Hannah, Countess of Rosebery.

Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery (24 July 1851 – 19 November 1890) was the daughter of Baron Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana, née Cohen. With the death of her father in 1874 she became the richest woman in Britain. Her husband, the 5th Earl of Rosebery, was, during the final quarter of the nineteenth century, one of the most celebrated figures in Britain, an influential millionaire and politician, whose charm, wit, charisma and public popularity gave him such standing that he "almost eclipsed royalty."^[1] Yet his Jewish wife, during her lifetime regarded as dull, overweight and lacking in beauty, remains an enigmatic figure largely ignored by historians and often regarded as notable only for financing her husband's three ambitions: to marry an heiress, win the Epsom Derby, and become Prime Minister (the second and third of these possibly apocryphal ambitions were achieved after her death).^[2] In truth, she was her husband's driving force and motivation. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (423x695, 95 KB)Hannah de Rothschild (1851 - 1890) Painting possibly by Sir John Everett Millais 1829 -1896. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (423x695, 95 KB)Hannah de Rothschild (1851 - 1890) Painting possibly by Sir John Everett Millais 1829 -1896. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818 – 1874) was the third son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777 – 1836). ... Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, PC (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister, also known as Archibald Primrose (1847-1851) and Lord Dalmeny (1851-1868). ... Epsom Derby, Théodore Géricault, 1821. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ...

Her marriage into the aristocracy, while controversial at the time, gave her the social cachet in an anti-Semitic society that her vast fortune could not. She subsequently became a political hostess and philanthropist. Her charitable work was principally in the sphere of public health and causes associated with the welfare of working class Jewish women living in the poorer districts of London. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...

Having firmly assisted and supported her husband on his path to political greatness, she suddenly died in 1890, aged 39, leaving him to achieve, bewildered and without her support, the political destiny which she had plotted alone. His premiership of the United Kingdom was shambolic, and lasted barely a year. For over thirty years following her death, he wandered in a political wilderness, directionless and exceedingly eccentric, until his own death in 1929.

Early years

Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, father of Hannah de Rothschild.

Hannah de Rothschild and her mother in the Grand Hall at Mentmore. Aged just six months, Hannah had laid the foundation stone for the great mansion on 31 December 1851.^[3]

Hannah de Rothschild was born in 1851 into a world of extreme wealth and luxury. She was the granddaughter of Nathan Mayer Rothschild, who had founded N M Rothschild & Sons, the English branch of the Rothschilds' banking empire. Niall Ferguson states in his History of the House of Rothschild that by the mid-19th century the Rothschilds regarded themselves as the nearest thing the Jews of Europe had to a royal family, and the equals of royalty.^[4] Whether or not this was strictly true, the many Rothschild homes and their art collections, in England, Austria, France and Germany, certainly rivalled those of the crowned heads of Europe. Image File history File links MdeR.gif‎ Cartoon of Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, probably by Spy. ... Image File history File links MdeR.gif‎ Cartoon of Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild, probably by Spy. ... Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818 – 1874) was the third son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777 – 1836). ... Image File history File links MentmoreGandhall. ... Image File history File links MentmoreGandhall. ... Mentmore in the 1990s Mentmore Towers is a large English country house in the village of Mentmore in Buckinghamshire. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Nathan Mayer Rothschild This article is not about Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild (1840–1915) Nathan Mayer Rothschild (16 September 1777 – 28 July 1836) was a London financier and one of the founders of the international Rothschild banking dynasty. ... N. M. Rothschild and Sons is the investment bank company of the Rothschild family. ... Members of the royal family shared amongst the Commonwealth Realms. ...

Hannah de Rothschild's father Baron Meyer de Rothschild married his cousin Julia Cohen in 1850. The marriage provided the impetus for Meyer to create what he described as "an enduring monument,"^[3] a country house of monumental proportions. His daughter Hannah, aged just six months, laid the foundation stone on 31 December 1851.^[5] Throughout her life, Mentmore Towers was to be a fixed and pivotal point. Baron Mayer de Rothschild (named Mayer Amschel Rothschild for his grandfather with that name) (1818 - 1874) was the third son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777 - 1836). ... A cousin couple is a pair of cousins with a romantic or sexual relationship. ... A country house is a large dwelling, such as a mansion, located on a country estate. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Mentmore in the 1990s Mentmore Towers is a large English country house in the village of Mentmore in Buckinghamshire. ...

Within a few years of the mansion's completion, attracted by the good hunting and proximity to London, Hannah's relatives began to build estates nearby, all within a carriage drive of each other; thus, Hannah grew up in an almost private world of unimaginable splendour and security. Pevsner has described this enclave of Rothschild properties as "the most conspicuous and significant aspect of Victorian architecture in Buckinghamshire."^[3] In addition to Mentmore, Baron and Baroness Meyer de Rothschild had a large house in London, 107 Piccadilly; The Zenaide, a luxurious yacht moored in the South of France; and other smaller properties visited only seasonally and occasionally. Nikolaus Pevsner (January 30, 1902 - August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ... Of all the landowners in the Buckinghamshire area, none have had more impact on the landscape than the de Rothschild family. ... Piccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Southern France, colloquially known as Le Midi is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions that border Spain, the Mediterranean Sea and Italy. ...

Hannah de Rothschild inherited the vast Rothschild mansion of Mentmore aged 23. The neo-renaissance mansion is photographed here at about the time of Lady Rosebery's death in 1890

As an only child growing up in what were, in all but name, palaces, her childhood appears to have been quite lonely. She was a companion to her hypochondriac mother, and, in later life, a hostess with her father during her mother's long periods of indisposition. She was indulged by both parents and her formal education was neglected in favour of music and singing lessons, subjects in which she was accomplished.^[6][7] Her parents were very protective of her, attempting to ensure that she was never exposed to the risk of sickness or even the sight of poverty. As a result, she was never allowed to enter the cottages on the Rothschilds' estates.^[8] A cousin, who seems to have disliked her, claims that Hannah was so sheltered that the phrase "the poor" was just a meaningless euphemism to her.^[9] This is likely to be an exaggeration, as from her teens onwards she used much of her fortune to improve the lot of the poor, in housing and education. Whatever the faults of her education, she possessed great confidence, impressing her Rothschild relations, who noted her poise and competence when she hosted a large house party at Mentmore for the Prince of Wales while only 17 years of age.^[7] Mentmore, Buckinghamshire. ... Mentmore, Buckinghamshire. ... Mentmore in the 1990s Mentmore Towers is a large English country house in the village of Mentmore in Buckinghamshire. ... Château de Ferrières 1855 Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance of the 1850s. ... Hypochondria (sometimes hypochondriasis) is the unfounded belief that one is suffering from a serious illness. ... Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth Realms, and the Emperor of India. ...

Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874, leaving his daughter not only Mentmore (with its priceless art collection), his London mansion, and innumerable investments, but also the sum of two million pounds sterling in cash. Thus, Hannah de Rothschild became the wealthiest woman in England.^[10]

Betrothal

The 5th Earl of Rosebery—"A strikingly handsome man and immensely cultivated,"^[11] but "A dowryless marriage would have meant a reduced scale of living of a kind galling to a proud nature."^[12]

Hannah de Rothschild was first introduced to her future husband, the 28-year-old Earl of Rosebery, by Lady Beaconsfield, the wife of Benjamin Disraeli,^[13] at Newmarket Racecourse in 1875.^[14] The Disraelis were close friends and neighbours of the Rothschilds in Buckinghamshire.^[15] Image File history File links RoseberyMillais. ... Image File history File links RoseberyMillais. ... Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, PC (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister, also known as Archibald Primrose (1847-1851) and Lord Dalmeny (1851-1868). ... Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, PC (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister, also known as Archibald Primrose (1847-1851) and Lord Dalmeny (1851-1868). ... This article is about the 1st Viscountess Beaconsfield. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... Newmarket Racecourse is located in Newmarket, England. ...

Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery, born in 1847, had inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868, at age 21, together with an income of £30,000 a year. He owned 40,000 acres (160 km²) in Scotland, and land in Norfolk, Hertfordshire, and Kent.^[16] His father had died when he was eight and he had been brought up by his mother, who had subsequently married Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland. His mother was a distant figure, and their relationship was always strained. The Earls of Rosebery, whose family name was Primrose, were old, if undistinguished, members of the Scottish aristocracy. Rosebery was considered to be strikingly handsome and immensely cultivated. He was highly intelligent and a brilliant future was forecast for him by his tutors at both Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.^[11] Sir Archibald John Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery KT, PC, FRS (14 October 1783 – 4 March 1868) was a British Member of Parliament. ... An acre is the name of a unit of area in a number of different systems, including Imperial units and United States customary units. ... For his great-grandson, see Archie Primrose, Lord Dalmeny. ... Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland, by Leslie Ward, 1877. ... The title Earl of Rosebery was created in the Peerage of Scotland for Archibald Primrose, 1st Viscount of Rosebery. ... The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (privately funded and independent) for boys, founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, north of Windsor Castle, and... College name Christ Church Named after Jesus Christ Established 1546 Sister College Trinity College Dean The Very Revd Christopher Andrew Lewis JCR President William Dorsey Undergraduates 426 MCR or GCR President {{{MCR President}}} Graduates 154 Home page Boat Club Christ Church (Latin: Ædes Christi, the temple or house of Christ...

As early as 1876, there were rumours of an engagement.^[17] However, several hurdles had to be overcome before a marriage could take place. While the Jewish Rothschilds were accepted into society, and indeed were close friends of some members of the Royal family including the Prince of Wales, as elsewhere in Europe, strong anti-Semitic feeling was prevalent in the upper echelons of society. Queen Victoria herself expressed a reluctance to make a Jew a peer,^[18] and certainly many high ranking officials at her court were anti-Semites. Lord Spencer, for one, advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against attending a Rothschild ball with the words "The Prince ought only to visit those of undoubted position in Society."^[19] However, this did not prevent the Prince from accepting Rothschild's invitations and gifts privately. While one could be friends with Jews and accept their hospitality, their social status was still not sufficiently elevated to include marriage. Edward VII King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King Edward VII (9 November 1841–6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth realms, and the Emperor of India. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ... John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, KG (27 October 1835 – 13 August 1910) (known as the Red Earl because of his distinctive long red beard) was a British Liberal Party politician under and close friend of British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. ...

Hannah de Rothschild as a young woman dwarfed by the splendours of Mentmore. The fireplace was originally designed by Rubens for his house in Antwerp.

Rosebery's own mother was horrified at the thought of a Jewess, even a Rothschild, in the family.^[20] Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith;^[21] at this time, it was inconceivable that any children could be reared as Jews. Although it has been stated that Rosebery himself was devoid of any anti-Semitic views,^[21] this was not always true, especially in later life.^[22] Image File history File links HannahdeRothschild. ... Image File history File links HannahdeRothschild. ... Peter Paul Rubens (June 28, 1577 – May 30, 1640) was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish and European painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. ... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ...

This factor also worked in reverse; while Hannah de Rothschild was keen to marry Rosebery, she was also aware of many obstacles, the foremost being that she was devoted to her faith, and to leave it would be a severe moral wrench.^[23] Another obstacle was the Rothschild family itself: it was their custom to marry cousins^[23] in order to keep their fortune within the family. Ironically, Hannah herself had opposed the marriage of her cousin Annie de Rothschild to the Christian Eliot Yorke in 1866.^[24] In fact, she was to be the third daughter of the family's English branch to marry outside of the Jewish faith,^[25] but such was the fame of the bridegroom and the resultant publicity that the Jewish elders and press felt an example needed to be made. The Jewish Chronicle announced its "most poignant grief" at the prospect, and cryptically added, "If the flame seize on the cedars, how will fare the hyssop on the wall: if the leviathan is brought up with a hook, how will the minnows escape,"^[26] demonstrating what a threat to the social fabric of the Jewish faith the Jewish elders saw in the prospect of such a marriage. The quotation, originally from the Babylonian Talmud, can be taken to mean that the elders and respected members and more notable members of the Jewish faith should set a good example by strictly following the teachings of the Jewish articles of faith which frown upon marriage to members of other religions. A cousin couple is a pair of cousins with a romantic or sexual relationship. ... The Jewish Telegraph is a Jewish Newspaper in Britain. ... The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. ...

The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878,^[27] a day Rosebery forever afterwards regarded as sacred.^[17] Writing to a friend in January 1878, Rosebery described his wife as "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy...I never knew such a beautiful character."^[28] The marriage was celebrated in London on 20 March 1878 at the Board Room of Guardians in Mount Street, and also in a Christian ceremony at Christ Church in Down Street, Piccadilly.^[17] While Hannah was not the first Rothschild to marry outside of the Jewish faith, such was the prominence of her bridegroom and the attendant publicity highlighting the "out of faith marriage," in order to show "official" disapproval no male member of the de Rothschild family attended the ceremonies.^[24] Shortcomings in the guest list were compensated for by the guest of honour—the Prince of Wales—and Disraeli, who gave the bride away. is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Piccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. ...

Marriage

Julia Margaret Cameron took this photograph of Hannah de Rothschild at age 20 in a Ruskinesque pose.

For the first few years following their marriage, the Roseberys resided in London in the Piccadilly house Lady Rosebery had inherited from her father. However, as the couple's social and political interests increased from 1882, they leased the larger Lansdowne House.^[29] Lansdowne House was one of the finest of the aristocratic palaces in London, well suited to be the home of the political salon which Hannah Rosebery was to establish. Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty, authors such as Henry James and Oscar Wilde, and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time. Henry James, an occasional guest in the Roseberys' homes,^[30] delivered one of the most unflattering condemnations of Lady Rosebery describing her as "...large, coarse, Hebrew-looking with hair of no particular colour and personally unattractive".^[31] Image File history File links Hannah_de_Rothschild_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron,_1871. ... Image File history File links Hannah_de_Rothschild_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron,_1871. ... A portrait of Julia Jackson who was Camerons niece and favorite subject, an albumen silver print by Julia Margaret Cameron, taken in 1867. ... Upper: Steel-plate engraving of Ruskin as a young man, made circa 1845, scanned from print made circa 1895. ... Lansdowne House is a house in Berkeley Square, London. ... For other uses of this name, see Henry James (disambiguation). ... Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 – November 30, 1900) was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and author of short stories. ...

