The Haner language (traditional Chinese: 漢兒言語) was a Chinese language heavily influenced by non-Han Chinese languages, especially Mongolian. Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...

Terms and Concepts

Spoken Haner

The term "Haner language" appears at the Nogeoldae and Bak Tongsa, and refers to the colloquial Han language of Northern China. "Haner" is an informal form of Hanren (Han Chinese people) and its use can be traced back to the Han Dynasty period. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it came to refer to the Han people under non-Han domination. Northern China experienced long and frequent conquests by non-Han including the Khitan, the Jurchen and the Mongols. However, Han Chinese language kept its status as the lingua franca. This caused interference by Altaic languages. At the same time, the Haner language exposed colloquial features that have almost always been obscured by the tradition of Classical Chinese, so it is sometimes considered in relation to modern Mandarin. The Nogeoldae (pinyin Laoqida) is a Korean traditional textbook on foreign languages that provides important linguistic data. ... Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (206 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–220 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24  - Abdication... This article is about China. ... The Khitan (or Khitai, Chinese: ; pinyin: Qìdān) were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria in the 11th century and has been classified by Chinese historians as one of the Eastern proto-Mongolic ethnic groups Donghu (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao Dynasty in 907... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or interference) is the effect of a speaker or writers first language (L1) on the production or perception of his or her second language (L2). ... Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of very old forms of Chinese , making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. ...

Written Haner

There is another concept called the "Crude Mongol-(Han) Chinese Translation of Official Documents" (硬譯公牘文體) by Yekemingghadai Irinchin. It is the written language used in imperial edicts, laws and other official documents during the Yuan Dynasty. These documents were written in highly formalized translation from Mongolian so that they cannot be understood with the grammar and vocabulary of Classical Chinese. Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...

The Haner language and the Crude Mongol-(Han) Chinese Translation are different concepts. The latter is a written language but the former is a colloquial language or includes both. However, they clearly share many features in grammar and vocabulary. The development of the written language seems to have been based on the Haner language.

Features

There are two methods to study the Haner language: the comparison of the crude translation with original Mongolian, and the analysis of colloquial style books like the Nogeoldae. Although their similarities have been pointed out, there is not yet any detailed comparison between the two forms. Here we mainly deal with the crude translation.

Word order

The crude translation tries to keep the same word order to Mongolian unless it is too confusing or unnatural. This means reverse order in Han Chinese language because Mongolian is a SOV language while Han Chinese language is basically a SVO language. It also adopts some postpositions. In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. ... In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ...

Nouns

Mongolian distinguishes singular and plural forms although it is not as strict as in English. In the Haner language, Mongolian plural endings technically correspond to "mei" (每) even if it sounds unnatural in Han Chinese language. For example, Mongolian "čerig-üd" (soldiers) was translated into "junmei" (軍每).

Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are postpositioned in Mongolian. The crude translation sometimes translates it in the original order. For example, "jarlig-man-u" (imperial edict ← our) is "shengzhi andi" (聖旨俺的) in the crude translation. Due to its ambiguity, however, possessive prounouns were often reversed (e.g. 俺的聖旨) or simply dropped.

Case-markers

Although the ordinary Han Chinese language does not mark cases or uses prepositions like 把-, the crude translation frequently used postpositions that correspond to the Mongolian ones.

The genitive and comitative case suffixes follow the orinary Han Chinese grammar, but the rest is not. The extensive use of -gendi is one of remarkable features of the crude translation and it can also be found in the colloquial form. There seems a loose distinction between the -gendi and the -li: the -gendi tends to mark dative case whereas the -li marks locative case in general. Note that in the Secret History of the Mongols, -gendi is replaced by the -hang (行). The Secret History of the Mongols is the first literary work of Mongolian culture. ...

Particles

Mongolian verbs can be nominalized in some inflected forms and refer to persons performing/having performed the actions. In the Haner language, the character "di" (的) comes after verbal phrases. Depending on tense, "laidi" (來的) "ledi" (了的) "lailedi" (來了的) "quledi" (去了的) were also used. The plural ending "mei" can be added. For example, "changchuan chirou di mei" (常川喫肉的每) means "persons who habitually eat meat."

Verbs

Auxiliary verbs

The Haner language is most known for its use of "有" at the end of a sentence.

Vocabulary