(Flag of Hanover) (Coat of Arms)
Capital	Hanover
Head of State	King of Hanover

Hanover (German: Hannover) was a historical territory in today's Germany, at various times a principality, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom and a province of Prussia and of Germany. The territory was named after its capital, Hanover. Image File history File links Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Hannover. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with a countrys government. ... Hanover (German: Hannover ( ) []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... The following is a list of rulers of the Principality of Calenberg, a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which was later known as Hanover. ... The double-headed eagle A portrait of Charlemagne wearing the crown of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century painting by Albrecht Dürer) The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Hanover (German: Hannover ( ) []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

History

It was an independent kingdom from 1814 to 1866 and a province of Prussia from 1866 to 1946. Hanover was originally called the Principality of Calenberg, which was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The Principality of Calenberg existed from 1432 until 1803. 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Events June 1 - Battle of San Romano - Florence defeats Siena foundation of Université de Caen In the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was frequently subdivided into different principalities, each of which was ruled by a duke; one of these was the Principality of Calenberg, which was first created when it was split off from the Principality of Brunswick in 1432. It fell to the Principality of Wolfenbüttel in 1584. In 1635 it was separated again from Wolfenbüttel, together with the Principality of Göttingen, with which it would stay joined. The double-headed eagle A portrait of Charlemagne wearing the crown of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century painting by Albrecht Dürer) The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Events June 1 - Battle of San Romano - Florence defeats Siena foundation of Université de Caen In the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut... Brunswick-Lüneburg was a historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Events February 10 - The Académie française in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ... The Principality of Göttingen was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire with Göttingen as its capital. ...

In 1636, the capital of the Principality of Calenberg was moved from Pattensen to Hanover, and hence it also became known as Hanover. Pattensen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Hanover (German: Hannover ( ) []), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

In 1692, Duke Ernest Augustus received the additional title of prince-elector. The principality was then also known as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg or, informally, the Electorate of Hanover. In 1714, the Hanoverian electors became kings of Great Britain; see House of Hanover. The influence of the electors in Germany grew also: they inherited the Principality of Lüneburg in 1705, and the formerly Swedish territories of Bremen and Verden in 1719. As part of the German Mediatisation of 1803, the Electorate received the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Ernest Augustus (German: Ernst August; 20 November 1629, Herzberg – 23 January 1698, Herrenhausen) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Calenberg (or Hanover) subdivision of the duchy. ... The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire — German: Kurfürst (singular) Kurfürsten (plural) — were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Emperors of Germany. ... Battle of Gangut, by Maurice Baquoi, 1724-27. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty of Lombard descent which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... The Principality of Lüneburg was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. ... // Events Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. ... The Archbishopric of Bremen was an ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. ... Verden (Aller), or Verden (IPA: ), is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the River Aller. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... // Background The German Mediatisation is a name applied to the series of mediatisations and secularisations which occurred in Germany during the Napoleonic Era (occurring 1795 - 1814AD). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is mostly on the Prince-Bishopric as a pre-1803 state of the Holy Roman Empire, for the Roman Catholic diocese with which it was entwined see Diocese of Osnabrück The Diocese of Osnabrück was erected in 772 and is is certainly the oldest see founded...

In 1803, the Electorate was occupied by France, which ruled over it in some form or another for the next ten years. From 1807 on, the Hanoverian territority was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Hanoverian army was dissolved, but many of the officers and soldiers went to England, were they were formed into the King's German Legion . The KGL was the only German army to fight during the whole Napoleonic wars against the French. They played an important part in the Battle of Waterloo . In 1813, the Electorate was restored, and in October of 1814 it became the Kingdom of Hanover at the Congress of Vienna, in order to make George III equal to the upstart King of Württemberg in German affairs. The Congress of Vienna installed a territorial exchange between Hanover and Prussia, in which Hanover increased its area substantially. Hanover gained the Bishopric of Hildesheim, East Frisia, the Lower County of Lingen and the northern part of the Bishopric of Münster. It lost those parts of the Duchy of Lauenburg to the right of the Elbe, and several small exclaves in the east. 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Kingdom of Westphalia is a historical state in present-day Germany that existed from 1807-1813. ... When Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 the Kurfürstentum Hannover (Electorate of Hannover) was disbanded and its army dissolved. ... Combatants France Prussia Allied army: -United Kingdom -United Netherlands -Hannover -Nassau -Brunswick Commanders Napoléon Bonaparte Michel Ney Duke of Wellington Gebhard von Blücher Strength 73,000 67,000 Allies 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 dead or wounded 22,000 dead... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... Arms of the Kingdom of Württemberg The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... The Bishopric of Hildesheim is a Roman Catholic diocese in Lower Saxony; it was founded in 815. ... The landscape to the north of Greetsiel, in East Frisia. ... The Bishopric of Münster was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of todays North Rhine-Westphalia and western Lower Saxony. ... Lauenburg (in full Herzogtum Lauenburg, Duchy of Lauenburg) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. ... This article is about a river in Central Europe. ... D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ...

