Islam Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ...     History of Islam Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... Image File history File links Mosque02. ... The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ...

Beliefs and practices

Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Charity • Pilgrimage Aqidah, sometimes spelt as Aqeeda, Aqida or Aqeedah. ... TawÄ«d (also Tawheed,Tauheed and other spellings; Arabic: ‎ ; Turkish: Tevhid) is the Islamic concept of monotheism In Islam, TawhÄ«d means to assert the unity of God. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The shahadah (Arabic:   translit: ) (Turkish: Åžehadet) is the Islamic creed. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎, translit: ; Turkish: ; Ottoman Turkish: حاج, Hāc; Malay: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ...

Major figures

Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Companions of Muhammad This page is a list of Muslims in various professions and fields. ... This article is becoming very long. ... This is an Arabic phrase literally translated as People of the House, or family. ... Prophets of Islam are human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets. ... In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (Arabic: ‎ companions) were the companions of Muhammad. ...

Texts and laws

Qur'an • Sunnah • Hadith Fiqh • Sharia • Theology // Quran Text Surahs Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir ibn Kathir (by Ibn Kathir) Tafsir al-Tabari (by Tabari) Al Kordobi Tafseer-e-kabir (by Imam Razi) Tafheem-al-Quran (by Maulana Maududi) Sunnah/Hadith Hadith (Traditions of The Prophet) The Siha-e-Sitta al-Bukhari (d. ... The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hadith ( translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sharia ( translit: ) is the body of Islamic law. ... Kalam (علم الكلم)is one of the religious sciences of Islam. ...

Major branches

Sunni • Shi'a The religion of Islam has many divisions, sects, schools, traditions, and related faiths. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam, also Shiite Islam, or Shiism (Arabic:شيعة, Persian:شیعه translit: ) is a denomination of the Islamic faith. ...

Societal aspects

Academics • History Philosophy • Science Art • Architecture Calendar • Holidays • Women Leaders • Politics • Islamism Muslim culture is a term primarily used in secular academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples. ... Islamic Studies is the academic discipline which focuses on Islamic issues. ... Muslim history involves the history of the Muslim people. ... Islamic philosophy (الفلسفة الإسلامية) is a part of the Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faith, reason or philosophy, and the religious teachings of Islam. ... This is a subarticle to Islamic studies and science. ... Islamic art is the art of Islamic people, cultures, and countries. ... the interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; at-taqwÄ«m al-hijrÄ«; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Gāhshomāri-ye Hejri; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic... Friday is an important day in the life of a Muslim and it is believed that any devotional acts done on this day gain a higher reward. ... Islam considers men and women to be equal by nature. ... Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been persons who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... This article is about political Islamism. ...

See also

Vocabulary of Islam The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. ... This box: view • talk • edit

Ḥanīf (Arabic حنيف, plural ḥunafā' حنفاء) is an Arabic term that refers to pre-Islamic non-Jewish nor Christian Arabian monotheists.^[1] More specifically in Islamic thought it refers to the Arabs during the (pre-Islamic) period known as the Jāhiliyya or "Ignorance", who were seen to have rejected Shirk and retained some or all of the true tenets of the monotheist religion of Ibrahim (Abraham)^[1] that was held to have preceded Judaism and Christianity.^[2] Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Monotheism (in Greek monon = single and Theos = God) is the belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogeneous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Jahiliya (Ignorance) refers to the time of pagan Arabs preceding Islam. ... Shirk is the Islamic concept of the sin of idolatry. ... Ibrahim (Arabic: ابراهيم), also known as Abraham, is very important in Islam, both in his own right as prophet and as the father of the prophet Ismail (Ishmael), his firstborn son, who is considered the Father of the Arabs. ... It has been suggested that Abraham (Hebrew Bible) be merged into this article or section. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Etymology and History of the term

The term is from the Arabic root ḥ-n-f meaning to "to incline, to decline" (so Lane 1893). The ḥanīfiyyah is the law of Abraham; the verb taḥannafa means "to turn away from idolatry", "to become circumcised". In the verse 3:27 of the Quran it has also been translated as "upright person" and outside the Quran as "to incline towards a right state or tendency".^[2] It appears to have been used earlier by Jews and Christians in reference to 'pagans' and applied to followers of an old Hellenized Syro-Arabian religion and used to taunt early Muslims.^[3]
In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages, a triliteral is a root containing a sequence of three consonants. ... or (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician , Syriac , Hebrew (also , heth) , and Arabic (in abjadi order). ... Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet (in abjadi order). ... Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet (in abjadi order). ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ... Pagan may refer to: A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism Bagan, a city in Myanmar also known as Pagan Pagan (album), the 6th album by Celtic metal band Cruachan Pagan Island, of the Northern Mariana Islands Pagan Lorn, a metal band from Luxembourg, Europe (1994-1998) Pagans Mind, is... Hellenisation (or Hellenization) is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Greek becomes Greek (Hellenic). ... Motto: none Anthem: Homat el Diyar Guardians of the Homeland Capital (and largest city) Damascus Arabic Government Presidential republic  - President Bashar al-Assad  - Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-Otari Independence from France   - Declared (1) September 19361   - Declared (2) January 1, 1944   - Recognized April 17, 1946  Area  - Total 185,180 km... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogeneous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...

