virginia on the south bank of the York River. ... Biglers Mill was a small town in Virginia near Williamsburg in York County which is now extinct. ... Magruder was a small town in Virginia near Williamsburg in York County which is now extinct. ...

Although some left the area entirely, many of the displaced families chose to relocate nearby to Grove, an unincorporated town in southeastern James City County where many generations of some of those families now reside. From a population estimated at only 37 in 1895, Grove had grown to an estimated 1,100 families by the end of the 20th century. (To its north, Grove actually borders the Naval Weapons Station property and on its extreme east, a portion of the US Army's land at Fort Eustis extends across Skiffe's Creek, although there is no direct access to either base). Grove is an unincorporated community located in the southeastern portion of James City County, Virginia. ... James City County, Virginia as shown on 1895 map James City County (formally, the County of James City) is a County located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the U.S. State of Virginia. ... Fort Eustis is a military base facility of the United States military located in Newport News, Virginia. ...

See also: Grove, Virginia

Grove is an unincorporated community located in the southeastern portion of James City County, Virginia. ...

Colonial Williamsburg

Main article: Colonial Williamsburg

A dream of one Episcopalian priest to save his 18th century church building was to expand to create the world's largest living museum. Replacing Jamestown and the end of the 17th century, Williamsburg had been capital of the Colony and the new State of Virginia from 1699-1780. After the capital moved to Richmond in 1780, Williamsburg became a quieter and sometimes described as "sleepy" small town. It saw some action during the Battle of Williamsburg of the 1862 Peninsula Campaign during the Civil War. However, it was not located along any major waterway and did not have railroad access until 1881. Perhaps due to the secure inland location originally known as Middle Plantation, for Williamsburg, growth and great expansion of commerce in the 19th century did not occur as rapidly as in many other Virginia cities. The main activities were the College of William and Mary and Eastern State Hospital, each historic institutions in their own right. In addition to the city's historic past, quite a few buildings of antiquity from the 18th century were still extant, although time was taking a toll by the early 20th century. Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... A living museum is a type of museum that recreates to the fullest extent conditions of a culture, natural environment or historical period. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... The Battle of Williamsburg, also known as the Battle of Fort Magruder, took place on May 5, 1862 in York County and Williamsburg, Virginia as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ... Eastern State Hospital, located in Williamsburg, Virginia was the first public facility in the United States constructed solely for the care and treatment of the mentally ill, and remains in operation today. ...

The Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin of Bruton Parish Church initially had wanted merely to save his historic church building. This he accomplished by 1907. He was later served in Rochester, New York for many years. Upon returning to Williamsburg in 1923, he began to realize that many of the other colonial-era buildings also remained, but were in deteriorating condition, and their longevity was risk. Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin (1869-1939), was the rector of Bruton Parish Church who began the 20th century effort which resulted in the preservation and restoration of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia The Reverend Dr. William Archer Rutherfoord Goodwin (1869-1939) (or W.A.R. Goodwin as he preferred... Bruton Parish Church is located in the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Nickname: Motto: Rochester: Made for Living Location of Rochester in New York State Country United States State New York County Monroe Government  - Mayor Robert Duffy Area  - City  37. ...

Goodwin dreamed of a much larger restoration along the lines of what he had accomplished with his historic church. A cleric of modest means, he sought support and financing from a number of sources before successfully drawing the interests and major financial support of Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The result of their combined efforts was the creation of Colonial Williamsburg, which included a restoration of the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary and a change of much of the downtown Williamsburg area into a 301-acre Historic Area of restored and replica buildings and surrounds to celebrate the patriots and the early history of America. Standard Oil (Esso) was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. ... A philanthropist is someone who engages in philanthropy; that is, someone who donates his or her time, money, or reputation to a charitable cause. ... John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ... Abby Aldrich Rockefeller was born Abby Greene Aldrich on October 26, 1874 in Providence, Rhode Island. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... The Wren Building is a highly notable building on the campus of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ...

By the 1930s, Colonial Williamsburg had became the centerpiece of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia. These were, of course, Jamestown, where the colony started, Williamsburg, and Yorktown, where independence from England was won. The three points were joined by the U.S. National Park Service's Colonial Parkway, a remarkable accomplishment built over a period of 27 years. The Historic Triangle area of the Hampton Roads region became one of the largest tourist attractions in the entire world. This article reads like an advertisement. ... York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Colonial Parkway is a scenic 23-mile parkway linking the 3 popular attractions of Virginias Historic Triangle of colonial-era communities, Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. ...

In Dr. Goodwin's words: "Williamsburg is Jamestown continued, and Yorktown is Williamsburg vindicated."

See also: Historic Triangle

This article reads like an advertisement. ...

Other notable Hampton Roads "firsts"

In 1957, the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel was the first bridge-tunnel complex in the world. Yet an even bigger bridge-tunnel was contemplated by the Virginians. Completed in 1963, the 17 mile-long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, was named one of the "Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World" and connects the region with Virginia's Eastern Shore. Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) is the 3. ... Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ... Articles with similar titles include Chesapeake Bay Bridge. ... Eastern Shore refers to many places, including: Maryland Eastern Shore Eastern Shore (Nova Scotia) Eastern Shore (electoral district) of Nova Scotia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

In the 1960s, the first astronauts of Project Mercury who took the United States into space with manned flights trained at the NASA facility adjacent to Hampton's Langley Air Force Base. Many local features, including Mercury Boulevard were name for them. More than 40 years later, work is ongoing at the NASA Research Center in Hampton. Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. ... Mercury program monument Project Mercury was the United States first manned spaceflight program. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... Langley Air Force Base (IATA: LFI, ICAO: KLFI) is located at in Hampton, Virginia is home of Air Combat Command. ... Mercury Boulevard in the cities of Hampton and Newport News in the Peninsula region of southeastern Virginia carries U.S. Highway 258 approximately 10 miles south from Fort Monroe at Old Point Comfort on Hampton Roads to the north end of the James River Bridge. ...

Land area defined

The land area which constitutes "Hampton Roads" varies depending upon perspective and purpose. Most of the land area of Hampton Roads is geographically divided into 2 smaller regions: the eastern portion of the Virginia Peninsula (the Peninsula) and South Hampton Roads (locally known as "the Southside"), which are separated by the harbor. When speaking of communities of Hampton Roads, virtually all sources (including the three discussed in the following paragraphs) include the seven major cities, two smaller ones, and three counties within those two subregions. The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ...

Some additional localities on the northern, southwestern, and southern edges are included in various definitions. Three entities with varying definitions are described in individual sections below. For example, the federal government defines the Hampton Roads MSA as a metropolitan area for statistical purposes, and even looks beyond a state line for common economic function, including a portion of North Carolina in the MSA for Hampton Roads.

The Hampton Roads Planning District Commission (HRPDC) as defined by Virginia includes most (but not all) of that area, and also does not generally include areas in another state in its activities. The Hampton Roads Partnership is a regional marketing entity, promoting "America's First Region" and uses a slightly different definition than either of the preceding two.

To be informative, this article includes information on all of the localities included in any of these three descriptions. By May 2007, the Hampton Roads region had 400 years of rich history. For the detailed histories of the each of various communities which make up today's Hampton Roads region, please refer to the articles on the History of Virginia, Virginia Peninsula and South Hampton Roads subregions, and links which are located in the following sections to the individual articles for each shire, county, town, or city. // [edit] Native Americans Virginia Indian chief in engraving after John White watercolor The portion of the New World designated Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen (Elizabeth I) in the late 16th century had been inhabited by many groups of Native Americans for at least 3,000 years, based upon... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ...

Statistics: Hampton Roads MSA

The U.S. Federal Government's Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definesMetropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) for economic purposes. For statistical purposes, the single MSA for Hampton Roads includes the eastern portion of the Peninsula and all of South Hampton Roads. Two counties which are located in Virginia's Middle Peninsula region and a small part of North Carolina are also included in the Hampton Roads MSA definition. In the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has produced a formal definition of metropolitan areas, which are organized around county boundaries. ... The Middle Peninsula is, as its name implies, the middle of three peninsulas on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ...

Officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA, the Hampton Roads MSA has a population of about 1.6 million and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the southeastern USA between the District of Columbia and Atlanta. Newport News, Hampton, Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia from space, July 1996 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA is a U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June, 2003. ... ... Hotlanta redirects here. ...

See also: List of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) in Virginia

Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA)s as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget as of June 2003 a List of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) in Virginia as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget as of June, 2003. ...

Hampton Roads Planning District Commission

Virginia defines regional planning districts by law. Generally, membership is comprised of independent cities and counties; incorporated towns are located within counties in Virginia. Localities around the state are allowed to belong to more than one Planning District, as their constituents may have interests which crossover individual planning district boundaries. An incorporated town in the United States is a town which is an incorporated municipality, that is, one with a charter received from the state, similar to a city. ...

The Hampton Roads Planning District Commission (HRPDC) currently includes 16 cities and counties, all in Virginia, and represents over 1.6 million people.

The 16 jurisdictions include : the Cities of Chesapeake, Franklin, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, and Williamsburg, and the Counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Southampton, Surry, and York. It is noteworthy that there are incorporated towns located in three of the counties within the district (Isle of Wight, Southampton and Surry). [1]

America's First Region

In late 2006, the Hampton Roads Partnership, a non-profit organization representing 17 localities (ten cities, six counties, and one town), all local universities and major military commands as well as leading businesses in southeastern Virginia, commenced a campaign aimed at branding land area of Hampton Roads as "America's First Region".

The new title is based on events in 1607 when English Captain Christopher Newport's three ships - the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery landed at Cape Henry along the Atlantic Coast at Cape Henry in what is today Virginia Beach. After 18 days of exploring the area, the ships and their crews arrived at Jamestown Island where they established the first English speaking settlement to survive in the New World on May 14, 1607. Christopher Newport (c. ... Susan Constant was the largest of three ships of the English East India Company led by Captain Christopher Newport on the voyage which resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia in 1607. ... Godspeed may refer to: Godspeed - a term used to express respect and good will when addressing someone, typically someone about to go on a journey or a daring endeavor. ... Discovery was a 70-ton fly-boat of the English East India Company, launched before 1602. ... Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia. ... Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia. ... Jamestown was a village on an island in the James River in Virginia, about 45 miles southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (135th in leap years). ... Events January 20 - Tidal wave swept along the Bristol Channel, killing 2000 people. ...

Because the region's east-west boundaries (now the City of Virginia Beach and James City County) have not changed since 1607, the Partnership felt justified in labeling Hampton Roads "America's First Region". It unveiled the new brand before 800 people at the annual meeting of the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce on December 13, 2006. A video shown that afternoon included endorsements from mayors and county board of supervisors chairs representing Hampton, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Williamsburg and James City County as well as the Governor of Virginia, Timothy Kaine. [2] Tim Kaine, the current Governor The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term. ... Timothy Michael Kaine (born February 26, 1958 in St. ...