The Roseberys divided their year among their various homes: London for the social season and parliament, Mentmore at weekends to entertain both political and shooting house-parties. In August the household would move north to Dalmeny for the grouse shooting. In between, occasional days would be spent at their home "The Durdans" in Newmarket. Though small by comparison to their other homes, this mansion was described by Henry James as the most homely and comfortable of the Roseberys' many homes and as a delightful house full of books and sporting pictures, with just a few Gainsboroughs and Watteaux.^[32] Together the Earl and Countess of Rosebery added greatly to not only the Mentmore collection but also to that housed at Dalmeny House, Rosebery's Scottish seat, amassing a great library of rare and continental volumes and a collection of artefacts formerly belonging to the Emperor Napoleon I. Newmarket is a market town in the English county of Suffolk,approximately 65 miles (105 kilometres) north of London, which has grown and become famous because of its connection with race horses and Thoroughbred horse racing at Newmarket Racecourse. ... Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 (baptised) – 2 August 1788) was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. ... Jean-Antoine Watteau (October 10, 1684 - July 18, 1721) was a French painter. ... Dalmeny House Dalmeny House is a large baronial mansion and estate in Dalmeny on the Firth of Forth in Scotland. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Relationship with Rosebery

Published commentators on the Roseberys claim their marriage was happy, and there is no known evidence that Hannah was anything other than happy in her marriage, and quite a lot to suggest she was indeed blissfully happy.^[33] However, much evidence suggests that Rosebery, while professing to be happy, was at times irritated and bored by Hannah, who was always keen to accommodate his every whim.^[34]

Rosebery the popular idol. His image was even used, as here, to decorate cigar boxes.

There were times when Lady Rosebery's devotion to her husband was tested. Rosebery may have not been anti-Semitic before his marriage; however, the acerbic wit for which he was famous led him to make remarks that could have been taken in such a way, once his marriage had secured the Rothschild fortune. Rosebery seems to have disliked his first son, who he claimed looked "Jewish."^[20] On seeing his son for the first time he remarked "Le Jew est fait, rien ne vas plus,"^[35] which must have been disconcerting for the child's very Jewish mother. Rosebery, who has been described as febrile and supercilious,^[36] replied in a letter of congratulations on the birth of his heir from Mary Gladstone: "I cannot pretend to be much excited by an event which occurs to almost every human being and which may cause me a great deal of annoyance." Rosebery then left his wife, again pregnant, and newborn child for a year-long tour of Australia. On another occasion, when the Roseberys were travelling in India, Rosebery is reported to have announced "I will travel ahead, Hannah and the rest of the heavy baggage will follow the next day."^[37] Image File history File links 2LORD-ROSEBERY.gif‎ LORD ROSEBERY - OUTER CIGAR BOX LABEL Lithographers Inventory Number: 4379 mass produced work of art produced circa 1890 In public domain by virtue of age The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in... Image File history File links 2LORD-ROSEBERY.gif‎ LORD ROSEBERY - OUTER CIGAR BOX LABEL Lithographers Inventory Number: 4379 mass produced work of art produced circa 1890 In public domain by virtue of age The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in... Mary Gladstone (1847-1927), was a political secretary, writer, and political hostess. ...

While the marriage was based on warmth and esteem on Rosebery's side and adoration on Hannah's,^[17] it seems that Rosebery often found his wife's devotion irritating, and this sometimes caused him to be impatient with her. He was often abrupt with her in public.^[38] She, by contrast, was completely enraptured by him, and would frequently ignore her neighbours at a dinner party in order to listen to her husband's conversation further down the table,^[38] a faux pas almost considered a crime in Victorian society. Those who saw the couple alone at home "could not doubt the affection as well as the comprehension that united them."^[38] Look up faux pas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

However, at times Rosebery's behaviour could be eccentric. Gladstone remarked that Rosebery was, perhaps, rather too concerned with his health.^[39] Early in the marriage Rosebery decided to renovate the small ruined Barnbougle Castle (the original Rosebery family seat), close to, and within sight of, Dalmeny House. Once renovation was complete in 1882, Rosebery used it as a private retreat from his family, and began to spend his nights there alone. Always an insomniac, he claimed that the "stillness of the waters [the nearby Firth of Forth] were conducive to sleep."^[40] Books were his passion, and he assembled a huge library in the small castle. Thus Rosebery was able to lead a life at Dalmeny with his wife, but also quite apart from her. The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area Map of the Firth Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea...

During their marriage the Roseberys travelled extensively, usually without their children. In September 1883 the couple left their children in the care of the nannies and nursery maids, supervised by Rosebery's sister Lady Leconfield, for a long tour of America and Australia.^[41] Lady Rosebery owned large investments in North America, including ranches in Texas and mines in Montana. Their arrival in New York was widely reported and a full and flattering description of Lady Rosebery was reported in The Herald. The newspaper went on to describe Rosebery as looking like a prosperous farmer. Lady Rosebery was very taken with California, from where she wrote: "The inhabitants are very entertaining... the women are very handsome, think nothing of dresses costing £80, "fix up" their faces very frequently and are generally divorced."^[42] Having toured and been fêted in America, the party moved on to Australia via Honolulu. In Australia, Rosebery chose to indulge his habit of solitude, installing his wife in a hotel in Sydney, while he went off alone to tour the outback. Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Helena Largest city Billings Area  Ranked 4th  - Total 147,165 sq mi (381,156 km²)  - Width 255 miles (410 km)  - Length 630 miles (1,015 km)  - % water 1  - Latitude 44°26N to 49°N  - Longitude 104°2W to 116°2W Population  Ranked... Charles Mackintoshs Glasgow Herald building, now The Lighthouse The Herald is a national broadsheet newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland, with an audited circulation of 71,000, making it the best-selling national Scottish broadsheet newspaper. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Honolulu as seen from the International Space Station Honolulu is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. ... For other uses, see Outback (disambiguation). ...

Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery.

Rosebery's frequent absences from his wife fuelled gossip that he was a secret homosexual. It has been claimed that the inscrutable air that Rosebery wore was a mask to disguise his secret homosexual life.^[43] The worry of this illegal secret, it was claimed, and fear of exposure, caused his insomnia and bouts of depression. It was even whispered that his Barnbougle Castle retreat was really a venue for clandestine assignations with young men. Rosebery's possible homosexuality has been much discussed in recent times. Nothing conclusive has ever been found one way or the other, but it is possible that he had homosexual experiences while in the care of a paedophile housemaster at Eton in his youth.^[44] No evidence exists that his wife was aware of these rumours against her husband, or would have understood them if she had. It is unlikely that she would have even known of the existence of homosexual men, bearing in mind her sheltered upbringing and limited education. Comprehensive sex education was not part of a nineteenth century upper-class girl's schooling.^[45] The more public and precise accusations of Rosebery's homosexuality by the Marquess of Queensberry did not occur until three years after Lady Rosebery's death. Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery. ... Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery. ... Pedophilia (American English) or paedophilia / pædophilia (British English), from the Greek &#960;&#945;&#953;&#948;&#959;&#966;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#945; (paidophilia) < &#960;&#945;&#953;&#962; (pais) boy, child and &#966;&#953;&#955;&#953;&#945; (philia) friendship, (ICD-10 F65. ... Lord Queensberry in 1896 John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (20 July 1844 – 31 January 1900) was a Scottish nobleman, remembered for lending his name to the Marquess of Queensberry rules that formed the basis of modern boxing, and for his role in the downfall of author and playwright...

