John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

John, Johann, Johan II, Danish and Norwegian name Hans (2 February 1455 – 22 July 1513 ), was a Danish monarch and union king of Denmark (1481 – 1513), Norway (1483 – 1513) Sweden (1497 – 1501), under the Kalmar Union, and also Duke of Schleswig and Holstein. February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... no changes . ... View of Aalborg railroad station from J.F. Kennedys Square, 2004 Aalborg (help· info) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in North Jutland County on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... View of Aalborg railroad station from J.F. Kennedys Square, 2004 Aalborg (help· info) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in North Jutland County on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. ... Odense is the third largest city in Denmark with 145,554 inhabitants (Odense city January 1, 2004) and the capital of the island of Funen. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... no changes . ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ...

He was born on February 2, 1455 as the son of Christian I and Dorothea of Brandenburg, daughter of Margrave Hans of Brandenburg. In 1478 he married Christina of Saxony, granddaughter of Frederick the Gentle of Saxony. This produced the following offspring: Christian II, Franciscus, Knud, and Elisabeth, who later married as princess of Brandenburg. He died on February 20, 1513. February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... no changes . ... There are two monarchs who have been named Christian I Christian I of Denmark Christian I of Sweden This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Dorothea of Brandenburg (1431 to 1495) was the daughter of Johan of Brandenburg and Barbara of Sachsen-Wittenberg. ... Margrave is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Frederick II, the Gentle and Elector of Saxony (1428 — 1464), was an Elector of Saxony. ... List of Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Saxony, 880-1918 The original Duchy of Saxony was in Northern Germany, roughly corresponding to the modern German state of Lower Saxony and Westphalia. ... There have been two monarchs named Christian II: Christian II of Denmark Christian II of Sweden This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The three most important political goals of King John seem to have been the recovery of the union, fight against the Hanseatic League and the making of a strong Danish royal power. He worked to obtain all three things during his reign. Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ...

During the first years of his rule he carried on a balancing policy. By diplomatic means he tried to weaken the position of the Swedish regent Sten Sture and he also sought new allies – he is the first Danish king who has established a political co-operation with Russia. After the 1493 treaty, Ivan III of Russia imprisoned all Hanseatic merchants trading in Novgorod and instigated the Russo-Swedish War, 1496-1499. The Hanseatic cities were also troubled by a secret war by Danish privateers (a more modest Danish forerunner of the policy of Queen Elizabeth of England against Spain). At that time the position of the Hansabund was also little by little declining because of the changes of trade routes (the new geographic discoveries) and the growing opposition against the Hansa in the Northern European naval states. Sture was the name an influential family in Sweden from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. ... Albus rex Ivan III Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич) (January 22, 1440 – October 27, 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a grand duke of Muscovy who first adopted a more pretentious title of the grand duke of all the Russias. Sometimes referred to as the gatherer of the Russian... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia, situated on the M10(E95) federal highway connecting Moscow and St. ... The Russo-Swedish War of 1496-1499 was a result of an alliance between Ivan III of Russia and Hans of Denmark, who was waging war against the Sture family of Sweden in the hope of regaining the Swedish throne. ...

John’s domestic politics were marked by an economic support of the Danish merchants and by a widespread use of commoners as officials and even as councilors in spite of the anger of the nobility. The most important of his initiatives was perhaps that he started the building of a permanent Danish navy that came to play a role during his last years.

According to the Privilege of Ribe the Noble Diets of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were to elect a duke among the sons of the previous duke. After the death of Christian I, John did however successfully argue for electing both sons to co-dukes (in 1482), when it looked as though his 10 years old brother Frederick was going to be elected. Although it was initially agreed they should govern the duchies jointly, at the majority of Frederick (in 1490) the duchies were never the less divided. The Treaty of Ribe (in Danish known as Ribe-brevet, in German known as Vertrag von Ripen) was a proclamation made by King Christian I of Denmark to a number of German nobles enabling himself to become count of Holstein and regain the Danish duchy of Schleswig. ... In politics, a Diet is a formal deliberative assembly. ... The region of Schleswig (former English name: Sleswick, Danish: Sønderjylland or Slesvig, Low German: Sleswig, North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) covers the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark. ... Holstein (Hol-shtayn) (Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) is the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, between the rivers Elbe and Eider. ... King Frederick I. Frederick I of Denmark and Norway (October 7, 1471 – April 10, 1533) was the son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426-1481) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430-1495). ...

In 1497 John conquered Sweden during a short and effective military campaign after in advance having undermined the position of Sten Sture by winning most of the Swedish nobility. After the victory the king acted wisely and pardoned his enemies.

In 1500 he made the act that is in Denmark most connected to his name: the fatal attempt of conquering the Ditmarshes (Dithmarschen) in Northern Germany that was in reality an independent peasant republic. Together with his brother Frederick he carried through en large-scale campaign based upon an army of German professional soldiers but the Ditmarshers caught most of the army in a trap after having opened the dykes of the low-land area and all ended in a military disaster. Dithmarschen is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. ...

The defeat shook the king’s prestige and already 1501 Sweden made itself independent. During the next years John fought a still more bitter war against Sten Sture and his successor Svante Nilsson in which he showed himself unbalanced and resorted to acts of violence. The war meant frictions with both the Danish nobility and the Hanseatic cities, especially Lübeck, and 1509 it ended by a peace which principally recognised him as king of Sweden but in reality let the Swedes remain independent. Norwegian attempts of opposition were strangled by John’s son prince Christian (afterwards King Christian II) who was the viceroy of Norway from 1507. Svante Nilsson, (1460 – January 2, 1512), Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden, under the Kalmar Union, 1504 - January 2, 1512. ... Lübeck ( pronunc. ... There have been two monarchs named Christian II: Christian II of Denmark Christian II of Sweden This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ...

1510-12 the king fought a last war with both Sweden and Lübeck in which Denmark was at first very pressed but partly turned the tables by a naval offensive. The result concerning Sweden was the status quo; in return Lübeck was suffering a real political and economic setback by the peace.

In his own age and partly to posterity John has often appeared a “commoner’s king”, a jolly and plain man with a folksy manner. Behind the surface however he seems to have been a hard realist and a zealous political calculator. In many ways he is a Scandinavian parallel of Louis XI of France and Henry VII of England. Louis XI the Prudent (French: Louis XI le Prudent) (July 3, 1423 – August 30, 1483), also informally nicknamed luniverselle aragne (old French for universal spider), or the Spider King, was King of France (1461–1483). ... Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), was the founder and first patriarch of the Tudor dynasty. ...

After his son was deposed in 1522, John's blood returned to the Danish and Norwegian thrones in the person of Christian III of Denmark, the grandson of his daughter, Electress Elisabeth. Christian III Christian III (August 12, 1503–January 1, 1559), king of Denmark and Norway, was the son of Frederick I of Denmark and his first consort, Anne of Brandenburg. ...