Political subdivisions

Each of the following current cities, counties and towns is included by at least one of the three preceding organizations definition of "Hampton Roads"

Independent cities (current)

Hampton is a Hampton Roads community.

• Chesapeake
• Franklin
• Hampton
• Newport News
• Norfolk
• Poquoson
• Portsmouth
• Suffolk
• Virginia Beach
• Williamsburg

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 372 KB) Photo by William J. Grimes on Todds Lane in Newport News, VA. I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 372 KB) Photo by William J. Grimes on Todds Lane in Newport News, VA. I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Founded 1963 Government  - Mayor Dalton S. Edge Area  - City  350. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Incorporated March, 1876 Government  - Mayor James P. Councill Area  - City  8. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1631 Government  - Mayor Gordon Heisel, Jr. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1742 Mayor Linda T. Johnson Area    - City 1,111. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ...

Counties (current)

• Currituck (North Carolina)
• Gloucester
• Isle of Wight
• James City
• Mathews
• Southampton
• Surry
• York

Currituck County is a county located in the state of North Carolina. ... Gloucester County is an historical Chesapeake county located on the Middle Peninsula of the U.S. state — officially, Commonwealth — of Virginia. ... Isle of Wight County is a county located in the South Hampton Roads region of the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. ... James City County, Virginia as shown on 1895 map James City County (formally, the County of James City) is a County located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the U.S. State of Virginia. ... Mathews County is a county located on the Middle Peninsula in the state of Virginia. ... Southampton County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. ... Surry County is a county located in the south-eastern part of the state of Virginia. ... Location in the state of Virginia Formed 1634 Seat Yorktown Area  - Total  - Water 558 km² (216 mi²) 285 km² (110 mi²) 50. ...

Incorporated towns (current)

• Claremont in Surry County
• Courtland in Southampton County
• Dendron in Surry County
• Smithfield in Isle of Wight County
• Surry in Surry County (county seat)
• Windsor in Isle of Wight County

Claremont is a town located in Surry County, Virginia. ... Courtland has a private school called Southampton Academy. ... Dendron is a town located in Surry County, Virginia. ... Smithfield is a town located in Isle of Wight County, in the South Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States. ... Surry is a town located in Surry County, Virginia. ... Windsor is a town located in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. ...

Unincorporated towns and communities not in cities (current)

• Gloucester Courthouse in Gloucester County
• Gloucester Point in Gloucester County
• Isle of Wight Courthouse in Isle of Wight County
• Rushmere in Isle of Wight County
• Rescue in Isle of Wight County
• Carrollton in Isle of Wight County
• Benns Church in Isle of Wight County
• Walters in Isle of Wight County
• Yorktown in York County
• Grafton in York County
• Tabb in York County
• Jamestown in James City County
• Ford's Colony in James City County
• Grove in James City County
• Lightfoot in James City County
• Toano in James City County
• Norge in James City County
• Seaford in York County
• Moyock in Currituck County
• Knotts Island in Currituck County
• Currituck in Currituck County

Gloucester Courthouse is a census-designated place located in Gloucester County, Virginia. ... Gloucester Point is a census-designated place located in Gloucester County, Virginia. ... Rushmere is a census-designated place located in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. ... Carrollton is an unincorporated community in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, around the intersection of US 17, US 258, and VA 32. ... Benns Church is an unincorporated community in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. ... Walters is an unincorporated community located in Isle of Wight County in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia in the USA. Walters was located on a now-abandoned portion of the Virginian Railway (VGN), built by industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers to ship coal from West Virginia to port at... York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... Grafton is an unincorporated community in York County, Virginia, USA, on the Virginia Peninsula. ... Tabb, Virginia is an unincorporated community in York County on the Virginia Peninsula. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Grove is an unincorporated community located in the southeastern portion of James City County, Virginia. ... Lightfoot in an unincorporated community which straddles the James City County-York County border west of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Toano, Virginia is an unincorporated town located in James City County, Virginia, USA. History Toano was established in the late 19th century in western James City County at the former site of Burnt Ordinary, which was named in the 18th century for a roadside tavern which had burned down. ... Seaford is an unincorporated community in York County, Virginia, USA, on the Virginia Peninsula. ... Moyock is an unincorporated community in Currituck County, North Carolina. ... Knotts Island is a small unincorporated community in Currituck County, North Carolina. ... Currituck is an unincorporated community in extreme northeastern North Carolina, USA. Situated along the Currituck Sound, it serves as the county seat for Currituck County. ...

Defunct shires, counties, cities, towns

Main article: Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia

As the current communities in the Hampton Roads region were formed and grew from the Colonial period to statehood and modern times, the political structure of many areas in Virginia changed. Between 1952 and 1976, a wave of consolidations of local governments led to almost the entire southeastern portion of Virginia consisting of a group of adjoining independent cities, eventually numbering eight. (joining the Seven major cities of Hampton Roads was the comparatively tiny City of Poquoson, which had formerly been an incorporated town in York County). Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia are those which formerly existed in the English Colony of Virginia or the Commonwealth of Virginia as one of the United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... An independent city is a city that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity. ... The Seven Cities of Hampton Roads are 7 independent cities located in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia in the United States. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1631 Government  - Mayor Gordon Heisel, Jr. ... An incorporated town in the United States is a town which is an incorporated municipality, that is, one with a charter received from the state, similar to a city. ... Location in the state of Virginia Formed 1634 Seat Yorktown Area  - Total  - Water 558 km² (216 mi²) 285 km² (110 mi²) 50. ...

Many incorporated (formally constituted) localities became legally defunct, though mostly not abandoned by their citizens, with the notable exception of Jamestown. For search of genealogical, land, and other historical records, it may be necessary to find these old names.

The following is a partial listing of defunct political subdivisions in the Hampton Roads area with approximate formation and dissolution dates. Note: Former towns which grew to became cities of the same name are not listed separately, nor are unincorporated towns. More information about dates and dispositions may be found in most individual articles by following the links.

In order of date founded:

• Jamestown, Virginia (1607) largely abandoned as a Town after 1699
• Kecoughtan, Virginia (1610), became part of Town and City of Hampton
• James Cittie (sic) (1619-1624)
• Elizabeth Cittie (sic) (1619-1624)
• Middle Plantation (1632-1699), (changed name to Williamsburg in 1699, chartered as city in 1722)
• Elizabeth River Shire (1634-1643)
• Warwick River Shire (1634-1643)
• Charles River Shire (1634-1643)
• James City Shire (1634-1643)
• Warrosquyoake Shire (1634-1637)
• New Norfolk County (1636-1637)
• Lower Norfolk County (1637-1691)
• Upper Norfolk County (1637-1646)
• Norfolk County, Virginia (1691-1963)
• Princess Anne County (1691-1963)
• Elizabeth City County (1643-1952)
• Nansemond County (1646-1972)
• Warwick County (aka Warwick River County) (1643-1952)
• City of South Norfolk (1922-1963)
• Town of Berkley incorporated town until 1906 when annexed by City of Norfolk
• Town of Phoebus(1900-1952) (earlier known as unincorporated towns of Millwood, Roseland Farms and Chesapeake City)
• City of Warwick (1952-1958)
• City of Nansemond (1972-1974)

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kecoughtan in Virginia was originally named Kikotan (also spelled Kecoughtan and Kikowtan), presumably a word for the native americans living there when the English colonists arrived in the Hampton Roads area in 1607. ... James City (or citiie as it was then called) was one of four incorporations established in the Virginia Colony in 1619 by the proprietor, the Virginia Company. ... Elizabeth City (or citiie as it was then called) was one of four incorporations established in the Virginia Colony in 1619 by the proprietor, the Virginia Company. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... Elizabeth City Shire was one of eight shires created in colonial Virginia in 1634. ... Warwick River Shire was one of eight shires created in colonial Virginia in 1634. ... Charles River Shire was one of eight shires created in colonial Virginia in 1634. ... James City Shire was formed in the British colony of Virginia in 1634. ... Warroysoyaoke Shire was formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony. ... New Norfolk County is a long-extinct county which was located in colonial Virginia from 1636 until 1637. ... Lower Norfolk County is a long-extinct county which was located in colonial Virginia from 1637 until 1691. ... Upper Norfolk County is an extinct county which was located in colonial Virginia from 1637 until 1646. ... Norfolk County, Virginia (from 1895 map), existed from 1691-1963, now extinct Norfolk County is an extinct political subdivision in eastern Virginia. ... Princess Anne County (1691-1963), now extinct, from 1895 Virginia map Princess Anne County is an extinct county which was located in colonial Virginia and the State of Virginia in the United States from 1691 until 1963. ... Elizabeth City County was located at the eastern tip of the Virginia Peninsula. ... Nansemond County, now extinct, existed in Virginia from 1646 to 1972 (from 1895 map) Nansemond County is an extinct county which was located in colonial Virginia and the State of Virginia in the United States from 1646 until 1972. ... Warwick County (shaded in orange on this 1895 map) was originally one of the eight shires created in colonial Virginia in 1634. ... South Norfolk was an independent city in eastern Virginia. ... Berkley was a town in Norfolk County, Virginia. ... Phoebus was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. ... Warwick is an extinct independent city which was located in the State of Virginia in the United States from 1952 until 1958. ... Nansemond is an extinct independent city which was located in the State of Virginia in the United States from 1972 until 1974. ...

Geography

The water area known as Hampton Roads is a wide channel through which the waters of the James River, Nansemond River, and Elizabeth River pass (between Old Point Comfort to the north and Sewell's Point to the south) into the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... The Nansemond River is a tributary of the James River in the U.S. state of Virginia. ... The Elizabeth River is a short tidal estuary forming an arm of Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. ... Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton at the extreme tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the United States. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ...

The region has extensive natural areas, including 26 miles of Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay beaches, the Great Dismal Swamp, picturesque rivers, state parks, wildlife refuges, and botanical gardens. Inland from the bay, the region includes Lake Drummond, one of only two natural lakes found in Virginia, and miles of waterfront property along the various rivers and waterways. The Great Dismal Swamp is located in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina in the United States on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. ... Lake Drummond is one of only two natural lakes in Virginia. ... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. ...

The land portion of Hampton Roads is primarily divided into two subregions, the Peninsula, on the north side of the harbor, and South Hampton Roads, on the south side, where the majority of the area's population lives. The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ...

In addition, the Middle Peninsula counties of Gloucester and Mathews, while not part of the geographical Hampton Roads area, are included in the vast metropolitan region's population. Also, a small portion of northeastern North Carolina (Currituck County) is included in the region's statistics. Due to a peculiarity in the drawing of the Virginia-North Carolina border, Knott's Island in that county is connected to Virginia by land, but is only accessible to other parts of North Carolina across waterways via a ferry system. The Middle Peninsula is, as its name implies, the middle of three peninsulas on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. ... Currituck County is a county located in the state of North Carolina. ... Knotts Island is a small unincorporated community in Currituck County, North Carolina. ... The ferryboat Dongan Hills, filled with commuters, about to dock at a New York City pier, ca. ...