The relationship between the couple appears at time to have been almost that of a mother and child. Rosebery, a self-centred, reserved man, prone to depression, pessimism and insecurity, had a difficult relationship with his mother who had been distant and openly preferred his younger brother.^[46] Lady Rosebery, an orphan and only child, appears to have been desperate to lavish affection. Once upon entering a book shop she told her children they were entering a toy shop, and when the disappointed children pointed out the obvious she replied "to your father this is a toy shop."^[47] Lord Rosebery's friend Edward Hamilton recorded her "notable faculty of getting other people to work and quickening their energies."^[48] It seems she was the driving force of the relationship, with her feet firmly on the ground. She made herself the link between the world and her "thin skinned and neurotic" husband.^[49] While her husband sulked or withdrew with hurt pride from a situation, she came to the forefront to plead his case or cause. If she was aware of his faults she gave no indication of it. Sir Edward Hamilton (1847-1908) was political diarist and one time private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone when he became Prime Minister for the second time in 1880. ...

The Roseberys' daughter Lady Sybil Primrose (1879–1955) painted by Lord Frederick Leighton

Image File history File linksMetadata Sybil_Primrose. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Sybil_Primrose. ... Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton (December 31, 1830 - January 25, 1896) was an English painter and sculptor. ...

Children

The marriage produced four children: Lady Sybil Primrose, born in 1879; Lady Margaret Primrose, born in 1881; the heir Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (later 6th Earl of Rosebery), born in 1882; and finally the Honourable Neil Primrose, born the same year as his elder brother. Lady Sybil Primrose (later Grant) (1879–1955) painted by Lord Frederick Leighton. ... Albert Edward Harry Meyer Archibald Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882-1974), known by his third name of Harry, was a UK politician who briefly served as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1945. ... Captain Neil James Archibald Primrose, MC (14 December 1882 – 17 November 1917), British Liberal politician and soldier, was the second son of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery and Hannah de Rothschild, and brother of the writer Lady Sybil Grant. ...

As a mother, Lady Rosebery was presented with a dilemma: she was in fact already practically a mother to her husband who had no great feeling for a proximity to small babies.^[50] This was particularly evident in June 1880 when shortly after the birth of their first child Sybil, Rosebery wished to visit Germany for three months, to take a cure at a German spa (he was recovering from what is now thought to have been a nervous breakdown).^[51] His wife dutifully accompanied him. However, Rosebery, clearly aware of his wife's frustrated maternal instincts, reported that Hannah savoured every detail of the daily letters from London concerning the baby, and that she never complained at the forced separation.^[52] Look up spa, Spa, SpA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

More revealingly still is a comment Lady Rosebery herself made to her husband, "I sometimes think it is wrong that I have thought less of the children in comparison to you"^[53] shortly before her death in 1890, suggesting that when a choice between her children and husband was forced on her, she always chose her husband. However, the same comment also hints that she was not unaware that her choice was at the cost of her children.

When assessing Lady Rosebery's behaviour to her children it should be remembered that she lived in an era of plentiful nannies, wet nurses, nursemaids and governesses which the upper classes employed as the norm. These people were employed regardless of the mother's affection towards her children; it was inconceivable that countess would nurse her own children, and to do so would have been breaking social conventions. Hence her seeming lack of attention to her children was not unusual Рshe was following the upper class conventions and "stiff upper lip" philosophies of her era. However, in spite of their prolonged absences from their children, the Roseberys do not appear to have been very distant or remote figures in the earliest stages of their children's lives. Margot Asquith records how Rosebery loved to play and romp on the floor with the children.^[54] A nanny is a person who looks after the child or children of one family in their -- the childs -- home. ... A wet nurse is a woman who nurses a baby not her own. ... A nursemaid is a girl or woman hired by an individual family to take care of the child or children of that family. ... A governess is a female employee from outside of the family who teaches children within the family circle. ... Stiff Upper Lip is a 2000 hard rock album by Australian band AC/DC. The album was recorded at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, British Columbia and mastered at Sterling Sound in New York City. ... Emma Alice Margaret (Margot) Asquith, Countess of Oxford & Asquith (ne̩ Tennant) (February 2, 1864-July 28, 1945) was a British socialite, author and wit. ...

Politics

Dalmeny House was the ancestral seat of the Earls of Rosebery and the setting for Lord and Lady Rosebery's political houseparties.

It has been said of Hannah de Rothschild that she grew up with a good sense and presence of mind, enabling her to deputise for her mother on grand social occasions at Mentmore and in London. This gave her confidence and the experience to be the perfect political wife.^[55] Marriage to her altered Rosebery's status, too: while his wife acquired Christian respectability and a title, Rosebery moved from being one of many wealthy and capable young noblemen to being one with unfathomable riches.^[56] This, coupled with his good looks, appealed to the public's imagination and gave him glamour. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 813 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 813 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Dalmeny House Dalmeny House is a large baronial mansion and estate in Dalmeny on the Firth of Forth in Scotland. ... The title Earl of Rosebery was created in the Peerage of Scotland for Archibald Primrose, 1st Viscount of Rosebery. ...

From the outset of the marriage, political members of the Rothschild family took an interest in Rosebery,^[57] and he was soon acclaimed as one of the rising hopes of the Liberal Party.^[58] As a hereditary peer, he already had a seat in the House of Lords and had made his maiden speech there on attaining his majority. But brilliant as he was, Rosebery tended to lethargy and boredom. Lord Granville in fact considered Rosebery's wife to be the more ambitious of the pair,^[34] and even advised her "If you keep him up to the mark, [he] is sure to have his page in history."^[48] The subtle driving of her often languid and lethargic husband to achieve his "page in history" was to become her raison d'être.^[34]; Rosebery's secretary Thomas Gilmour noted: "She is thoroughly genuine and very tender and devoted to Lord Rosebery, it is easy to see that she is very proud of him, and she is a woman of considerable force of character and great energy, she may prove to be a powerful ally in his political career."^[59] Rosebery was not a natural politician. He was an idealist who disliked the rancour of politics, in fact "his innate dislike of politics was something Lady Rosebery always fought against."^[60] However, he was a gifted orator, and this was an era when platform speaking was beginning to replace House of Commons debate.^[61] On a tour of America before his marriage, Rosebery had been impressed by the campaigning of prospective political candidates; in Britain little had changed in that respect since the hustings of the 18th century. He realised how an electorate could be swayed by a candidate touring his prospective constituency, aided by a well thought-out series of events, rallies and advertising, with the candidate's ideal and attractive family smiling by his side. Thus Lady Rosebery not only pushed and encouraged him behind the scenes but was now to become an encouraging and conspicuous figure by his side. In this way it could be said she was the first "political wife" in Britain. This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-06-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... A maiden speech is the first speech given by a newly elected representative in such bodies as the House of Commons or the United States House of Representatives. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Earl Granville Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville KG , PC (May 11, 1815–March 31, 1891) was a British Liberal statesman. ... Look up raison dêtre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Type Lower House Speaker of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Commons Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Harriet Harman, QC, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader of the House of Commons Theresa May, PC, (Conservative) since December 6, 2005 Members 646 Political groups... A husting, or the hustings, was originally a physical platform from which representatives presented their views or cast votes before a parliamentary or other election body. ...