The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws (Salic Law) in Hanover prevented a female inheriting the title if there was any surviving male heir (in the United Kingdom, a male takes precedence over only his own sisters). In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Hanover was annexed by Prussia and became the Province of Hanover. A personal union is a relationship of two or more entities that are considered separate, sovereign states, which, through established law, share the same person as their respective head of state. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 May 1876, until her death on 22 January 1901. ... The King of the Franks, in the midst of the military chiefs who formed his Treuste -- or armed court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). ... Combatants Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hanover and some minor German States (formerly as the German Confederation) Prussia, Italy, and some minor German States Strength 600,000 Austrians and German allies 500,000 Prussians and German allies 300,000 Italians Casualties 20,000 dead or wounded 37,000 dead... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ... Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ...

Coat of arms

After the personal union with Britain ended in 1837, Hanover kept the British royal arms and standards, only introducing a new crown (after the British model). Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Coat of Arms of the Monarchs of Hanover

Monarch's Standard

Image File history File links Hannover1837. ... Image File history File links Hannover1837. ... Image File history File links HannoverSt. ... Image File history File links HannoverSt. ...

Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1635–1692

House of Welf, Second House of Brunswick

split off from Wolfenbüttel The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ...

• William the Victorious 1432–1473

reunited with Wolfenbüttel in 1473; split off again from Wolfenbüttel in 1495 William (German Wilhelm; ca. ...

• Eric II 1495–1540
• Eric III 1540–1584

inherited by Wolfenbüttel

House of Welf, House of Hanover

split off from Wolfenbüttel The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty of Lombard descent which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ...

• George 1635–1641
• Christian Louis 1641–1648
• George William 1648–1665
• John Frederick 1665–1679
• Ernest Augustus 1679–1698

Ernest Augustus received the additional title of elector in 1692. George (17 November 1582, Celle – 2 April 1641, Hildesheim) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... Christian Louis (German: Christian Ludwig; 25 February 1622, Herzberg am Harz – 15 March 1665, Celle) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... George William (German: Georg Wilhelm; 26 January 1624, Herzberg am Harz – 28 August 1705, Wienhausen) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled first over the Calenberg subdivision of the duchy, then over the Lüneburg subdivision. ... John Frederick (German: Johann Friedrich; 25 April 1625, Herzberg am Harz – 18 December 1679, Augsburg) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Calenberg subdivision of the duchy from 1665 until his death. ... Ernest Augustus (German: Ernst August; 20 November 1629, Herzberg – 23 January 1698, Herrenhausen) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Calenberg (or Hanover) subdivision of the duchy. ...

Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Princes of Calenberg, and Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, 1692–1803

• Ernest Augustus 1692–1698
• George I 1698–1727 (became King of Great Britain in 1714)
• George II 1727–1760
• George III 1760–1803

In 1803, Hanover was occupied by France, and did not return to the control of its Elector until 1814. In the meanwhile, however, Hanoverian ministers continued to operate out of London, and maintained their own separate diplomatic service (which maintained links to countries such as Austria and Prussia, with whom the United Kingdom itself was technically at war). In 1814, Hanover became a Kingdom. Ernest Augustus (German: Ernst August; 20 November 1629, Herzberg – 23 January 1698, Herrenhausen) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Calenberg (or Hanover) subdivision of the duchy. ... George I (Georg Ludwig) (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was Elector of Hanover from 23 January 1698, and King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1 August 1714, until his death. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. ... George II (George Augustus; 10 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. ... George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ...

Kings of Hanover, 1814–1866

• George III (restored) 1814–1820
• George IV 1820–1830
• William 1830–1837
• Ernest Augustus 1837–1851 (no longer in personal union with the United Kingdom)
• George V 1851–1866

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ... William IV (William Henry) (21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... Ernest Augustus I of Hanover Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851), also known (1799-1837) as the Duke of Cumberland, was the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. ... George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom...

See also

• Province of Hanover
• King's German Legion
• House of Hanover
• Ernst zu Münster

Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: Hannover) is a historical territory in todays Germany. ... When Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 the Kurfürstentum Hannover (Electorate of Hannover) was disbanded and its army dissolved. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty of Lombard descent which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... Count Ernst zu Münster (born 1766; dead 1839) was a German statesman, politician and minister in the service of the House of Hanover Count Münster studied at Göttingen University together with the three youngest sons of King George III. He entered the public service in Hanover. ...