Transportation

Historically, from the earliest times, the harbor was the key to the Hampton Roads area's growth, both on land and in water-related activities and events. Ironically, the harbor and its tributary waterways were (and still are) both important transportation conduits and obstacles to other land-based commerce and travel. Yet, the community leaders learned to overcome them.

Many early bridges were constructed and funded privately through the collection of tolls. Later, state-sponsorship was required to fund larger projects. The best example of many was in 1957, when the world's first continuous bridge-tunnel complex was successfully completed across the mouth of the Hampton Roads harbor, innovatively designed and funded with toll revenue bonds. Soon, another even larger one was built across the entire mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, exceeding many expectations. Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ... A revenue bond is a special type of municipal bond distinguished by its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by a specified revenue-generating entity associated with the purpose of the bonds. ...

In modern times, the region has faced increasing transportation challenges as it has become largely urbanized, with additional traffic needs. In the 21st century, the conflicts between traffic on vital waterways and land-based travel continue to present the area's leaders with extraordinary transportation challenges, both for additional capacity, and as the existing infrastructure, much of it originally built with toll revenues, has aged without an adequate source of funding to repair or build replacements. The now-closed Kings Highway Bridge in Suffolk and the Jordan Bridge operating with severe traffic weight restrictions in neighboring Chesapeake, each built in the 1920s, are considered locally prime examples of this situation. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kings Highway Bridge is located on the Nansemond River in the independent city of Suffolk, Virginia, United States. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1742 Mayor Linda T. Johnson Area    - City 1,111. ... Jordan Bridge is a highway drawbridge which spans the southern branch of the Elizabeth River in the City of Chesapeake in South Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia and carries Virginia State Highway 337. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Founded 1963 Government  - Mayor Dalton S. Edge Area  - City  350. ...

Public opinion polls seem to indicate that many citizens feel the accomplishments with the historic bridge-tunnels across the harbor and nearby Chesapeake Bay and the many other improvements since, such as the completion of the Hampton Roads Beltway and a third bridge-tunnel in 1992 are indicative that the region's leaders will be capable of seeking and employing new transportation and funding solutions for the future, and that they will receive the necessary public support to do so. Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ... A map of the Hampton Roads Beltway (from the Virginia Department of Transportation) Hampton Roads Beltway is a loop of Interstate 64 and Interstate 664 highways which link the communities of the Virginia Peninsula and South Hampton Roads which surround the body of water known as Hampton Roads in the...

Highways, bridges, tunnels, bridge-tunnels, ferry system

I-64 on the Hampton Roads Beltway, north of I-264

The Hampton Roads area has an extensive network of Interstate Highways, including the Interstate 64, the major east-west route to and from the area, and its spurs and bypasses of I-264, I-464, I-564, and I-664. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (346x664, 81 KB) Summary I took this picture on I-64 in the Hampton Roads area and I release it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (346x664, 81 KB) Summary I took this picture on I-64 in the Hampton Roads area and I release it. ... Interstate Highways in the lower 48 states. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Interstate 64 Interstate 64 (abbreviated I-64) is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. ... Interstate 264 (abbreviated I-264) is an unusual 3-digit interstate that contains both a bypass and a spur off Interstate 64 in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. ... Interstate 464 is a six mile long loop route of Interstate 64. ... Interstate 564 is a three mile spur route of Interstate 64. ... Interstate 664 (abbreviated I-664) is an interstate highway located in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia in the eastern United States. ...

The Hampton Roads Beltway extends 56 miles on a long loop through the region, crossing the harbor on two toll-free bridge-tunnel facilities. These crossings are the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel between Phoebus in Hampton and Willoughby Spit in Norfolk and the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel between Newport News and Suffolk. The Beltway connects with another Interstate highway and three arterial U.S. Highways at Bower's Hill near the northeastern edge of the Great Dismal Swamp. A map of the Hampton Roads Beltway (from the Virginia Department of Transportation) Hampton Roads Beltway is a loop of Interstate 64 and Interstate 664 highways which link the communities of the Virginia Peninsula and South Hampton Roads which surround the body of water known as Hampton Roads in the... Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ... Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) is the 3. ... Phoebus was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Willoughby Spit is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. ... Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel (MMMBT) is the 4. ... Norfolk County, Virginia (from 1895 map), existed from 1691-1963, now extinct Bowers Hill is a community located in the independent city of Chesapeake, Virginia (fomerly Norfolk County) in the United States. ... The Great Dismal Swamp is located in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina in the United States on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. ...

Other major east-west routes are U.S. Highway 58, U.S. Highway 60, and U.S. Highway 460. The major north-south routes are U.S. Highway 13 and U.S. Highway 17. United States Highway 58 is an east-west United States highway that runs for 508 miles from Virginia Beach, Virginia to northeast Tennessee. ... United States Highway 60 is an east-west United States highway, running 2,670 miles (4,300 km) from Virginia to Arizona. ... U.S. Highway 460 is a spur of U.S. Highway 60. ... Source and External Link U.S. Highways: from US 1 to (US 830) (Robert V. Droz) Categories: Stub | United States Highway system ... MAJOR JUNCTIONS JUNCTION POSTMILE {{{junction}}} Legend BROWSE STATE HWYS {{{browse}}} United States Highway 17 is a north-south United States highway. ...

A third crossing of Hampton Roads is the James River Bridge, carrying US 17 from Newport News to Isle of Wight County. James River Bridge, near Hampton Roads in Virginia. ... MAJOR JUNCTIONS JUNCTION POSTMILE {{{junction}}} Legend BROWSE STATE HWYS {{{browse}}} United States Highway 17 is a north-south United States highway. ... Isle of Wight County is a county located in the South Hampton Roads region of the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. ...

There are also two other tunnels in the area, the Midtown Tunnel, and the Downtown Tunnel joining Portsmouth and Norfolk, as well as the 17-mile-long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, a toll facility which links the region with Virginia's Eastern Shore which carries US 13. The Midtown Tunnel crosses the main channel of the Elizabeth River in the South Hampton Roads area. ... The Downtown Tunnel on Interstate 264 crosses the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River in the South Hampton Roads area. ... Articles with similar titles include Chesapeake Bay Bridge. ... The Eastern Shore of Virginia is on the Atlantic Coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... Source and External Link U.S. Highways: from US 1 to (US 830) (Robert V. Droz) Categories: Stub | United States Highway system ...

The George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge is a major toll bridge connecting U.S. Highway 17 on the Peninsula at Yorktown with Virginia's Middle Peninsula region. The George P. Coleman Memorial Bridge (known locally as simply the Coleman Bridge) is a swing bridge that spans the York River between Gloucester County and York County at Yorktown, Virginia. ... Paying toll on passing a bridge. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... The Middle Peninsula is, as its name implies, the middle of three peninsulas on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. ...

The Jamestown Ferry (also known as the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry) is an automobile ferry system on the James River connecting Jamestown in James City County with Scotland in Surry County. It carries State Route 31. Operated by VDOT, it is the only 24-hour state-run ferry operation in Virginia and has over 90 employees. It operates four ferryboats, the Pocahontas, the Williamsburg, the Surry, and the Virginia. The facility is toll-free. Jamestown Ferry (also known as the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry) is an automobile ferry on the James River in Virginia, connecting Jamestown in James City County with Scotland in Surry County. ... The ferryboat Dongan Hills, filled with commuters, about to dock at a New York City pier, ca. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... James City County, Virginia as shown on 1895 map James City County (formally, the County of James City) is a County located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the U.S. State of Virginia. ... Surry County is a county located in the south-eastern part of the state of Virginia. ... State Route 31, known as the John Rolfe Highway, is located in the eastern part of the state, and connects U.S. Route 460 in the town of Wakefield in Sussex County with State Route 5 and State Route 199 in Williamsburg. ... The Virginia Department of Transportation, or VDOT, is the government agency responsible for building, maintaining and operating Virginias roads, bridges and tunnels. ...

Local public transportation

Local Public transit is provided by an bus network operated by the Hampton Roads Transit and Williamsburg Area Transport, both of which are operations of government agencies. Several light rail service proposals are under development. Skytrain Bangkok. ... A Go North East bus parked in a lay-by in Tyne and Wear, England. ... Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) formed in 1999 by the merging of Pentran in Hampton and TRT in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Williamsburg Area Transport (or WAT) provides bus service in the City of Williamsburg, York County, and James City County. ... This article is about light rail systems in general. ...

Hampton Roads Transit

Main article: Hampton Roads Transit

A regional transit bus system and paratransit services are provided by Hampton Roads Transit (HRT), a regional public transport system headquartered in Hampton. Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) formed in 1999 by the merging of Pentran in Hampton and TRT in Norfolk, Virginia. ... A Volvo articulated bus in contract service for Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, operated by Virginia Overland Transportation, an urban-suburban bus line, in 2003 A transit bus (also known as a commuter bus) in the United States is usually operated by an urban-suburban bus line, a governmental... Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules. ... Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) formed in 1999 by the merging of Pentran in Hampton and TRT in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Skytrain Bangkok. ...

Hampton Roads Transit is southeastern Virginia's most reliable mobility source, serving over 17 million annual passengers in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. HRT currently serves 1.2 million people within its 369 square mile service area.

Williamsburg Area Transport

Main article: Williamsburg Area Transport

A smaller transit bus system and paratransit services are provided by Williamsburg Area Transport (WAT), based in the Williamsburg area, which serves Williamsburg, James City County, and a portion of York County. The system offers a connection with the much larger Hampton Roads Transit system at Lee Hall, Virginia and at the Williamsburg Transportation Center. Williamsburg Area Transport (or WAT) provides bus service in the City of Williamsburg, York County, and James City County. ... A Go North East bus parked in a lay-by in Tyne and Wear, England. ... Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules. ... Williamsburg Area Transport (or WAT) provides bus service in the City of Williamsburg, York County, and James City County. ... Lee Hall is a former unincorporated town (or village) which is now a community in the extreme western portion of the independent city of Newport News in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... The Williamsburg (Amtrak station) is located at 468 North Boundary Street in Williamsburg, Virginia. ...

Light rail, bus rapid transit, maglev projects

A light rail service within the city is in planning stages in Norfolk. There has also been a study in the Hampton - Newport News areas. This article is about light rail systems in general. ...