A house party at Dalmeny during the Midlothian campaign. Gladstone is seated centre (holding his hat) while Mrs Gladstone appears to be suffering from toothache. Hannah Rosebery stands third from right. Lord Rosebery is seated on the ground on the right.

This first became evident in the great campaign to re-elect Gladstone. Known today as the Midlothian campaign, it was masterminded by the Roseberys. Rosebery used his influence to have Gladstone invited to stand as parliamentary candidate for Midlothian, where Rosebery's Dalmeny estate was situated. Gladstone had nominally retired from politics after losing his Greenwich seat in 1874, when Disraeli had been swept to power. The campaign was based at Dalmeny where Lady Rosebery hosted a series of large political house parties throughout the long campaign. The Tories were later to claim that Rosebery had paid for Gladstone's campaign. Rosebery later admitted to spending £50,000.^[62] Image File history File links GladstoneandRosebery. ... Image File history File links GladstoneandRosebery. ... The Midlothian campaign was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Gladstone. ... William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). ... The Midlothian campaign was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Gladstone. ... Midlothian (or the anglified Edinburghshire) was a constituency the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. ... William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886 and 1892–94). ... A parliamentary constituency in South-East London, now merged with Woolwich to make the Greenwich and Woolwich seat. ... In the United States and the United Kingdom the term house party refers, typically, to a type of party where large groups of people (usually high school or college students) get together at a designated house, mainly for the purpose of consuming alcoholic beverages. ... The term Tory derives from the Tory Party, the ancestor of the modern UK Conservative Party. ...

The Roseberys' house party would leave Dalmeny and tour the major cities of Midlothian, with Gladstone and the speakers often addressing vast crowds from the back of an American-designed Pullman car specially acquired by Rosebery for the purpose. The scenes at these meetings have been described as something between a carnival and an evangelist's revival meeting.^[63] While in the grounds of Dalmeny House itself, the public were treated to a great firework display. The sleeping car is a railroad car on a train with sleeping facilities. ...

Throughout all this, Gladstone was supported not only by the popular and charismatic Rosebery but also by an array of well-dressed women including Lady Rosebery and Gladstone's daughter Mary. These fashionable people — the celebrities of their day (newspapers at the time gave many column inches each day to the doings of the upper classes) — were as much a crowd-puller as the political speakers, and Rosebery's planning used that to full effect. One meeting was so packed that many were fainting: 70,000 people applied for tickets in a hall capable of holding 6,500.^[64] Lady Rosebery reported, "I had never heard Archie (Lord Rosebery) speak in public politically before, but after the first minute I felt I could never be nervous at his making a speech the audience show him great affection." [sic]^[65] However it was not just Gladstone and Rosebery the huge crowds had come to see, but also the dutifully supporting and smiling families. Lady Rosebery went on to describe how "They (the crowds) patted me on the back till my shoulders were sensitive."^[66] Thus in Rosebery's first serious involvement in politics, Disraeli was defeated and the newly elected MP for Midlothian became Prime-Minister for the second time (the caretaker liberal leader Lord Hartington retired in favour of Gladstone). It was also obvious that Lady Rosebery was a very evident and valuable political electioneering asset. As the Marquess of Crewe put it "she had cut her spurs."^[67] Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (29 June 1833 - 19 October 1908) was a British politician, previously known (1858-1891) as Marquess of Hartington. ...

Gladstone was always the Nemesis to Hannah Rosebery's ambitions for her husband. Although her money financed the Midlothian campaign, he later said of her: "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her."^[68]

Her political mettle and ambitions for her husband were however to be more severely tested following the Liberal victory. Rosebery was, as expected, offered a position in Government by Gladstone. It had been rumoured that the position of Viceroy of Ireland or a cabinet place would be proffered,^[69] but it turned out to be the job of Under Secretary of the India Office. Rosebery immediately declined the post, giving as his reason that it would appear that he was being repaid for running Gladstone's campaign (as though the Viceregal position would not). When pressed further he cited ill health—he had been suffering from scarlet fever during the Midlothian campaign and now also appeared to be suffering a minor nervous breakdown. Political leaders urged Lady Rosebery to influence him, but she defended his decision, while stressing that his deterioration in health was only temporary. She had to be careful—if it appeared her husband had declined the offer on the grounds that it was too lowly, it would give substance to the claims being made that he was conceited and petulant. Whatever the truth, and it may be Rosebery's own explanation that he "disliked hard work,"^[51] Lady Rosebery continued to solicit Gladstone for a job for Rosebery within the cabinet. In August 1880, when Gladstone told her firmly that "There is nothing I can give him," she claimed she had not been seeking a cabinet post and Gladstone had misunderstood her.^[67] At the same time she was canny enough to mention that Sir William Harcourt and Sir Charles Dilke, both radicals opposed to Gladstone's policies, were "visiting them" and "thoughtful."^[67] Lady Rosebery also began to befriend those politicians such as Lord Northbrook who empathised with her husband, while others such as Lord Granville and Lord Hartington she identified as aloof. Lord Spencer she dismissed with "I can never look on him as a great motive power, besides he does not mention Archie [Rosebery] to me."^[70] This was the same Lord Spencer who had advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against visiting the homes of wealthy Jews. William Ewart Gladstone This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... William Ewart Gladstone This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Look up nemesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Midlothian campaign was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Gladstone. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... The India Office was the British government department responsible for the government of British India. ... Sir William Harcourt Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt (October 14, 1827 - October 1, 1904) was a British Liberal statesman. ... Sir Charles Dilke Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet (September 4, 1843 - January 26, 1911) was an English politician, son of Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 1st Baronet. ... Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook GCSI FRS (22 January 1826 – 15 November 1904), English statesman, eldest son of the 1st Baron. ... Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 - 24 March 1908) was a British Liberal statesman, previously known (1858-1891) as Marquess of Hartington (a courtesy title). ... John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, KG (27 October 1835 – 13 August 1910) (known as the Red Earl because of his distinctive long red beard) was a British Liberal Party politician under and close friend of British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. ...

Finally her soliciting paid off and in 1881, Rosebery was offered a government position acceptable to him, that of Under Secretary at the Home Office with special responsibility for Scotland. He had sought the position feeling that Scotland was neglected by the Liberal Government who were more interested in Ireland.^[66] However, immediately upon assuming the job he began to demand a place in the cabinet. The office he sought was that of Lord Privy Seal, a position Gladstone refused on account of Rosebery's inexperience in Government. It appeared that Rosebery was showing his true colours and he was accused of behaving like a spoilt child, with doubts cast over the honourableness of his reasons for refusing the Under Secretaryship of the India Office.^[71] Lady Rosebery, "conscious of her husband's supreme ability,"^[72] wanted him in the cabinet and was furiously agitating her husband's discontent until Rosebery threatened to resign his Home Office position. Lady Rosebery had an angry row with Gladstone's wife,^[72] where Mrs Gladstone pointed out that if Rosebery resigned he would have nothing but horse racing to interest him, and that Lady Rosebery should be patient as her husband was young. Rosebery, accepting that a cabinet place was not going to be forthcoming, resigned from Government. Lady Rosebery, realising further appeal to the Gladstones was pointless, tried a new avenue—Lord Hartington, the immensely influential Secretary of State for War, who was already quarrelling with Gladstone over the Irish home rule problem, and whom she allegedly met by chance at a Preston Railway Station. Inviting him into her carriage for the journey to London, she pleaded her husband's case for three hours to her captive listener.^[73] The Roseberys then immediately left England and their children for a long trip to America and Australia. On their return in 1885 Rosebery was appointed Lord Privy Seal, complete with the seat in the cabinet which he sought. The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ... This article is about the country. ... The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices in the British Cabinet. ... Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 - 24 March 1908) was a British Liberal statesman, previously known (1858-1891) as Marquess of Hartington (a courtesy title). ... The secretary of war in cabinet position was Henry Knox. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... This article is about Preston, Lancashire. ... The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices in the British Cabinet. ...

