 Route of Hanno the Navigator Hanno the Navigator was a Carthaginian explorer who flourished c. 450 BC. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 430 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (596 × 830 pixel, file size: 236 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 430 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (596 × 830 pixel, file size: 236 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
[edit] Etymology This Hanno is called the Navigator to distinguish him from a number of other Carthaginians with this name, including the perhaps more prominent, though later, Hanno the Great. See Hanno for others of this name. The name Hanno (Annôn) means "merciful" or "mild" in Punic - similar to the Hebrew name "Hanan" (חנן), still used in present-day Israel, and to the Lebanese Hanna, ("حنا") still used in Lebanon Today. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Hanno is a name that can refer to the following entities: Hanno the elephant, Pope Leo Xs pet Hanno the Elder, Carthaginian general Hanno the Great, Carthaginian general Hanno the Navigator, Carthaginian explorer Hanno the Rab, Carthaginian politician Hanno von Sangerhausen, great master of the Teutonic Knights Hanno crater...
Punic was a Roman contraction of Phoenician, and was used by the Romans after the Punic wars as an adjective meaning treacherous. In archaeological and linguistic usage, it refers to the later culture and dialect of Carthage and its empire, as distinct from their Phoenician originals. ...
The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ...
[edit] Expedition As Warmington quotes [1] Carthage dispatched Hanno at the head of a fleet of sixty ships to explore and colonize the west coast of Africa. He sailed through the straits of Gibraltar, founded or repopulated seven colonies along the African coast of Morocco, and explored significantly further along the Atlantic coast of the continent. He encountered various peoples on his journey and met with a variety of welcomes. The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ...
On the island which formed the terminus of his voyage the explorer found a number of what were described as hairy women. Attempts to capture the men failed, but three of the women were taken. These were so vicious they were killed. The interpreters called them Gorillas, which has provided the source for the species name. Type species Troglodytes gorilla Savage, 1847 distribution of Gorilla Species Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei The gorilla, the largest of the living primates, is a ground-dwelling omnivore that inhabits the forests of Africa. ...
[edit] Inscribed account The primary source for the account of Hanno's expedition is a Greek translation, titled Periplus, of a tablet Hanno is reported to have hung up on his return to Carthage in the temple of Ba'al Hammon whom Greek writers identified with Chronus (also known as Chronos). The full title translated from Greek is The Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Cathaginians, round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Heracles, which he deposited in the temple of Chronos. This was known to Pliny the Elder and Arrian, who mentions it at the end of his Anabasis of Alexander VIII (Indica): For other uses, see Baal (disambiguation). ...
In Greek mythology, Chronos (χÏονος in Greek) in pre-Socratic philosophical works is said to be the personification of time. ...
Pillars of Hercules is the ancient name given to the promontories that flank the entrance to the Straits of Gibraltar. ...
Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...
Alexander the Great Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (c. ...
- "Moreover, Hanno the Libyan started out from Carthage and passed the pillars of Heracles and sailed into the outer Ocean, with Libya on his port side, and he sailed on towards the east, five-and-thirty days all told. But when at last he turned southward, he fell in with every sort of difficulty, want of water, blazing heat, and fiery streams running into the sea."
This account's factual dependability has been both questioned and defended (see link). Both Harden [2] and Warmington [3] quote this account in English translation. Warminton [4] suggests that difficulties in reconciling the account's specific details with present geographical understanding are consistent with Classical reports of Carthaginian determination to maintain sole control of trade into the Atlantic. - "This report was the object of criticism by some ancient writers, including the Pliny the Elder, and in modern times a whole literature of scholarship has grown up around it. The account is incoherent and at times certainly incorrect, and attempts to identify the various places mentioned on the basis of the sailing directions and distances almost all fail. Some scholars resort to textual emendations, justified in some cases; but it is probable that what we have before us is a report deliberately edited so that the places could not be identified by the competitors of Carthage. From everything we know about Carthaginian practice, the resolute determination to keep all knowledge of and access to the western markets from the Greeks, it is incredible that they would have allowed the publication of an accurate description of the voyage for all to read. What we have is an official version of the real report made by Hanno which conceals or falsifies vital information while at the same time gratifying the pride of the Carthaginians in their achievements. The very purpose of the voyage, the consolidation of the route to the gold market, is not even mentioned."
Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...
[edit] Modern speculations on Hanno's route Harden [5] states there is general consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as Senegal. There seems some agreement that he could have reached Gambia. However, Harden mentions lack of agreement as to precisely where to locate the furthest limit of Hanno's explorations: Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Gabon. He notes the description of the Cameroon Mountain, a 13,370 foot volcano, more closely matches Hanno's description than Guinea's 2,910 foot Mt. Kakulima. Warmington [6] prefers Mt. Kakulima, considering Mt. Cameroon too far. Mount Cameroon (or Cameroon Mountain) is an active volcano in Cameroon, near the Gulf of Guinea and is part of a general area of volcanic activity the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which also includes Lake Nyos, the site of the 1986 Lake Nyos tragedy. ...
[edit] Earlier Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa Herodotus recorded a circumnavigation of "Libya", by an expedition of Phoenicians sent out by "the Egyptian king" Necho II (606-593 BC), one of two seventh-century kings of the 26th Saite Dynasty Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: HÄ“rodotos HalikarnÄsseus) was a Greek historian from Ionia who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ...
Wahemibre Nomen Necho Horus name Maaib Nebty name Maakheru Golden Horus Merynetjeru Consort(s) Khedebarbenet Died 595 BC Necho II (or more accurately, Nekau II) was a king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (610 - 595 BC), and the son of Psammetichus I. His prenomen or royal name Wahemibre...
The Saite or Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest (although others followed), and had its capital at Sais. ...
- "with orders to sail west about and return to Egypt and the Mediterranean by way of the Straits of Gibraltar. The Phoenicians sailed from the Arabian gulf into the southern ocean, and every autumn put in at some convenient spot on the Libyan coast, sowed a patch of ground, and waited for next year's harvest..." [7]
Herodotus himself discounted this story on account of the assertion that the Phoenicians had the sun to the north of them as they passed along the southern part of the continent. As Harden [8] comments, this very claim has most modern scholars accepting that Phoenicians did circumnavigate Africa. Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...
[edit] Trivia The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum. ...
Barry Fell (born Howard Barraclough Fell June 6, 1917 in Lewes, Sussex, England and died on April 21, 1994, of heart failure in San Diego, California) was Professor of invertebrate zoology at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
The Bourne Stone is an archaeological curiosity located in the town of Bourne, Massachusetts. ...
[edit] In fiction The Science Fiction book The Boat of a Million Years by Poul Anderson depicts the wide-ranging adventures of several secret immortals (i.e. they never grow old, though they could be killed). A central protagonist is a Phoenician/Carthaginian named Hanno, who is first shown as the navigator of a ship from Greek Massilia to what would become Scandinavia, and in the last parts of the book is involved in an intertellar voyage in our far future. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...
Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926–July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author of the genres Golden Age. ...
Look up immortal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Marseilles redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ...
In the book, this Hanno is never conclusively identified with the Hanno the Navigator in the "Periplus". At some point Hanno refers to him as his "namesake", but in the context of the book, where the fictional Hanno is secretly immortal and where he is often deliberatily ambiguous and evasive about his past, this is not conclusive to identify him as a different Hanno. The character does mention starting off in the earlier Phoenician expedition sent to circumnavigate Africa by Egypt as described by Herodotus, but leaving it soon after the expedition set off, never learning of its true fate.
[edit] References - ^ Warmington, B.H. Carthage, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp. 74-76
- ^ Harden, Donald, The Phoenicians, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp. 163-168
- ^ Warmington op. cit. pp. 74-76
- ^ ibid p. 76
- ^ Harden, Donald, The Phoenicians, Penguin, Harmondsworth p. 168
- ^ Warmington, B.H. op. cit. p. 79
- ^ Herodotus, Histories iv.42
- ^ Harden, Donald, op. cit. p. 162
[edit] Bibliography - Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, (Penguin, Harmondsworth) 1971 (1962)
- Herodotus, transl. Aubrey de Selincourt, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968 (1954)
- B. H. Warmington, Carthage, (Penguin, Harmondsworth) 1964 (1960)
[edit] See also Himilco (Phoenician Chimilkât), Carthaginian navigator and explorer lived in 6th century BC. Himilco is the first known sailor from the Mediterranean Sea to reach the northwestern shores of Europe. ...
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