The resort city of Virginia Beach had been considering a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system similar to that in use in Las Vegas, but the lack of any subsidiary transit systems (i.e. light rail or a substantial network of local bus routes) with which to connect contributed to the project's abandonment while in the planning stage. City officials stated that other projects may be considered in the future. There is a large number of public transport systems in European towns that fulfill several of the BRT criteria given above, but they are rarely designated as BRT. Bus lanes and exclusive use of key city-centre streets is commonplace, and bus priority on approach to traffic lights is quite... This article is about the city of Las Vegas in Nevada. ...

There is a small very experimental Magnetic levitation project under development on campus at Old Dominion University in Norfolk. Levitating pyrolytic carbon Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended above another object with no support other than magnetic fields. ... Old Dominion University (ODU) is a university located in Norfolk, Virginia. ...

Intercity bus

Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines and Carolina Trailways. Greyhound Lines is the largest inter-city common carrier of passengers by bus in North America, serving 2,200 destinations in the United States. ... The Trailways Transportation System is a group of 63 independent bus companies that have entered into a franchise agreement. ...

Passenger rail

The area is served by passenger rail service provided by Amtrak, with stations in Williamsburg and Newport News, and connecting bus service to Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Acela Express in West Windsor, NJ Amtrak Cascades service with tilting Talgo trainsets in Seattle, Washington Amtrak train in downtown Orlando, Florida For other uses, see Amtrak (disambiguation). ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ...

The Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation has studies underway for extending high speed passenger rail to the Virginia Peninsula and South Hampton Roads areas with a rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor. Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (VDRPT) is an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ... Most of the NEC (those sections shown in red, except Boston to the Rhode Island state line) is owned by Amtrak. ... Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor (SEHSR) is a passenger rail transportation project in the United States to connect with existing high speed rail corridor from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, DC known as the Northeast Corridor (served by Amtraks Acela Express and Regional services and many commuter railroads) and extend...

Air

The Hampton Roads is served by two major commercial airports: Norfolk International Airport and the smaller Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. Alternatively, some travelers from the Peninsula and Williamsburg area also sometimes use Richmond International Airport, located 42 miles west of Williamsburg and 8 miles east of Richmond in Henrico County, Virginia. Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF) is a public airport located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. ... Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (IATA: PHF, ICAO: KPHF) is an airport in Newport News, Virginia, and serves the entire Hampton Roads metropolitan area along with Norfolk International Airport in Norfolk. ... Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC) is a public airport located in Sandston, Virginia, an unincorporated community within Henrico County which is about 5 miles (8 km) east of Richmond. ... Henrico County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. ...

Norfolk International Airport

Norfolk International Airport is the main air passenger and cargo transport hub in the region. Offering nearly 200 arrivals and departures daily to major cities throughout the USA, Norfolk International presently ranks in the country's top 65 airports in terms of passengers served annually, with an average of 3.5 million. The airport is served by 11 airlines, with flights to 25 nonstop destinations: Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF) is a public airport located in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. ...

• Southwest Airlines - Nonstop flights to Baltimore-Washington, Chicago (Midway), Las Vegas, Jacksonville, Orlando, and Nashville
• US Airways - Nonstop flights to Charlotte and Philadelphia
• US Airways Express - Nonstop flights to Charlotte, Raleigh-Durham, Philadelphia, Washington (Reagan), New York (LaGuardia) and Pittsburgh
• American Airlines - Nonstop flights to Dallas-Fort Worth
• American Eagle - Nonstop flights to Chicago (O'Hare) and Miami
• American Connection - Nonstop flights to St. Louis
• Continental Express - Nonstop flights to Cleveland, Houston (Intercontinental) and Newark
• Delta Air Lines - Nonstop flights to Atlanta and Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky
• Delta Connection - Nonstop flights to Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky, Fort Lauderdale and New York (Kennedy)
• Northwest Airlines - Nonstop flights to Detroit
• Northwest Airlink - Nonstop flights to Minneapolis-St. Paul
• United Express - Nonstop flights to Chicago (O'Hare) and Washington (Dulles)

Southwest Airlines, Inc. ... US Airways is an American low-cost airline headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, owned by US Airways Group, Inc. ... US Airways Express is a brand name used by several airlines which provide feederliner service for US Airways from smaller markets in the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas to its major stations at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, Pittsburgh International Airport, New York Citys LaGuardia Airport... American Airlines (AA) is the largest airline in the world in terms of total passengers-miles transported[1] and fleet size[2], and the second-largest airline in the world (behind Cathay Pacific) in terms of total operating revenues. ... American Eagle Airlines is an airline based in Fort Worth, Texas. ... American Connection is a brand name used by three airlines feeding American Airliness hub at Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport: Chautauqua Airlines, serving 14 cities with 15 Embraer ERJ-140 jets RegionsAir (formerly Corporate Airlines), serving 12 cities with 10 Jetstream 32 turboprops Trans States Airlines, serving 29 cities... Continental Express (IATA: n/a, ICAO: BTA, and Callsign: Jet Link) is the operating name of ExpressJet Airlines for Continental Airlines. ... Delta Air Lines, Inc. ... Delta Connection is the name under which seven regional airlines operate short and medium haul routes for mainline carrier, Delta Air Lines. ... Northwest Airlines (Pink Sheets: NWACQ), occasionally known as NWA, is an American airline headquartered in Eagan, Minnesota in the United States of America. ... Northwest Airlink is the name of Northwest Airlines commuter airline subsidiaries, flying turboprops and regional jets from Northwests domestic hubs in Minneapolis, Detroit, and Memphis. ... United Express is a brand name under which nine regional airlines operate feeder flights for United Airlines from small markets to Uniteds domestic hub airports. ...

Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport

Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (formerly know as Patrick Henry Field) is a major regional air passenger transport hub in southeastern Virginia. The airport, which is among the fastest growing airports in the country (by passenger volume), serves an average of 1.5 million annual passengers, and is served by four (4) airlines, with flights to a number of nonstop destinations: Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (IATA: PHF, ICAO: KPHF) is an airport in Newport News, Virginia, and serves the entire Hampton Roads metropolitan area along with Norfolk International Airport in Norfolk. ...

• AirTran Airways - Nonstop flights to Atlanta, Boston, New York (LaGuardia), Orlando, and others
• Delta Air Lines - Nonstop flights to Atlanta and others
• Delta Connection - Nonstop flights to Orlando and others
• US Airways Express - Nonstop flights to Charlotte, Philadelphia, and others

AirTran Airways (NYSE: AAI), is a low-cost airline based in Orlando, Florida, USA and is a subsidiary of AirTran Holdings. ... Delta Air Lines, Inc. ... Delta Connection is the name under which seven regional airlines operate short and medium haul routes for mainline carrier, Delta Air Lines. ... US Airways Express is a brand name used by several airlines which provide feederliner service for US Airways from smaller markets in the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas to its major stations at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, Pittsburgh International Airport, New York Citys LaGuardia Airport...

Places of Higher Education

Four-Year Public

• Christopher Newport University - Newport News
• College of William and Mary - Williamsburg
• Eastern Virginia Medical School - Norfolk
• Norfolk State University - Norfolk
• Old Dominion University - Norfolk

Christopher Newport University, locally abbreviated as CNU, is a small liberal arts university located in Newport News, Virginia. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ... Eastern Virginia Medical School, in Norfolk, Virginia is a public medical school. ... Norfolk State University, founded 1935, is a historically black university located in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Old Dominion University (ODU) is a university located in Norfolk, Virginia. ...

Two-Year Public

• Thomas Nelson Community College - Hampton, James City County
• Tidewater Community College - Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth
• Paul D. Camp Community College - Franklin, Suffolk, Smithfield

Thomas Nelson Community College (abbreviated form: TNCC) is a two-year college located in southeastern Virginia. ... Tidewater Community College [[[Image:tcc_logo. ...

Four-Year Private

• Hampton University - Hampton
• Northrop Grumman Newport News Apprentice School of Shipbuilding - Newport News
• Regent University - Virginia Beach
• Virginia Wesleyan College - Virginia Beach
• ECPI College of Technology - Virginia Beach and Newport News

Hampton University (formerly Hampton Institute) is an American university located in Hampton, Virginia. ... Regent University is a fully accredited institution of higher education founded upon and guided by Christian principles. ... Virginia Wesleyan College is a small Methodist liberal arts college on the border of Virginia Beach and Norfolk, Virginia offering a Bachelor of Arts in many disciplines. ...

Two Year Private

• Commonwealth College - Hampton, Virginia Beach

Harbor: commerce, shipping, military

Hampton Roads from space

Hampton Roads has become known as the "world's greatest natural harbor". The port is located only 18 miles from open ocean on one of the world's deepest, natural ice-free harbors. Since 1989, Hampton Roads has been the mid-Atlantic leader in U.S. waterborne foreign commerce and is ranked second nationally behind the Port of South Louisiana based on export tonnage. When import and export tonnage are combined, the Port of Hampton Roads ranks as the third largest port in the country (following the ports of New Orleans/South Louisiana and Houston. In 1996, Hampton Roads was ranked ninth among major U.S. ports in vessel port calls with approximately 2,700. In addition, this port is the U.S. leader in coal exports. The coal loading facilities in the Port of Hampton Roads are able to load in excess of 65 million tons annually, giving the port the largest, most efficient and modern coal loading facilities in the world. Image File history File links Hampton Roads, Virginia from space image description here larger version here Image courtesy: NASA/JPL-Caltech File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Hampton Roads, Virginia from space image description here larger version here Image courtesy: NASA/JPL-Caltech File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...

It is little surprise therefore that the Hampton Roads region's economic base is largely port-related, including shipbuilding, ship repair, naval installations, cargo transfer and storage, and manufacturing related to the processing of imports and exports. Associated with the ports' military role are almost 50,000 federal civilian employees.

The harbor of Hampton Roads is an important highway of commerce, especially for the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Newport News. Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ...

Shipyards

Northrop Grumman Newport News (formerly Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company), the world's largest shipyard, is located a short distance up the James River. In Portsmouth, a few miles up the Elizabeth River, the historic Norfolk Naval Shipyard is located. NORSHIPCO operates from sites in the City of Norfolk. There are also several smaller shipyards, numerous docks and terminals. The newly constructed USS Birmingham is launched from the Newport News yards in 1942 Northrop Grumman Newport News (NGNN), formerly called Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (NNS&DD or simply NNS), is the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States and the only one that can build Nimitz... Small shipyard in Klaksvík (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels Dockyards and shipyards are places which repair and build ships. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... Aerial View of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ...