In the Quran

The term hanif is used 12 times in the Quran; 8 times in reference to Ibrahim who is the only person to have been explicity identified with the term.^[4] Ibrahim is mentioned in the Qur'an as a Hanif, being a prophet predating the Judaic and Christian traditions, who rejected polytheism and pantheism for monotheism.^[2] Prophets of Islam are human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets. ... Polytheism multiple gods or deities. ... Pantheism (Greek: pan = all and Theos = God) literally means God is All and All is God. It is the view that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent God; or that the universe, or nature, and God are equivalent. ...

• Other verses: 2:135, 3:95, 4:125.
• Verse 10:105 indicates the Islamic prophet Muhammad as being one of the hanif as well.

The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Mohammed Habib Shakir, (1866, Cairo–1939, Cairo) was an Egyptian judge, born in Cairo and a graduate from Al Azhar University. ... Verse is a writing that uses meter as its primary organisational mode, as opposed to prose, which uses grammatical and discoursal units like sentences and paragraphs. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

By Muslims

The term has been used synonymously with the term Muslim in reference to a historical Islam, extending upon the belief of Islam being a restoration of the pure monotheistic religion of Abraham - this pure religion Muslims considered to have become corrupted in the Jewish and Christian traditions- by stating that they followed the "..religion of Ibrahim, the hanif, the Muslim.."^[3] It has been theorized by Watt that the verbal term Islam; arising from the participle form of Muslim (meaning: surrendered to god); may have only arisen as an indentifying descriptor for the religion in the late Medinan period.^[3] A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Tahrif (Arabic: ‎ corruption, forgery; the stem-II verbal noun of the consonantal root , to make oblique) is an Arabic term used by Muslims with regard to words, and more specifically with regard to what Jews and Christians are supposed to have done to their respective Scriptures. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In linguistics, a participle is a kind of verbal adjective; it indicates that the noun it modifies is a participant in the action that the participle refers to. ... The period when Muhammad in Medina started with the Migration to Medina in 622 and ended with the Conquest of Mecca in 630. ...

Muslim scholars took the term hanif and its abstract noun haniffiya in two senses; as a synonym for historical Islam in the sense of the revealed to Muhammad and practiced by Muslims, and the other as natural state of monotheism of which Abrahim was a significant but not the sole practitioner.^[2] An abstract noun is a noun that refers to an idea, emotion, feeling, or quality that cannot be detected by the five senses (touch, taste, hearing, sight, smell), compared with a concrete noun. ...

Muslim views

At the time before the Prophet Muhammad received his first revelations of Islam, the city of Mecca was mainly polytheistic. Many Muslim traditions point to a small group of Meccan men and women that detested the use of the Kaˤaba by the polytheists and kept their practice of religion monotheistic as was taught by earlier prophets in the region. Muslims believe that one of these was Ibrāħīm (Abraham), who is also believed to have built the Kaˤaba. In religion, a prophet is a person who has directly encountered God, of whose intentions he can then speak as if he were a formal representative of God. ... This article is becoming very long. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Picture of the Kaaba with Muslim pilgrims performing Umrah (lesser pilgrimage) The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat ( ‎), al-Baytu l-‘AtÄ«q ( ‎ The Primordial House), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām ( ‎ The Sacred House), is a large cuboidal building located inside the mosque known... Monotheism (in Greek monon = single and Theos = God) is the belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity. ... Prophets of Islam are human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets. ... It has been suggested that Abraham (Hebrew Bible) be merged into this article or section. ...

According to Islamic belief, these people regularly spent some of their time away from the polytheist environment and made many retreats to nearby hills to pray. One such hill was Hira which is believed to be the location where Muhammad received his revelations from the Archangel Gabriel (Jibreel) which were later recorded as the Qur'an. Hira or the Cave of Hira is a cave on the peak name Jabal al-Nour in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabiakkk. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel (גַּבְרִיאֵל, Standard Hebrew Gavriʼel, Latin Gabrielus, Greek , Tiberian Hebrew Gaḇrîʼēl, Arabic جبريل Jibrīl or Jibrail, literally Master, of God, i. ... The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ...

The only ḥanīf mentioned by name in the Qur'ān is Ibrāħīm. Other Islamic sources such as the sīrat, ahādīth, and tafsīr go into further detail on the ħunafā. They are said to be Arabs who held to the "pure" religion of Ibrāħīm and were not seduced into polytheism. This includes the followers of Ibrāħīm and of his sons Ismā'īl (Ishmael) and Isħāq (Isaac). For the river and also village in Norway named Sira, see Sira, Norway. ... Hadith ( translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsÄ«r, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ... Expulsion of Ishmael and His Mother. ... It has been suggested that Ishaq be merged into this article or section. ...

Muslims are far from unanimous as to who was a ħanīf and how many ħunafā there were.