External links

• Map of Lower Saxony 1789

v • d • e

States of the German Confederation (1815–1866)

Empires: Austria | Kingdoms: Prussia | Bavaria | Saxony | Hanover | Württemberg | Electorates: Hesse-Cassel |
Grand Duchies: Baden | Hesse | Luxembourg | Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Oldenburg | Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |
Duchies: Anhalt (since 1863) | Anhalt-Bernburg (until 1863) | Anhalt-Dessau (until 1863) | Anhalt-Köthen (until 1847) | Brunswick | Holstein | Lauenburg | Limburg | Nassau | Saxe-Altenburg (since 1826) | Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (became Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826) | Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (until 1826) | Saxe-Hildburghausen (until 1826) | Saxe-Meiningen | Principalities: Hesse-Homburg | Hohenzollern-Hechingen (until 1850) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (until 1850) | Liechtenstein | Lippe | Reuss-The Younger Line | Reuss-The Elder Line | Schaumburg-Lippe | Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Waldeck and Pyrmont | Free Cities: Frankfurt | Hamburg | Lübeck | Bremen Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(2-3). ... The States of the German Confederation were those member states that from June 20, 1815 were part of the German Confederation, which lasted, with some changes in the member states, until August 24, 1866, under the presidency of the Austrian imperial house of Habsburg, which was represented by an Austrian... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Image File history File links Wappen_Deutscher_Bund. ... Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ... The geographic region and Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... The Kingdom of Saxony, lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Germany, finally being absorbed into the Weimar Republic in 1918. ... Arms of the Kingdom of Württemberg The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ... Hesse-Kassel (Hessen-Kassel in German) was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse. ... Baden was a territory in the southwest of what later became unified Germany. ... The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into existence in 1568, as the portion of George, youngest of the four sons of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse. ... Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a Duchy (from 1815 a Grand Duchy) in northeastern Germany, formed by a partition of the Duchy of Mecklenburg. ... Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy in northern Germany, roughly consisting of the present day district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (the historical Stargarder Land), bordering areas of modern-day Brandenburg with the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein. ... Oldenburg is a historical state in todays Germany named for its capital, Oldenburg. ... The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been in personal union since 1741, when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. ... Anhalt is a historical region of Germany, which is now included in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Anhalt is a historical region of Germany, which is now included in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Anhalt is a historical region of Germany, which is now included in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Anhalt is a historical region of Germany, which is now included in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Holstein (Hol-shtayn) (Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) is the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, between the rivers Elbe and Eider. ... Coat of Arms of Lauenburg The Duchy of Lauenburg, also known as Saxe-Lauenburg was a medieval Duchy (Reichsfreiheit) that existed from 1296 in the extreme southeast region of Schleswig-Holstein with its territorial center in the modern district of Lauenburg. ... The Duchy of Limburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, located between the river Meuse and the city of Aachen. ... For other uses, see Nassau (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Saxe-Coburg (German Sachsen-Coburg) is a historical state in todays Bavaria, Germany. ... Capitals Coburg and Gotha Head of State Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Germany, in the present-day states of Bavaria... Capitals Coburg and Gotha Head of State Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: ) served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Germany, in the present-day states of Bavaria and Thuringia, which were... Hildburghausen is a district in Thuringia, Germany. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Hesse-Homburg was formed into a separate landgraviate in 1622 by the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt to be ruled by his son, although it did not become independent of Hesse-Darmstadt until 1668. ... Hohenzollern-Hechingen is a branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known however than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg, Prussia and ultimately Germany in the centuries to 1918. ... Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known however than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg, Prussia and ultimately Germany in the centuries to 1918. ... This article is about the district Lippe. ... Reuss (German: Reuß) was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. ... Reuss (German: Reuß) was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. ... Schaumburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a small state in Germany, in the present-day state of Thuringia, with capital at Rudolstadt. ... Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a small state in Germany, in the present day state of Thuringia, with capital at Sondershausen. ... Waldeck (or later Waldeck-Pyrmont) was a sovereign principality in what is now Lower Saxony and Hesse (Germany). ... Main Station Frankfurt Frankfurt International Airport For other articles with similar names, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Hamburg from above Hamburgs motto: May the posterity endeavour with dignity to conserve the freedom, which the forefathers acquired. ... Location of the Free City of Lübeck with the German Empire   Capital Lübeck Government Republic History  - Formation 1226  - Abolition April 1, 1937 The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Luebeck. ... The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (official name in German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest of Germanys 16 Federal States (Bundesländer). ...