Coal piers

Massive coal piers and loading facilities were established in the late 19th and early 20th century by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W), and Virginian Railway (VGN). The latter two were predecessors of the Norfolk Southern Railway, a Class I railroad which has its headquarters in Norfolk, and continues to export coal from a large facility at Lambert's Point on the Elizabeth River. CSX Transportation now serves the former C&O facility at Newport News. (The VGN's former coal facility at Sewell's Point has been gone since the 1960s, and the property is now part of the expansive Norfolk Navy Base). Aerial view looking east of Virginian Railway coal piers at Sewells Point on Hampton Roads near Norfolk, Virginia. ... The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from many smaller railroads begun in the 19th century. ... The Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) (AAR reporting marks NW), a US class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. ... The Virginian Railway (AAR reporting mark VGN) was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. ... Norfolk Southern Headquarters Norfolk, Virginia. ... A Class I railroad in the United States, or a Class I railway (also Class I rail carrier) in Canada, is one of the largest freight railroads, as classified based on operating revenue. ... aerial view of Norfolk and Western Railway coal piers and yards at Lamberts Point, on Elizabeth River at Norfolk, Virginia Lamberts Point is a point of land on the south shore of the Elizabeth River near the downtown area of the independent city of Norfolk in the South... CSX Transportation (AAR reporting marks CSXT) is a Class I railroad in the United States, owned by the CSX Corporation. ... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... -1...

Military

Hampton Roads is also a chief rendezvous of the US Navy. The Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military bases and facilities of any metropolitan area in the world. The area is home to the Allied Command Transformation, which is the only major military command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Langley Air Force Base is home to Air Combat Command (ACC). The Norfolk Navy Base is located at Sewell's Point near the mouth, on the site used for the tercentennial Jamestown Exposition in 1907. For a width of 500 feet the Federal government during 1902 through 1905 increased its minimum depth at low water from 25.5 feet to 30 feet, and the channel has now been dredged to a depth of 55 feet in some places. The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... This Wikipedia article uses European spelling because of NATOs historical use of this style as a standard. ... NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... Langley Air Force Base (IATA: LFI, ICAO: KLFI) is located at in Hampton, Virginia is home of Air Combat Command. ... ACC bases and deploments The Air Combat Command (ACC) is a major command (MAJCOM) of the United States Air Force whose mission is to provide air combat forces (mostly aircraft), to other commands, including both commands within the Air Force as well as the United States Unified Combatant Commands that... -1... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... The Jamestown Exposition was one of the many worlds fairs and expositions that were popular in the United States early part of the 20th century. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Other area military facilities (alphabetically) include:

• Camp Peary in York County
• Fleet Training Center Dam Neck in Virginia Beach
• Fort Eustis in Newport News
• Fort Monroe in Hampton (scheduled to be closed by 2011)
• Fort Story in Virginia Beach
• Langley Air Force Base in Hampton
• Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek in Virginia Beach
• Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach
• Naval Weapons Station Yorktown in York County
• Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth (not to be confused with Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, in Kittery, Maine)
• Saint Julian Creek Naval Depot Annex in Chesapeake
• Coast Guard Integrated Support Command Portsmouth[3]

Camp Peary is a military reservation in York County, Virginia. ... FTC Dam Neck is the home of the Fleet Combat Training Center Atlantic of the U.S. Navy. ... Fort Eustis is a military base facility of the United States military located in Newport News, Virginia. ... Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... Fort Story is a facility of the U.S. Army located in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia at Cape Henry. ... Langley Air Force Base (IATA: LFI, ICAO: KLFI) is located at in Hampton, Virginia is home of Air Combat Command. ... The Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek is the major operating base for the Amphibious Forces in the United States Navys Atlantic Fleet. ... Naval Air Station Oceana IATA: NTU, ICAO: KNTU), also known as NAS Oceana, is a military airport located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and is a United States Navy Master Jet Base (a base that offers 24 hour service and fuel). ... Naval Weapons Station Yorktown is a United States Navy base in Virginia. ... Aerial View of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ... Portsmouth Naval Shipyard The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS), often called the Portsmouth Navy Yard, is a United States Navy shipyard for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ... Location of town of Kittery in state of Maine Kittery is a town located in York County, Maine. ... Official language(s) None (English de facto; French is also an administrative language) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ...

Non-military federal agencies

NASA's Langley Research Center, located on the Peninsula adjacent to Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, is home to scientific and aerospace technology research. The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (commonly known as Jefferson Labs) is located nearby in Newport News. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... Langley Research Center NASA Langley 14 x 22 foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. ... Langley Air Force Base (IATA: LFI, ICAO: KLFI) is located at in Hampton, Virginia is home of Air Combat Command. ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...

Speech

The area is home to a non-rhotic 'Coastal Southern' Accent, different from the other rhotic Tidewater accents spoken in surrounding areas.

Flag

In 1998, a flag representing the Hampton Roads region was adopted. The design of the flag was created by a contest. The winner, sixteen year-old Andrew J. Wall of Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach, raised the new regional flag for the first time on the mast of a ship moored in the harbor. Image File history File links Hampton_roads_flag. ... Frank W. Cox High School is a large high school in the Great Neck subdivision of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. It was founded in 1961 as the Northeast Junior High School, but upon opening, it was named after a former superintendent of Virginia Beach City Public Schools, Frank Woodard Cox. ...

As conceived by student Andrew Wall and embellished by the selection committee, his flag is highly symbolic:

The ring of sixteen white stars stands for the cities and counties that comprise the region of Hampton Roads. The blue upper panel refers to the sea and sky, recalling the first European settlers at Jamestown in 1607, the first battle between ironclad ships in 1862, the importance of shipbuilding and ship repair in the area, as well as maritime commerce, fishing, recreational boating, and the major military and government installations around the area’s shores. Agriculture, the environment, tourism, industry, and a healthy quality of life are suggested by the lower panel of green. The wavy white central band with three crests suggests past, present, and future. The wave also recalls the surf and sand dunes of the area as seen from the sea. Water is the central theme. It touches all the components and binds them together. [4]

Area attractions and historical sites

Virginia's Historic Triangle

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1382x936, 215 KB)Replacement map for JPEG version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1382x936, 215 KB)Replacement map for JPEG version. ...

Historic Triangle: Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown

The Historic Triangle is located on the Virginia Peninsula and includes the colonial communities of Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown, with many restored attractions linked by the Colonial Parkway. This article reads like an advertisement. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... Colonial Parkway is a scenic 23-mile parkway linking the 3 popular attractions of Virginias Historic Triangle of colonial-era communities, Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. ...

Colonial Parkway

The National Park Service's Colonial Parkway joins the three popular attractions of Colonial Virginia with a scenic and bucolic roadway carefully shielded from views of commercial development. This helps visitors mentally return to the past, and there are often views of wildlife and waterfowl. This two lane roadway is the best (but not quickest) way to move between the three points. Near the James River and York River ends of the parkway, there are several pull-offs, where some families allow their children to feed bread to the seagulls. (Warning: No trucks are allowed). The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Colonial Parkway is a scenic 23-mile parkway linking the 3 popular attractions of Virginias Historic Triangle of colonial-era communities, Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. ... Image:FRANKIE COBB.jpg Various species of deer are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia. ... Falcated Duck at Slimbridge Wildfowl and Wetlands centre, Gloucestershire, England Wildfowl or waterfowl, also waterbirds, is the collective term for the approximately 147 species of swans, geese and ducks, classified in the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae. ... York River can refer to: The York River in Virginia in the United States. ...

For an even better experience, approach the area from the south by water from Surry County with a ride aboard one of the Jamestown Ferrys, which include the Pocahontas and Williamsburg. As passengers cross, they can walk about the boat or go up to an enclosed viewing level with restrooms. Weather and daylight permitting, passengers usually see Jamestown Island much as the first colonists may have approached it. In fact, the replicas of Christopher Newport's the three tiny ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery are docked near the northern ferry landing at Glass House Point. Both the Jamestown Ferry and Colonial Parkway are toll-free. Surry County is a county located in the south-eastern part of the state of Virginia. ... Jamestown Ferry (also known as the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry) is an automobile ferry on the James River in Virginia, connecting Jamestown in James City County with Scotland in Surry County. ... Jamestown was a village on an island in the James River in Virginia, about 45 miles southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now. ... Christopher Newport (c. ... Pocahontas, seen leaving Glass House Point, is one of four ferryboats operating the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry VDOT promotional photo Glass House Point in James City County, Virginia is the northern terminus of the Jamestown Ferry, which was relocated there as part of the development of Jamestown for the celebration the...

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in the New World which was established at Jamestown in 1607. The 350th anniversary celebration at Jamestown Festival Park in 1957 was so popular, tourism has been continuously increasing ever since. The 400th anniversary is being celebrated with an 18-month long celebration called Jamestown 2007. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and her consort Prince Phillip inspect replica of Susan Constant at Jamestown Festival Park in Virginia on October 16, 1957 Jamestown Festival Park was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1957 to mark the 350th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown Settlement. ... The Virginia state quarter commerates Jamestons quadricentennial. ...

Main article: Jamestown 2007

Today, at Jamestown, you can visit recreations of an American Indian village and colonial fort, and archaeological sites where current work is underway by archeologists from the Jamestown Rediscovery project, with recently recovered archaeological artifacts in a new display building. Replicas of the three ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery are docked nearby. The Virginia state quarter commerates Jamestons quadricentennial. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Jamestown Rediscovery is an archaeological project of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA) investigating the remains of the original Jamestown Settlement established in the Virginia Colony beginning on May 14, 1607. ... Susan Constant was the largest of three ships of the English East India Company led by Captain Christopher Newport on the voyage which resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia in 1607. ... Godspeed was one of the three ships of the English East India Company led by Captain Christopher Newport on the voyage which resulted in the founding of Jamestown in the new Colony of Virginia in 1607. ... Discovery was a 70-ton fly-boat of the English East India Company, launched before 1602. ...

The two major attractions, which are complimentary to each each other, are the state-sponsored Jamestown Settlement near the entrance to Jamestown Island, and the National Parks Service's Historic Jamestowne, on Jamestown Island itself. Sketch of Jamestown c. ... A statue commemorating the site of the first permanent English settlement in the New World. ...

Williamsburg

In 1699, the first capital of Virginia was moved to Middle Plantation at the suggestion of students from the College of William and Mary (established 1693). It was soon renamed to Williamsburg, but became a largely forgotten little town after the capital was moved to Richmond in 1780. Largely due to the 20th century preservation efforts of the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Bruton Parish Church and the generosity of Standard Oil heir John D. Rockefeller Jr., today Colonial Williamsburg is a large living museum of early American life. It has dozens of restored and recreated buildings and reenactors. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The Visitor's Center (right off the Colonial Parkway) features a short movie and is an excellent place to start (and leave automobiles, which are restricted from the restored area, where wheelchair-accessible shuttle bus service is provided). Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... Nickname: Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars) Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Government  - Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (I) Area  - City 62. ... Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin (1869-1939), was the rector of Bruton Parish Church who began the 20th century effort which resulted in the preservation and restoration of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia The Reverend Dr. William Archer Rutherfoord Goodwin (1869-1939) (or W.A.R. Goodwin as he preferred... Bruton Parish Church is located in the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Standard Oil (Esso) was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. ... John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... A living museum is a type of museum that recreates to the fullest extent conditions of a culture, natural environment or historical period. ... A Go North East bus parked in a lay-by in Tyne and Wear, England. ...