List of hanifs

• Ibrahim
• Muhammad
• Abu Bakr
• Ali
• Said ibn Zayd
• Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf

The four friends in Mecca from Ibn Ishaq's account: Ibrahim (Arabic: ابراهيم), also known as Abraham, is very important in Islam, both in his own right as prophet and as the father of the prophet Ismail (Ishmael), his firstborn son, who is considered the Father of the Arabs. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Prophet Muhammad ( peace be upon him ) was the final prophet in Islam. ... One of the lucky 10 according to sunnis Never worshiped Idols. ... Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf (died ca. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ...

• Zaid ibn Amr ibn Nufail: rejected both Judaism and Christianity^[2]
• Waraqah ibn Nawfal: converted to Christianity^[2]
• Uthman ibn Huwarith: travelled to Byzantine Empire and converted to Christianity^[2]
• Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh :early Muslim convert who emigrated to Abyssinia and then converted to Christianity^[2]

Hanif opponents of Islam from Ibn Ishaq's account: Father of Said ibn Zayd See also Family tree of Zayd ibn Umar Sahabas ancestors Sahaba External links http://www. ... Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Waraqah ibn Nawfal ibn Assad ibn al-Azi ibn Kassi Al-Korshy (Arabic ورقه بن نوفل بن أسد بن عبد العزي بن قصي الق&#1585... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... This is a Sahaba of Muhammad. ... The Axumite Kingdom, also known as the Aksum Kingdom, was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from circa the 5th century BC to become an important trading nation by the 1st century AD. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 (various sources). ...

• Abu Amir Abd Amr ibn Sayfi: a leader of the tribe of Aws at Medina and builder of the "Mosque of the Schism" mentioned in the Quranic verse 9:107 and later allied with the Quraysh then moved to Taif and onto Syria after subsequent Muslim conquests.^[2]
• Abu Qays ibn al-Aslat^[2]

AWS can mean: Abyss Web Server Ada Web Server Advanced Wireless Services Apple Workgroup Server Automatic Warning System for railway use. ... Medina (Arabic: ‎ IPA: or المدينة IPA: ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Quraish (sura) is also the name of a Surah in the Quran. ... Taif in 1970 Taif (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is a city in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia at an elevation of 1700 metres on the slopes of the Al-Sarawat mountains. ... The Muslim conquests represent a century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion that took place from the death of Mohammed in 632 to the Battle of Tours in 732, during which time a vast Muslim empire and area of influence would come to stretch from India, across the Middle East...

Non-Muslim views

The hanafiyya, are seen as the followers of the religion Abraham who held a veneration for the Kaaba and differed with the Quraysh and having differed over the "association" of the Lord of the sacred precinct in Mecca with other gods.^[2] Some of the "devotional practices" of Islam attributed to them are those such as the veneration of the Kaaba, the pilgramages of the Hajj and umra, the standing at Arafat and Muzdalifa and the sacrificing of camels.^[5] Picture of the Kaaba with Muslim pilgrims performing Umrah (lesser pilgrimage) The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat ( ‎), al-Baytu l-‘Atīq ( ‎ The Primordial House), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām ( ‎ The Sacred House), is a large cuboidal building located inside the mosque known... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎, translit: ; Turkish: ; Ottoman Turkish: حاج, Hāc; Malay: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... The Umrah or Umra (Arabic: عمرة ) is a pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year. ... Yasser Arafat Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرفات) (August 4 or August 24, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born Muhammad `Abd ar-Rauf al-Qudwa al-Husayni (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) and also known as Abu `Ammar (ابو عمّار), was co-founder and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA...

The hanīfiyya have been the subject of academic controversy and accounts of natural "Arab" monotheist have not been universially accepted by western scholars, with some instances being generally ascribed to special pleading, such as for Waraqa,^[2] while G.R. Hawting rejects the Muslim explanations believing that they are later distortions.^{[citation needed]}

As a name

Ḥanīf, capitalized, can also be a common Arabic proper name used for its more literary and poetic definition, "true believer" or "righteous one". The name is used throughout the Muslim world including non-Arabic speaking cultures. A proper name [is] a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic (1. ...

See also

• Banu Khuza'a

Banu Khuzaa is a clan of the Quraish tribe. ...

Notes

References

• Hawting G R 1999: The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History, Cambridge University Press
• Ambros Arne A & Procháczka Stephan 2004: A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic", Reichert
• Kochler, Hans (EDT),Concept of Monotheism in Islam & Christianity, I.P.O., Jan 1, 1982, ISBN 3-7003-0339-4
• William Montgomery Watt, "Muhammad: prophet and statesman", Oxford University Press US, Jun 1, 1974 ,ISBN 0-19-881078-4
• F. E. (Francis E.) Peters, "Muhammad and the Origins of Islam", SUNY Press, Jul 1, 1994, ISBN 0-7914-1875-8
• John Kaltner, "Ishmael Instructs Isaac: An Introduction to the Qu'ran for Bible Readers", Liturgical Press, Oct 31, 1999, ISBN 0-8146-5882-2