Sir Charles Dilke. Dilke claimed Lady Rosebery had paid his mistress to announce he had enjoyed a three-in-a-bed orgy with her and a maid. The ensuing scandal ruined him.

Gladstone resigned as Prime Minister in 1885 following a Government defeat over the Irish home rule question. The new Tory government was led by Lord Salisbury. However, as a minority administration it was not expected to last and a swift return of the former administration was anticipated. During this period serious (if unproven) charges of plotting and ruthless ambition were about to be levelled against Lady Rosebery. Sir Charles Dilke, considered as a likely replacement for Gladstone,^[74] and thus a rival to Rosebery in government, was implicated in one of the most scandalous and ruinous divorce cases of the era. Involvement in any divorce was social suicide in the 19th century, but the facts which emerged were enough to ensure it was political suicide as well. A friend of the Roseberys, Donald Crawford, MP, sued his wife Virginia for divorce naming Dilke as co-respondent. There was little evidence and Dilke denied the charge, which could have been ultimately forgotten, if Virginia had not suddenly decided to sign a confession giving such lurid details that a great scandal was unavoidable. She claimed that not only had Dilke slept with her, and taught her "French vices" but also slept with her mother and partaken in a three-in-a-bed orgy with Virginia and a maid.^[75] Dilke denied everything, but his hopes of high political office were ruined forever. Dilke claimed the whole thing was an embroidery of lies and conspiracies by his political enemies. Rumours began to circulate that the Roseberys, and Lady Rosebery in particular, were at the bottom of Dilke's misfortune.^[76] In his futile quest to exonerate himself, and grasping at rumour, Dilke wrote to Rosebery accusing Lady Rosebery of having paid Virginia to make the confession. An outraged Rosebery denied all on his wife's behalf,^[77] while in December 1885 Lady Rosebery's only response on being told of Virginia Crawford's confessions was: "Dilke's behaviour is very astonishing in some reports, though it is not an actual surprise to me."^[78] Early the following year Gladstone was returned to power and Rosebery was appointed Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's third but brief term of office. Dilke's political career was ruined, and for years afterwards he continued to expound the Rosebery conspiracy theory. Nothing was ever proven against Lady Rosebery and no tangible evidence exists to substantiate the claim. Image File history File links Sir_C_W_Dilke. ... Image File history File links Sir_C_W_Dilke. ... Sir Charles Dilke Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet (September 4, 1843 - January 26, 1911) was an English politician, son of Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 1st Baronet. ... Madame de Pompadour the mistress of King Louis XV of France. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... The best-known Lord Salisbury was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830&#8211;1903). ... Charles Wentworth Dilke can refer to: Charles Wentworth Dilke (Dilke the Elder) (1789-1864), editor of the Athenaeum from 1830. ... Donald Crawford (1837–1 January 1919) was a Liberal MP. He sat for the constituency of Lanarkshire North-East from 1885 to 1895. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... Co-respondent, in law, generally, a person made respondent to, or called upon to answer, along with another or others, a petition or other proceeding. ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ...

The impartiality demanded by Rosebery's new office forced him to sell many of his business interests, which had come by the way of the Rothschild family, in order to be seen to be avoiding a conflict of interest. However, his wife's ambition and part in his rise to power was not only being recognised in high places, but clearly starting to irritate. On being told that Lady Rosebery was very keen for her husband to become Foreign Secretary, Gladstone replied "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her."^[79] Rosebery was now on the path to political greatness but Gladstone's government fell the same year. Lady Rosebery was not to see her husband achieve the highest political office.

Philanthropy

The cypher of Lady Rosebery (as Hannah de Rothschild) which was placed on all the schools and cottages which she had built.

Like many other women of her class and era, Lady Rosebery patronised a great number of charities.^[80] Her chief causes appear to have all been connected specifically to the assistance and welfare of women. She was president of the Scottish Home Industries Association, a charity which encouraged Scottish women to work profitably from home making plaid or other items of needlework and the like. In this way women, especially widowed mothers, remained in their homes able to care for their often large families while still earning an income. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Look up Cypher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck Charity, meaning selfless giving, is one conventional English translation of the Greek term agapē. // Etymology In the 1400, charity meant the state of love or simple affection which one was in or out of regarding one... The word plaid has varying but related meanings in the Goidelic languages and is used to refer to: Plaid (pattern), a cross-hatched dyeing pattern often used for wool clothing and distinctly Gaelic Plaid, Plaid Cymru, the largest political party advocating independence for Wales Plaid (band), an English electronic music... Needlework is another term for the handicraft of decorative sewing and textile arts. ...

Queen Victoria appointed her president of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses in Scotland, the beginning of the district nurse system, which was to revolutionise health care for the rural poor and sick in Britain. She was also interested in general improvements in standards of nursing. The Queens Nursing Institute was chartered in 1889 as Queen Victorias Jubilee Institute for Nurses. ... District Nurses are fully qualified nurses who in the UK provide care within the community. ...

Like many of her Rothschild relatives she was also deeply involved with the welfare of young working-class women of the Jewish faith who inhabited the poorer areas of London, in particular Whitechapel. There she founded the Club for Jewish Working Girls. She also donated to numerous other charities connected with Jewish causes. However, within a week of her death her husband began to cancel many of these subscriptions, prompting charges of anti-Semitism.^[81] This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Whitechapel is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, United Kingdom. ...

Her interest in education has been one of her most obvious surviving charitable legacies. She founded schools in all the villages surrounding the Roseberys' estates. The Mentmore estate alone was serviced by three schools founded by her at Wingrave, Cheddington and Mentmore itself. Not only were the children educated at her expense by trained teachers, each was also provided with seasonal gifts of new clothes. Cheddington School remains in its original building with her cypher on its walls, while Wingrave School, which opened in 1877, survives in new premises.^[82] Look up Cypher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

One of her more pioneering and innovative charitable causes was the oral instruction of what were then called the deaf and dumb. Manualism and oralism are philosophies of deaf education concerning the nature of the best language deaf students should use. ... Deaf-mute was a term historically used by hearing people to identify a person who was deaf and could not speak. ...