Yorktown

The third point of the triangle is Yorktown where General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington in 1781, ending the American Revolution. There are two large visitor centers, battlefield drives, and a waterfront area. York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that...

Commercial enterprises

Notwithstanding the amazingly successful efforts to provide a non-commercial atmosphere at the three Historic Triangle areas (and on the Colonial Parkway between them), there are many hotels, motels, campgrounds, restaurants, shops and stores, gasoline stations, and amusements close by.

• Busch Gardens Europe is a major theme park located near Williamsburg in James City County.

• Williamsburg Pottery Factory is also nearby on U.S. Highway 60, seven miles west of Williamsburg in James City County.

Busch Gardens Europe is a theme park located in James City County, Virginia about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Williamsburg. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... James City County, Virginia as shown on 1895 map James City County (formally, the County of James City) is a County located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the U.S. State of Virginia. ... United States Highway 60 is an east-west United States highway, running 2,670 miles (4,300 km) from Virginia to Arizona. ... Nickname: The Burg Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... James City County, Virginia as shown on 1895 map James City County (formally, the County of James City) is a County located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the U.S. State of Virginia. ...

Other points of history

There's also a wealth of other points of history to explore in the Hampton Roads area.

Virginia Peninsula

• Mariners' Museum is in Newport News. The USS Monitor Center (of Battle of Hampton Roads fame) is there, along the thousands of nautical artifacts from all over the world.

• Virginia Air and Space Center (with a historic carousel adjacent) is in Hampton.

• Casemate Museum (where former Confederate President Jefferson Davis was imprisoned) is at Fort Monroe in the historic Phoebus area at Old Point Comfort in Hampton.

• Harbor tours departing from Hampton and Newport News provide access to Fort Wool and Northrop Grumman Newport News, the world's largest shipyard.

• NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, the original training ground for the Mercury Seven, Gemini, and Apollo Astronauts.

The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... The Mariners Museum is located in Newport News, Virginia. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders John L. Worden Franklin Buchanan Catesby R. Jones Strength 1 ironclad, 3 wooden warships 1 ironclad, 2 wooden warships, 1 gunboat, 2 tenders Casualties 2 wooden warships sunk, 1 wooden warship damaged 261 killed 108 wounded 1 ironclad damaged 7... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (traditional) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Government Republic President... Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. ... Satellite Photo of Fort Monroe Fort Monroe, Virginia (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a military installation located at Old Point Comfort on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Bay in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... Phoebus was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. ... Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton at the extreme tip of the Virginia Peninsula at the mouth of Hampton Roads in the United States. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Fort Wool (originally named Fort Calhoun) was the companion to Fort Monroe in protecting Hampton Roads. ... Small shipyard in Klaksvík (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels Dockyards and shipyards are places which repair and build ships. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... Langley Research Center NASA Langley 14 x 22 foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. ... Original seven Astronauts portrait (L-R: Schirra, Shepard, Slayton, Grissom, Glenn, Cooper, Carpenter) The Mercury Seven was the group of seven Mercury astronauts picked in April 1959. ... Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of the United States of America. ... Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit. ...

South Hampton Roads

• Cape Henry site of the first landing of the English settlers in 1607 and two lighthouses is at Fort Story in Virginia Beach.

• Norfolk Navy Base at Sewell's Point in Norfolk is the largest naval facility in the world.

• Norfolk Botanical Garden is in Norfolk.

• The Chrysler Museum is in Norfolk.

• MacArthur Memorial Museum is in Norfolk.

• USS Cole is in Norfolk.

• Nauticus, The National Maritime Center and the Battleship USS Wisconsin are near downtown Norfolk.

• Children's Museum of Virginia in Portsmouth has one of the largest collection of model electric trains and other toys.

• Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth is one of the oldest shipyards and has the first dry dock on display.

• Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (in Suffolk and Chesapeake) is accessed from U.S. Route 17 in Chesapeake.

• Suffolk-Nansemond Museum is in the restored Seaboard and Virginian Railway passenger train station in Suffolk.

• Isle of Wight Museum is in Smithfield.

• The Virginia Zoo is in Norfolk, Virginia.

• Contemporary Art Center of Virginia located in Virginia Beach features the significant art of our time.

South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ... Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia. ... A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ... Fort Story is a facility of the U.S. Army located in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia at Cape Henry. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ... -1... Hampton Roads, Virginia 1858 Sewells Point is a peninsula of land in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States, located at the mouth of the salt-water port of Hampton Roads. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... The Norfolk Botanical Garden (155 acres) is a botanical garden with arboretum located at 6700 Azalea Garden Road, Norfolk, Virginia. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Two United States Navy destroyers have borne the name USS Cole. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Nauticus, The National Maritime Center. ... USS Wisconsin (BB-64) is an Iowa-class battleship, and is the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... Aerial View of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling, and repairing the Navys ships. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... U.S. Navy submarine USS Greeneville in dry dock following collision with a fishing boat. ... The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1974 to help protect and preserve a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, a marshy region on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina in the United States. ... United States Highway 17 (also known as the Ocean Highway) is a north-south United States highway. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Founded 1963 Government  - Mayor Dalton S. Edge Area  - City  350. ... The Seaboard Air Line Railroad (AAR reporting mark SAL) was an American railroad that existed between 1880s and 1967, when it merged with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, its longtime rival, to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. ... The Virginian Railway (AAR reporting mark VGN) was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1742 Mayor Linda T. Johnson Area    - City 1,111. ... Smithfield is a town located in Isle of Wight County, in the South Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States. ... The Virginia Zoo is a zoo located in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ...

Major commercial and retail centers

The area's experiences with commercial and retail centers began early in 1918. Afton Square, located in the Cradock naval community of Portsmouth, was the first planned shopping center in the USA and has served as template for future developments throughout the nation. [5] Cradock may refer to: Christopher Cradock (1862–1914), admiral in the Royal Navy. ...

Hampton Roads experienced tremendous growth during and after World War II. In the 1950s, a trend in retail was the shopping center, a group of stores along a common sidewalk adjacent to off-street parking, usually in a suburban location. For the traditional meaning of the word mall, see mall. ...

In 1959, one of the largest on the east coast of the USA was opened at the northeast corner of Military Highway and Virginia Beach Boulevard on property which had formally been used as an airfield. The new JANAF Shopping Center, located in Norfolk, featured acres of free parking and dozens of stores. Backed by retired military personnel, the name JANAF was an acronym for Joint Army Navy Air Force. 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... JANAF Shopping Center in Norfolk, Virginia was one of the first large shopping centers in the United States. ...

During the 1950s and early-1960s, other shopping centers in Hampton Roads were developed, such as Wards Corner Shopping Center, Downtown Plaza Shopping Center and Southern Shopping Center in Norfolk; Mid-City Shopping Center in Portsmouth; Hilltop Shopping Center (now known as The Shops at Hilltop) in Virginia Beach; Riverdale Shopping Center in Hampton and the Warwick-Denbigh Shopping Center in Newport News. The flagship building of RK Auto Group was built on Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1964^[1]. RK Auto Group is the authorized Chevrolet dealer for Virginia Beach from 1964 to the present. ^[2] Virginia Beach Boulevard was established in 1922 as a concrete roadway extending from the eastern outskirts of the City of Norfolk through Norfolk County and Princess Anne County to the Oceanfront area of the Town of Virginia Beach in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia. ...

Indoor shopping malls

In the late-1960s, a new type of shopping center came to Hampton Roads: the Indoor Shopping Mall. In 1965, South Hampton Roads broke ground on its first shopping mall in Virginia Beach, known as Pembroke Mall. The mall opened in 1966, and became Hampton Road's newest indoor shopping destination. The Virginia Peninsula had its first indoor shopping mall in 1973, with Coliseum Mall. Coliseum Mall drew so much traffic from Interstate 64, that a towering flyover was built at the Mercury Boulevard and Coliseum Drive intersection, to accommodate eastbound mall traffic, from the Mercury Boulevard interchange. Also in the 1970s, Tower Mall was built in Portsmouth. In Norfolk, Military Circle Mall on Military Highway was built across Virginia Beach Boulevard from the large JANAF Shopping Center with its own high-rise hotel right in the center. In 1981, Greenbrier Mall gave Chesapeake a shopping mall of its own as well, and Virginia Beach got the massive Lynnhaven Mall the same year. McArthur Glen Designer Outlet, Swindon, England, a shopping mall built within a disused railway engine works. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Pembroke Mall is the Hampton Roads MSAs first shopping mall located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Coliseum Mall is a medium size shopping mall, located in Hampton, Virginia with anchor stores JC Penney and Burlington Coat Factory. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Interstate 64 Interstate 64 (abbreviated I-64) is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. ... Overpass in East Potomac Park, Washington, D.C. Flyover in Miami Beach, Florida An overpass (In UK, most Commonwealth countries flyover) is a bridge, road or similar structure that crosses over another road. ... Military Highway is a four-lane roadway built in the South Hampton Roads region of eastern Virginia, USA during World War II. // During World War II, the military build-up meant more people locating in the South Hampton Roads area, and with people came automobiles, many of them. ... Virginia Beach Boulevard was established in 1922 as a concrete roadway extending from the eastern outskirts of the City of Norfolk through Norfolk County and Princess Anne County to the Oceanfront area of the Town of Virginia Beach in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia. ...

In 1999, urban shopping returned back to downtown Norfolk in the form of a shopping mall like no other in Hampton Roads. MacArthur Center Mall opened in March 1999, which made downtown Norfolk a prime shoppers destination, with the region's first Nordstrom department store anchor. MacArthur Center Mall is compared to other downtown malls, such as Baltimore's Harborplace, Indianapolis' Circle Centre Mall, Atlanta's Lenox Square Mall and most comparably to The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City near Washington, D.C., in Arlington, Virginia. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Operated by the Taubman Company, and owned by the city of Norfolk, Virginia, MacArthur Center Mall is the premiere upscale shopping center of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. ... Nordstrom, Inc. ... Harborplace is a festival marketplace in Baltimore, Maryland, that opened in 1980 as a centerpiece of the revival of downtown Baltimore. ... Outside of Circle Centre, by Nordstrom, Carson Pirie Scott and Bentleys Circle Centre is a large indoor shopping mall located in downtown Indianapolis (just around the corner from the Soldiers and Sailors Monument). ... Aerial view of Lenox Square with JW Marriott Hotel in background. ... The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, also known as Pentagon City Mall, is an upscale shopping mall in Arlington, Virginia. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... Arlington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia (which calls itself a commonwealth), directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. By an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned to Virginia effective in 1847 As of 2000...

Currently, Virginia Beach's Lynnhaven Mall is the region's largest shopping center with nearly 180 stores, and is one of the region's biggest tourist draws, with the Virginia Beach oceanfront, Colonial Williamsburg, Busch Gardens Williamsburg: The Old Country and the MacArthur Center Mall. Lynnhaven Mall is a mall in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Busch Gardens Europe is a theme park located in Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Operated by the Taubman Company, and owned by the city of Norfolk, Virginia, MacArthur Center Mall is the premiere upscale shopping center of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. ...

For a long time, the indoor shopping malls were seen as largely competitive with small shopping centers and traditional downtown type areas. However, in the 1990s and since, the "big-box stores" on the Peninsula and Southside, such as Wal-mart, Home Depot, and Target have been creating a new competitive atmosphere for the shopping malls of Hampton Roads. A big box is a box that is big. ...

Several older malls such as Pembroke and Military Circle have since their grand openings have been renovated several, and others have been closed and torn down. Newmarket North Mall is now NetCenter, a business center. Coliseum Mall, in Hampton, is being redeveloped in a new style, in step with the latest commercial real estate trend: the nationwide establishment of "lifestyle centers". NetCenter, located in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia, is a former Shopping Mall redeveloped beginning in 2000 and converted into a business center with supporting retail, personal services and food service amenities. ... The term lifestyle center is used in a variety of ways. ...

Defunct malls

• Mercury Mall in Hampton (converted to Mercury Plaza Shopping Center in the mid-1980s, then completely torn down in 2001).
• Newmarket North Mall in Hampton (Opened in 1975, and then converted in 2002 to NetCenter a business complex).
• Tower Mall in Portsmouth (Built in the early 1970s, then torn down in 2001).
• Coliseum Mall in Hampton (Closed in January 2007, as part of the area redevelopment)

Mercury Mall or Mercury Plaza Mall was a shopping mall in Hampton, Virginia. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Newmarket North Mall, located in Hampton, Virginia, opened in 1975. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... NetCenter, located in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia, is a former Shopping Mall redeveloped beginning in 2000 and converted into a business center with supporting retail, personal services and food service amenities. ... Coliseum Mall is a medium size shopping mall, located in Hampton, Virginia with anchor stores JC Penney and Burlington Coat Factory. ...

List of active malls

Lynnhaven Mall is a mall in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ... Operated by the Taubman Company, and owned by the city of Norfolk, Virginia, MacArthur Center Mall is the premiere upscale shopping center of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Founded 1963 Government  - Mayor Dalton S. Edge Area  - City  350. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Founded 1963 Government  - Mayor Dalton S. Edge Area  - City  350. ... Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent city Incorporated 1896 Government  - Mayor Joe Frank Area  - City  119. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Pembroke Mall is the Hampton Roads MSAs first shopping mall located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ...

Sports, entertainment, and mass assembly venues

normal seating capacity in parentheses Seating capacity refers to the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, either in terms of the space available, or in terms of limitations set by law. ...

Major indoor arenas

• Norfolk Scope Arena (12,600; 13,800 festival seating), current home of the American Hockey League's Norfolk Admirals. The arena opened in 1971.

• Hampton Coliseum (10,761; 13,800 festival seating), location of the annual Virginia Duals wrestling events, and the annual Hampton Jazz Festival. The arena opened in 1970.

The Norfolk Scope is a 12,600-seat multipurpose arena in Norfolk, Virginia. ... The American Hockey League (AHL) is regarded as the top professional hockey league in North America outside the National Hockey League (NHL) for which it serves as the primary developmental circuit. ... The Norfolk Admirals are an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... Located in Hampton, Virginia, the Hampton Coliseum is a multi-use facility owned by the city of Hampton. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Collegiate and other indoor arenas

• William and Mary Hall at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg (10,300)
• Ted Constant Convocation Center at Old Dominion University – Norfolk (9,650) sometimes known as the Ted Constant Convocation Center or Constant Convocation Center or (to locals) "the Ted"
• Joseph G. Echols Memorial Hall at Norfolk State University (8,500)
• Hampton University Convocation Center (8,200)
• Freeman Center at Christopher Newport University – Newport News (6,000)
• Old Dominion University Field House – Norfolk (5,955)
• Gills Gymnasium at Norfolk State University (4,000)
• Holland Hall at Hampton University (3,000)
• Anderson Field House at Fort Eustis – Newport News (2,200)
• Jane P. Batten Student Center at Virginia Wesleyan College – Virginia Beach (2,120)

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Old Dominion University. ... Joseph G. Echols Memorial Hall is a 7,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Norfolk, Virginia. ...

Minor League sports stadiums

• Harbor Park – Norfolk (12,067) (opened in 1993), home of the Norfolk Tides AAA minor league baseball team

• Virginia Beach Sportsplex – Virginia Beach (11,541) (opened in 1999), home of the Hampton Roads Piranhas minor league soccer teams

• Peninsula War Memorial Stadium – Hampton (5,125) (opened in 1948), former home of the Peninsula Pilots minor league baseball team

Harbor Park is a stadium in Norfolk, Virginia. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Norfolk Tides are a minor league baseball team, the AAA farm team for the New York Mets. ... Virginia Beach Sportsplex is a sports complex in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The Hampton Roads Piranhas are a W-League club based in the Hampton Roads area. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... The Wilimington Blue Rocks are a minor league affilate of the Boston Red Sox. ...

Collegiate and other stadiums

• Dick Price Stadium at Norfolk State University (30,000) football
• A.H. Foreman Field at Old Dominion University – Norfolk (20,300) football and field hockey
• Walter J. Zable Stadium at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg (15,279) football
• Armstrong Stadium at Hampton University (14,000) football
• John B. Todd Stadium – Newport News (11,000) football
• Darling Memorial Stadium – Hampton (8,000) football
• Bailey Field – Yorktown (6,000) football
• Old Dominion University Soccer Stadium – Norfolk (6,000)
• Union Kempsville Stadium – Virginia Beach (5,100) football
• Anheuser-Busch Field at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg (4,450) soccer
• Pomoco Stadium at Christopher Newport University – Newport News (4,200) football
• District Park Sports Complex – Williamsburg (4,000) proposed
• Powhatan Stadium – Norfolk (4,000) under construction - football
• Bud Metheny Sports Complex and Old Dominion University – Norfolk (3,000) baseball
• Marty L. Miller Baseball Field at Norfolk State University (1,600)
• Joe Plumeri Park at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg (1,200) baseball
• Mark McCormack-Betsy Nagelsen Tennis Center at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg

Dick Price Stadium is a 30,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Foreman Field is a 20,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Norfolk, Virginia. ... -1... Armstrong Stadium is a 17,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Hampton, Virginia. ... John B. Todd Stadium is a football stadium located in Newport News, Virginia. ...

Convention Centers

square feet of exhibition space in parentheses

• Virginia Beach Convention Center (600,000) (opened early 2007) Construction)
• Williamsburg Convention Center (259,000) (Proposed)
• Hampton Roads Convention Center – Hampton (258,000)
• Norfolk Executive Conference Center (73,000) (Planned)
• Chesapeake Conference Center (37,000)
• Portsmouth Conference Center (37,000)
• Waterside Convention Center – Norfolk (35,000)
• City Center at Oyster Point Conference Center – Newport News (Under Construction)

Auditoriums and Performing Arts Theatres

• Hampton Roads Shakespeare Festival - Virginia Beach
• Chrysler Hall – Norfolk (2,503)
• Willett Hall – Portsmouth (2,000)
• Ogden Hall at Hampton University (1,960)
• L. Douglas Wilder Performing Arts Center at Norfolk State University - Norfolk (1,900)
• Rockwell Hall at Little Creek Amphibious Base – Virginia Beach (1,756)
• Ferguson Center for the Performing Arts at Christopher Newport University – Newport News (1,750)
• Sandler Performing Arts Center – Virginia Beach (1,700) under construction
• Edythe C. and Stanley L. Harrison Opera House – Norfolk (1,650)
• Williamsburg Performing Arts Center - Williamsburg (1,500) proposed
• Norva Theatre – Norfolk (1,500)
• Premiere Theatre (aka Granby Theatre) – Norfolk (1,200)
• Riverview Theatre – Norfolk (1,100)
• Jeanne and George Roper Performing Arts Center at Tidewater Community College – Norfolk (1,000)
• Crispus Attucks Cultural Center – Norfolk (900)
• Music Theatre of Williamsburg (752)
• Suffolk Center for Cultural Arts - Suffolk (650) under construction
• Regent University Performing Arts Center – Virginia Beach
• Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg
• Devary Theatre at Norfolk Naval Base - Norfolk
• Wells Theatre – Norfolk
• American Theatre – Hampton
• Fort Monroe Theatre – Hampton
• Yoder Dairy Barn Theater, Denbigh (Newport News)

The Ferguson Center for the Arts is a new theater and concert hall on the campus of Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia, USA. It fully opened in September of 2005. ... Christopher Newport University, locally abbreviated as CNU, is a small liberal arts university located in Newport News, Virginia. ... The NORVA is a performing theatre located in Norfolk, Virginia off of Monticello Avenue. ...

Amphitheatres

• Verizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheatre - Virginia Beach (20,000)
• nTelos Pavilion at Harbor Center – Portsmouth (7,500)
• Le Palais Royal Theatre at Busch Gardens – Williamsburg (5,600)
• Lake Matoaka Amphitheatre at The College of William and Mary – Williamsburg (2,400)

Raceways

• Langley Speedway – Hampton (6,500)

For Langley Speedway, closed racetrack in British Columbia, Canada, see Langley Speedway. ...

Collegiate sports teams

• Old Dominion University Monarchs - Norfolk
• Norfolk State University Spartans - Norfolk
• Hampton University Pirates - Hampton
• The College of William and Mary Tribe - Williamsburg
• Christopher Newport University Captains - Newport News
• Tidewater Community College Storm - Various

Media

Print

Two major newspapers serve Hampton Roads: The Virginian-Pilot and The Daily Press. Smaller publications include the The Williamsburg-James City County area's twice-weekly Virginia Gazette, the state's oldest newspaper and the Smithfield Times publishes a weekly edition in the Isle of Wight County town of the same name. The Virginian-Pilot is a daily newspaper, serving the area around Norfolk, Virginia. ... The Daily Press is a newspaper published in Newport News, Virginia. ... The Virginia Gazette (also called simply Virginia Gazette) is the local newspaper of the City of Williamsburg and James City County, Virginia. ...

Hampton Roads Magazine serves as the region's only city and lifestyle glossy magazine. The publication is bimonthly and covers all of Hampton Roads, Williamsburg and the Eastern Shore.

Television

11 full-power television stations serve the Hampton Roads area.