Death and legacy

Hannah, Countess of Rosebery by George Frederick Watts. After her death her widower always travelled with this portrait close to him.^[83]

Lady Rosebery died of typhoid at Dalmeny in 1890.^[84] She fought the disease, but it was found that she was also suffering from Bright's disease, which had weakened her, making it impossible to survive the attack. She was buried in accordance with the rites of the Jewish faith. Rosebery found this particularly hard to bear, and wrote to Queen Victoria of the pain he experienced when "another creed steps in to claim the corpse."^[85] It was only after her death that the doctors who had treated her disclosed to Rosebery that her kidney condition would have killed her within two years even if she had not contracted typhoid.^[38] Image File history File links HannahRoseberynee-_de-R.gif‎ Lady Rosebery by George Frederick Watts (23 February 1817 - 1 July 1904) This monochrome image of the original work was published in Vol 1 page 282 Crewe, Marquess of (1931). ... Image File history File links HannahRoseberynee-_de-R.gif‎ Lady Rosebery by George Frederick Watts (23 February 1817 - 1 July 1904) This monochrome image of the original work was published in Vol 1 page 282 Crewe, Marquess of (1931). ... George Frederic Watts, as depicted in a biography available from Project Gutenberg Hope painted in 1885 and given to the nation in 1897 George Frederic Watts (23 February 1817 - 1 July 1904; sometimes spelt George Frederick Watts) was a popular English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. ... This is about the disease typhoid fever. ... Dalmeny Kirk Dalmeny is a village and parish in Scotland. ... Brights disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. ...

Her funeral was held on November 25, 1890, at Willesden Jewish Cemetery. As is the Jewish tradition, the service was attended only by male mourners, who included most members of Gladstone's cabinet. is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Willesden Jewish Cemetery in Beaconsfield Road, Willesden, London, NW10, UK opened in 1873. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

There is no evidence that Lady Rosebery drove her husband in order to follow her own political agenda, or that of her family. For her the rewards seem to have been the pleasure of seeing a husband she undoubtedly adored in the high office of which she felt him worthy. There is no doubt that she tempered her husband's more radical views. Immediately following his wife's death Rosebery retired from politics, writing in October 1891 "The sole object of my ambition has disappeared with the death of my wife."^[86] Proof of the widespread belief in society that Lady Rosebery was the stable element of the partnership was confirmed shortly after her death, by Queen Victoria, following a then rare public speech by Rosebery, in which he supported Home Rule for Ireland. The Queen was shocked and thought the speech "almost communistic" and went on to attribute Rosebery's "shocking and disappointing" behaviour to the fact that "poor Lady Rosebery is not there to keep him back."^[87] While Queen Victoria always personally liked Rosebery, she mistrusted his politics.^[88] The Queen had thoroughly liked Lady Rosebery and wrote Rosebery several letters of condolence, likening his loss to the untimely death of her own consort, Prince Albert.^[89] Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Francis Augustus Charles Albert Emanuel, later HRH The Prince Consort) (26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

Shortly after her death Rosebery left his grieving children and went alone on a tour of Spain. Following a visit to El Escorial he wrote on the sepulchral wonders of the building, but added "for the dead alone the Taj is of course supreme."^[90] On his return home he had designed for his wife a Victorian Gothic version of the Taj Mahal in miniature. For the remainder of his life he wore black and used black edged writing paper. Once, when talking with his daughter Sybil, he asked her what mourning she thought her mother would have worn had the situation been reversed. Sybil replied, "She would not have worn any, she would have died at once."^[91] // El Escorial, the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo El Real (also known as the Monasterio de El Escorial or simply El Escorial) is located about 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ...

Ronald Munro-Ferguson has been quoted in 1912 as saying "many things would have gone otherwise had Lady Rosebery lived. Her loss is today as great a calamity from every point of view as it was at the time of her death."^[60] Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson, later 1st Viscount Novar of Raith (6 March 1860 - 30 March 1934), sixth Governor-General of Australia, was probably the most politically influential holder of this post. ...

Widowhood changed Rosebery, both mentally and physically: he aged overnight, and began to refer to himself as an old man.^[60] Two years after her death, friends were still concerned that he was suicidal. Winston Churchill thought him maimed by her death, and later said of her "she was a remarkable woman on whom Rosebery leaned, she was ever a pacifying and composing element in his life which he was never able to find again because he could never give full confidence to anyone else."^[92] For other uses, see Suicide (disambiguation). ... “Churchill” redirects here. ...

Sir Edward Hamilton, Rosebery's closest friend, wrote: Sir Edward Hamilton (1847-1908) was political diarist and one time private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone when he became Prime Minister for the second time in 1880. ...

Her qualities were portrayed in literature when Lady Rosebery was reputed to be the model for Marcella Maxwell in Mrs Humphry Ward's novels Marcella (1894)^[94] and Sir George Tressady (1909).^[95][48] The author lived at Stocks^[96] close to Lady Rosebery's home at Mentmore and would certainly have known her, while in the books Marcella's house is based on Hampden House, also in Buckinghamshire. Mary Augusta Ward Huxley and Arnold family tree. ... For other uses, see stock (disambiguation). ... Hampden House is a country house in the village of Great Hampden, between Great Missenden and Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire. ...

..."for the dead alone the Taj is of course supreme."^[97] Designs for Lady Rosebery's mausoleum.^[98]

The Liberals did not return to office until 1892. Lord Rosebery was eventually persuaded to enter government, becoming once again Foreign Secretary serving under Gladstone as Prime Minister. In 1894 on Gladstone's retirement he achieved his wife's ambitions and became Prime Minister, but by this time Lady Rosebery had been dead for four years. Without her, Rosebery was a shadow of his former self, taking huge doses of morphine to combat insomnia and nerves. His Prime Ministership lasted barely a year, marred by problems and difficulties. For the remainder of his life and without his wife, as Queen Victoria phrased it, "to hold him back", he became more and more eccentric and controversial in his decisions. His final years were blighted by ill health and a self-enforced seclusion in Scotland. He died in 1929. Image File history File links RoseberytombWillesden. ... Image File history File links RoseberytombWillesden. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ...

Before their marriage and his full-time entry into politics, Rosebery's future wife had written with extraordinary foresight and ambition to him: "I work only to help you, if you are Prime Minister, let me imitate Montagu Corry."^[99] Corry had been Disraeli's influential private secretary on whom he had relied. Rosebery only ever trusted his wife. Without her to calm and order his life he was a neurotic wreck. Montagu William Lowry-Corry, 1st Baron Rowton (8 October 1838–9 November 1903), also known as Monty, was a British philanthropist and minor diplomat, best known for serving as Benjamin Disraelis private secretary from 1866 until the latters death in 1881. ...

Lady Rosebery's eldest son, Harry, who was less successful in politics than his father and brother, distinguished himself by becoming captain of Surrey County Cricket Club and owning two Epsom Derby winning horses. He succeeded his father as 6th Earl of Rosebery and died in 1974. Margaret married her father's old friend and biographer the Marquess of Crewe. Such was still the fame of her parents that London traffic was brought to a standstill on her wedding day in 1899.^[100] Lady Crewe became one of the first women magistrates in Britain; she died in 1955. Lady Sybil has been summarized by one of her father's biographers: "Even more eccentric than her father, she spent much of her time living in a caravan."^[100] Neil, the second of the Roseberys' sons, entered politics and a promising future was foretold for him. However, on the outbreak of World War I he joined the army, and was killed leading a charge at Gezer in 1917. Albert Edward Harry Meyer Archibald Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882-1974), known by his third name of Harry, was a UK politician who briefly served as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1945. ... Surrey County Cricket Club (SCCC) is an English first-class cricket team, based at The Oval cricket ground in south London. ... The title Baron Houghton was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1863 for the noted Victorian literary person Richard Monckton Milnes. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ... Lady Sybil Primrose (later Grant) (1879–1955) painted by Lord Frederick Leighton. ... Captain Neil James Archibald Primrose, MC (14 December 1882 – 17 November 1917), British Liberal politician and soldier, was the second son of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery and Hannah de Rothschild, and brother of the writer Lady Sybil Grant. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Gezer was a town in ancient Israel. ...