UNC-TV is a network of PBS member stations in North Carolina, with headquarters in Research Triangle Park. ... UNC-TV is a network of PBS member stations in North Carolina, with headquarters in Research Triangle Park. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Edenton is a town in Chowan County, North Carolina, United States. ... WTKR is the CBS affiliate serving the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, officially known as the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News DMA. The station is licensed to Norfolk and broadcasts on channel 3. ... CBS is one of the largest radio and television networks in the United States. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... WSKY-TV, which launched around fall 2001, is an independent station serving the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, VA television market (DMA) and the Outer Banks of North Carolina. ... Manteo is a town located in Dare County, North Carolina. ... WAVY-TV is the NBC affiliate serving the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, Virginia television market (DMA). ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... WVEC-TV is the ABC affiliate for the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, which includes Norfolk-Portsmouth, Newport News, and the surrounding area. ... The American Broadcasting Company ( oftenly known as ABC) operates television and radio networks in the United States and is also shown on basic cable in Canada. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... WHRO-TV, channel 15 is the PBS member for Hampton Roads, Virginia (the Norfolk–Portsmouth–Newport News television market (DMA). ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Motto: Americas First Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates: County Independent City Mayor Ross Kearney II Area    - City 352. ... WHRE is a religious television station in Virginia Beach, Virginia, broadcasting locally on channel 21 as an affiliate of TBN. It is owned by Copeland Channel 21, LLC, and operated by TBN. TBN Official site Query the FCCs TV station database for WHRE Broadcast television in the Norfolk / Virginia... The Trinity Broadcasting Network, or TBN, is the largest Christian (and largest religious) television network in the world. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ... WGNT, channel 27, is the CW-affiliated station for the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, Virginia (known collectively as Hampton Roads) market. ... “The CW” redirects here. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1752 County Independent city Mayor Dr. James W. Holley III Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 120. ... WTVZ-TV is the WB affiliate serving the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, Virginia (or Hampton Roads) television market. ... MyNetworkTV (sometimes written My Network TV, and unofficially abbreviated MyNet, MyTV, MNT, or MNTV) is a television network in the United States, owned by News Corporation. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... WVBT-TV is the Fox Network affiliate serving the Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, VA television market (Designated Market Area). ... For the animal, see Fox. ... Location in the Commonwealth o Virginia. ... WPXV is the i affiliate for Hampton Roads, licensed to Norfolk, Virginia. ... . The initial letter is shown capitalized due to technical restrictions. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ...

Minor League Sports Teams

The Norfolk Nighthawks were a charter member of the Arena Football League's minor league, af2. They ceased operations in 2003 after their fourth season. Also, the Virginia Beach Mariners of soccer's USL First Division were active from 1994 until 2006. The Norfolk Tides are a minor league baseball team, the AAA farm team for the New York Mets. ... A view of the playing field at Busch Memorial Stadium, St. ... The International League (IL) is a minor league baseball league which operates in the eastern United States and Canada. ... Harbor Park is a stadium in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (679x679, 11 KB)Norfolk Tides logo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Norfolk Admirals are an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ... The American Hockey League (AHL) is regarded as the top professional hockey league in North America outside the National Hockey League (NHL) for which it serves as the primary developmental circuit. ... The Norfolk Scope is a 12,600-seat multipurpose arena in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Image File history File links Norfolk Admirals logo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Norfolk Nighthawks were a now-defunct charter member of af2. ... The Arena Football League (AFL) was founded in 1987 as an American football indoor league. ... af2 (short for arenafootball2) is the name of the Arena Football Leagues minor league, which started play in 2000. ... The Virginia Beach Mariners were an American soccer club, who formerly play in the USL First Division of the United Soccer Leagues, the second division in the US Soccer hierarchy behind Major League Soccer. ... The United Soccer Leagues First Division (often referred to as simply, USL-1) is a professional mens soccer league in North America. ...

Norfolk presented a proposal to bring the Montreal Expos baseball team to town, but Washington, D.C. won the bid for the team, renaming it the Washington Nationals. The Montreal Expos (French: Les Expos de Montréal) were a Major League Baseball team located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from 1969 to 2004. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... Major league affiliations National League (1969–present) East Division (1969–present) Current uniform Retired Numbers 42 Name Washington Nationals (2005–present) Montreal Expos (1969-2004) Ballpark RFK Stadium (2005–present) Hiram Bithorn Stadium[3] (San Juan) (2003-2004) Olympic Stadium (Montreal) (1977-2004) Jarry Park (Montreal) (1969-1976) [3] The...

Music Scene

The Hampton Roads area is home to many talented and well known musical acts, cited for diversity and covering a wide variety of genres. Some of the more well known are:

Artists/Bands that perform regularly/semi-regularly in Hampton Roads

• The 24 Seven Band - Country/Rock
• All That - Dance
• Ben Phelps Project - Rock/Pop
• Bigger Dream - Rock/Classic Rock/Dance
• Brad Street Band - Rock
• Butter - Variety
• Calypsonuts - Beach
• Fine Swiss Cheese - Variety
• Gangsters of Love - Classic Rock/Rock
• Heather Edwards Band - Country/Classic Rock
• Hotcakes - Variety
• The Janitors - Variety
• Jason Swain and Atlantic Crossing - Rock/Country/Top 40/Variety
• Joe Maniscalco - Beach/Classic Rock
• Lewis McGehee - Beach/Classic Rock
• Lovesick Cousin - Americana/Rock
• Mae - Indie Rock
• Plastic Eddie - Rock/Top 40
• Rainmarket - Rock/Pop
• Revery - Rock
• The Rhondels - Beach
• Rockstar Parking - Rock/Pop
• The Ryan Hines Band - Rock
• Slapwater - Rock n Roll/Motown/Beach
• Slick Nickel - Beach/Classic Rock/Country
• Snackbar Jones - Rock/Top 40/80's/Variety
• Southern Blend - Classic Rock/Top 40
• Speakeasy - Variety
• Steamboat Jack - Classic Rock/Country/Rock
• Tailgate Down - Country
• Wilderness Road - Country

Mae is a rock group that formed in Norfolk, Virginia in 2001. ...

Other artists/bands that are from the Hampton Roads region

• Bruce Hornsby - Rock/Pop/Jazz
• Coyote Run - Modern Folk/Celtic
• Ella Fitzgerald - Jazz
• Gary "U.S." Bonds - Rock N Roll
• Gene Vincent - Rockabilly
• Juice Newton - Pop/Rock
• Missy Elliott - Rap/Hip Hop
• Nicole Wray - Rap/Hip Hop
• Pharrell Williams - Rap/Hip Hop
• Quan - Rap/Hip Hop
• Robert Cray - Blues
• Ruth Brown - Rhythm and Blues
• Seven Mary Three - Rock
• Steve Earle - Southern Rock/Country
• Timbaland - Rap/Hip Hop

Bruce Randall Hornsby (born November 23, 1954 in Williamsburg, Virginia) is an American singer, virtuoso pianist, accordion player, and songwriter. ... Ella Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996), also known as Lady Ella and the First Lady of Song, is considered one of the most influential jazz vocalists of the 20th Century. ... 1960 portrait Biography Gary U.S. Bonds (born Gary Anderson, June 6, 1939) is an American rhythm and blues singer. ... Gene Vincent, real name Vincent Eugene Craddock, (February 11, 1935 – October 12, 1971) was an American rockabilly pioneer musician, best known for his hit Be-Bop-A-Lula. // His parents, Ezekiah Jackson and Mary Louise Craddock, were shop owners in Norfolk, Virginia. ... Juice Newton was born Judith Kaye Cohen 18 February 1952 in Lakehurst, New Jersey and grew up in Virginia Beach, Virginia. ... Melissa Arnette Elliott (born July 1, 1971 in Portsmouth, Virginia), better known as Missy Elliott, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, MC, and record producer. ... Nicole Monique Wray (born July 1981) is an African-American R&B singer, songwriter, actress, dancer, rapper and model. ... Pharrell Williams (born April 5, 1973) is an American producer, singer, rapper, and songwriter. ... Don Ferquan (better known simply as Quan) is an upcoming rapper currently signed to Nass Ill Will Records. ... Robert Cray (foreground) Robert Cray (born 1 August 1953, in Columbus, Georgia) is a blues musician, guitarist and singer. ... Ruth Brown (January 12, 1928–November 17, 2006) was an American R&B singer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Steve Earle (born Stephen Fain Earle January 17, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter, well known for his rock and country music, as well as for his political views. ... Timothy Z. Mosley (born March 10, 1971), better known as Timbaland, is an American musical composer and R&B record producer and rapper whose style influenced both genres even helping to blur the distinction between the two, as well as Pop and Dance music. ...

Tallest buildings

A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...

Trivia

• The callsign of WGH, a radio station in Newport News, stands for World's Greatest Harbor.

• The 3.5 mile long Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel was the first bridge-tunnel complex in the world when it first opened as a two-lane toll facility in 1957.

In broadcasting and radio communication, a callsign or call sign (also call letters) is a unique designation for a transmitting station. ... // WGH, the callsign for ESPN Radio 1310 is an AM radio station licensed to Newport News, Virginia. ... A radio station is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. ... Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) is the 3. ... Aerial view of parallel trestles and one of four man-made islands which anchor tunnel portions of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia, longest in the world A bridge-tunnel is a water crossing facility which uses a combination of bridge and tunnel structures. ...

See also

• List of famous people from Hampton Roads
• South Hampton Roads
• Virginia Peninsula
• Historic Triangle
• Jamestown, Virginia
• Colonial Williamsburg
• Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia

This is a list of famous people and celebrities that were either born in or have lived in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. ... South Hampton Roads is a region located in the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia in the United States. ... The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay. ... This article reads like an advertisement. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia are those which formerly existed in the English Colony of Virginia or the Commonwealth of Virginia as one of the United States. ...

External links

• OnHamptonRoads - an online arts and events magazine for Hampton Roads features area reviews and articles on theatre, movies, art, music, and much more
• "You know you're from Hampton Roads when.." A humorous look a one of America's largest metropolitan areas
• Hampton Roads Pet
• Hampton Roads Economic Development Alliance
• Mr. Lincoln an+d Freedom: Hampton Roads Conference
• Hampton Roads Visitor Guide
• USS Monitor Center and Exhibit Newport News, Virginia
• Nauticus, The National Maritime Center Norfolk, VA
• Mariner's Museum, Newport News, Virginia
• Hampton Roads Naval Museum
• Norfolk City Historical Society
• Norfolk County Historical Society
• Norfolk Public Library – History of Willoughby
• Norfolk Public Library – History of Weather Events
• City of Norfolk website, Local History
• Civil War and the Battle of Sewell’s Point
• Civil War Naval History
• Fort Wool History
• 1907 Jamestown Expo held at today's Norfolk Navy Base
• Naval Station Norfolk website
• Roads to the Future - I-664 Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel
• Hampton Roads - Official State Tourism Website & Map
• Hamptonroads Connect - Local forums and info
• NASA Langley Research Center
• Hampton Roads Magazine, city magazine

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.