Of Hannah Rosebery's homes, the lease on Lansdowne House was surrendered shortly before her death, when the Roseberys purchased 38 Berkeley Square. This property was transformed into one of London's most luxurious town houses. However, Lady Rosebery did not live to see the work completed. Her son Harry sold the house in 1938, and it was demolished. A year later a bomb landed on the empty site.^[101] The Durdans was bequeathed to her daughter, Sybil, in 1929 and was sold together with its contents in 1955. Lord and Lady Rosebery's library there was given to the nation at this time. Mentmore, the grandest of the Roseberys' homes, was sold by Lady Rosebery's grandson, the 7th Earl of Rosebery, in 1977, together with the Rothschild art collection, which Lady Rosebery had not only been intensely interested in but had enlarged considerably. She personally catalogued the collection, and prophetically wrote in the preface "In time to come, when, like all collections, this will be dispersed (and I hope this will be long after my death) this book may be of value."^[102] Her two-volume work and the collection it described remained so unknown that "Save Mentmore" (a group attempting to halt the sale of Mentmore to keep the collection within Britain^[103]) failed largely due to widespread public ignorance of both house and collection. A few pieces of furniture and paintings were taken to Dalmeny, where they remain today, and three pictures including Drouais' Madame de Pompadour were purchased for the National Gallery. The remainder of the collection was dispersed in a week-long sale and is now scattered across the globe. A further sale of the "Continental Library," to which she had added, was conducted in 1995 at the Aeolian Hall, London by Sotheby's.^[104] Francois-Hubert Drouais (Paris, December 14, 1727 – Paris, October 21, 1775) was a French painter and Jean-Germain Drouaiss father. ... Madame de Pompadour, portrait by François Boucher circa 1750 Madame de Pompadour (December 29, 1721 – April 15, 1764) was a well known courtesan and the famous mistress of King Louis XV of France. ... National Gallery is a common name for a countrys major public art gallery. ... Aeolian Hall located at 135-137 New Bond Street, began life as the Grosvenor Gallery, being built by Sir Coutts Lindsay in 1876, an accomplished amateur artist, with a predeliction for the aesthetic movement, for which he was held up to some ridicule. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Sothebys (NYSE: BID) is the worlds second oldest international auction house in continuous operation. ...

Today, Lady Rosebery is a mere footnote in the long history of her husband's family, rather as Consuelo Vanderbilt is regarded in the Spencer-Churchill family. Her husband, once one of the "most celebrated figures in Britain,"^[1] is a minor figure in British history. Thus, Hannah, Countess of Rosebery, in her day celebrated in the worlds of politics, philanthropy, and high society, is largely unknown and forgotten. Consuelo Vanderbilt, (March 2, 1877 – December 6, 1964), was a member of the prominent American Vanderbilt Family, as well as an English aristocrat. ... The coat of arms of the Dukes of Marlborough The Dukedom of Marlborough (named after Marlborough, pronounced Maulbruh - in the IPA), is an hereditary title of British nobility in the Peerage of England. ...

Notes

Sir Robert Rhodes James (10 April 1933&#8211;1999) was a British historian and Conservative member of parliament. ... A gardening trowel Trowel used by the Hon. ... Baron Battersea was a title created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 5 September 1892 for the former MP for Brecknock and Luton, Cyril Flower, on whose death the barony became extinct on 27 November 1907. ... For details of notes and coins, see British coinage and British banknotes. ... Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... Hughenden Valley (formerly called Hughenden or Hitchendon) is an extensive village in Buckinghamshire, England, just to the north of High Wycombe. ... // The world renound retard, jack milner, has been said to be living in the retarded town just west of high wycombe known as down syndromly. ... Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, OM, GBE (born 29 April 1936) is a British investment banker, philanthropist and a member of the prominent Rothschild family of Jewish bankers. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (December 21, 1804 – April 19, 1881), born Benjamin DIsraeli was a British Conservative statesman and literary figure. ... The Jewish Telegraph is a Jewish Newspaper in Britain. ... is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Trente et Quarante (Thirty and Forty), also called Rouge et Noir (Red and Black), is a game of French origin played with cards and a special table. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The French word née (feminine) or né (masculine) (or the English word nee) is still commonly used in some newspapers when mentioning the maiden name of a woman in engagement or wedding announcements. ... Baron Leconfield is a peerage title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... A distant view of Petworth House across the lake in Petworth Park by JMW Turner. ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Lord Beauchamp as Governor of New South Wales in 1899 William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp KG, KCMG, PC, (February 20, 1872 – November 15, 1938), British politician, succeeded his father as Earl Beauchamp in 1891, and was mayor of Worcester at age 23. ... The Most Noble Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster (a. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sir William Harcourt Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt (October 14, 1827 - October 1, 1904) was a British Liberal statesman. ... David Alexander Edward Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford, 10th Earl of Balcarres (1871-1940) was a British Conservative politician. ... Brights disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

References

• Binney, Marcus. John Robinson. William Allan (1977). Save Mentmore for the Nation. London: Save Britain's heritage. 
• Cowles, Virginia (1975). The Rothschilds, a Family of Fortune. London: First Futura Publications. ISBN 08600 7206 1. 
• Crewe, Marquess of (1931). Lord Rosebery. London: John Murray. 
• Edel, Leon (1962). Henry James: The Conquest of London 1870–1883. London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 
• Ferguson, Niall (1998). The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0 297 815393. 
• McKinstry, Leo (2005). Rosebery, a Statesman in Turmoil. London: John Murray. ISBN 0 7195 6586 3. 
• Rosebery, Deirdre, Countess of. Dalmeny House. Edinburgh: Privately published. 
• Sotheby's, Sale Catalogue (1995). The Continental Library of Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery and Midlothian, K.G., K.T.. London: Sotheby's. 
• Valynseele, Joseph and Henri-Claude Mars (2004). Le Sang des Rothschild. Paris: L’Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux. 
• Watson, Sir Francis (1977). Mentmore Volumes I–V. London: Sotheby, Parke, Bernet. 
• Young, Kenneth (1974). Harry, Lord Rosebery. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340162732. 

• Amory, Mark. Obituary of Lady Dorothy Heber Percy. Independent (London), 20 November 2001. Faringdon-online. Accessed 20 October 2006.
• Jewish Chronicle 21 November and 28 November 1890.
• London newspapers of 20 November 1890.
• Hannah de Rothschild's Infants School, accessed 23 September 2006.
• Hannah de Rothschild, accessed 23 September 2006.
• Jewish Encyclopedia. s.v. Hannah de Rothschild.
• Luscombe, Stephen. Sir Charles Dilke at The British Empire.co.uk accessed 29 October 2006.
• The Rothschild Archive accessed 30 October 2006.