In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from haplogroup N, and subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2. Overall haplogroup X accounts for about 2% of the population of Europe, the Near East and North Africa. Sub-group X1 is much less numerous, and restricted to North and East Africa, and also the Near East. Sub-group X2 appears to have undergone extensive population expansion and dispersal around or soon after the last glacial maximum, about 21,000 years ago. It is more strongly present in the Near East, the Caucasus, and Mediterranean Europe; and somewhat less strongly present in the rest of Europe. Particular concentrations appear in Georgia (8%), the Orkney Islands (in Scotland) (7%) and amongst the Israeli Druze (26%); the latter are presumably due to a founder effect. In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... // Mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in mitochondria. ... Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA. In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing Anatolia (the Asian portion of modern Turkey), the Levant (modern Israel/Palestine, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Georgia, Armenia, and... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Temperature proxies for the last 40,000 years The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map This article concerns the geographic region. ... Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom) Languages Arabic, Hebrew The Druze (Arabic: درزي, derzÄ« or durzÄ«, plural دروز, durÅ«z; ‎, Druzim; also transliterated Druz or Druse) are a Middle Eastern religious community whose traditional religion began as an offshoot of the Ismaili sect of Islam, but is unique... Simple illustration of founder effect. ...

North and South America

Haplogroup X is also one of the five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas.^[1] Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a major haplogroup in northeastern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. It is also present in lesser percentages to the west and south of this area -- in North America among the Sioux (15%), the Nuu-Chah-Nulth (11%–13%), the Navajo (7%), and the Yakima (5%), and in South America among the Yanomami people (12%) in eight villages in Roraima in northwestern Brazil. An independent origin and development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. ... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Sioux (IPA ) are a Native American and First Nations people. ... The Nuu-chah-nulth (pronounced New-cha-nulth) (also formerly referred to as the Nootka, Nutka, Aht, West Coast, T’aat’aaqsapa, Nuuchahnulth) people are indigenous peoples of Canada. ... The Navajo (also Navaho) people of the southwestern United States call themselves the Diné (pronounced ), which roughly means the people. They speak the Navajo language, and many are members of the Navajo Nation, an independent government structure which manages the Navajo reservation in the Four Corners area of the United... The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, or simply Yakama Nation (formerly Yakima), is a Native American group with nearly 9,000 enrolled members, living in Washington state. ... The Yanomami (spellings include Yanomamö which may be written with an ogonek under the first a as YÄ…nomamö; also referred to as Ianomami and sometimes Yanomani) are an indigenous people of Brazil and Venezuela. ... Flag of Roraima See other Brazilian States Capital Boa Vista Largest City Boa Vista Area 225,116. ...

Unlike the four main Native American haplogroups (A, B, C, and D), X is not at all strongly associated with East Asia. The sole occurrence of X in Asia discovered so far is in Altaia in South Siberia (Derenko et al, 2001), and detailed examination (Reidla et al, 2003) has shown that the Altaian sequences are all almost identical, suggesting that they arrived in the area probably from the South Caucasus more recently than 5000 BC. In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... South Caucasus: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan South Caucasus (also referred sometimes as Transcaucasus) is a name to the transitional region between Europe and Asia extending from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian seas. ... // Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ...

This absence of haplogroup X in Asia is one of the major factors causing the current rethinking of the peopling of the Americas. The New World haplogroup X DNA (now called subgroup X2a) is as different from any of the Old World X2 lineages as they are from each other, indicating a very ancient origin. There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ...

The Solutrean Hypothesis posits that haplogroup X reached North America with a wave of European migration about 20,000 BC by the Solutreans, a stone-age culture in south-western France and in Spain, by boat around the southern edge of the Arctic ice pack. The Solutrean hypothesis contends that stone tool technology of the Solutrean culture in prehistoric Europe may have later influenced the development of the Clovis tool-making culture in the Americas. ... The Solutrean industry was an advanced flint tool making style of the Upper Palaeolithic. ... NOAA Projected arctic changes Polar ice packs are large areas of pack ice formed from seawater in the Earths polar regions, known as polar ice caps: the Arctic ice pack (or Arctic ice cap) of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean, fringing the...

References

1. ^ Dolan DNA Learning Center - Native American haplogroups: European lineage, Douglas Wallace

• Andrea K. C. Ribeiro-Dos Santos; S. E. B. Santos; A. L. Machado; V. Guapindaia; and M. A. Zago 1996. Heterogeneity of Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in pre-Columbian Natives of the Amazon Region. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101:29-37 (1996).
• Peter N. Jones 2004. American Indian mtDNA, Y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America. Boulder: Bauu Press.
• RD Easton, DA Merriwether et al, mtDNA variation in the Yanomami: evidence for additional New World founding lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics, 59(1):213-225 (1996)
• Michael D. Brown et al, mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?, American Journal of Human Genetics, 63:1852-1861 (1998)
• David Glenn Smith et al, Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup X among Native North Americans, American Journal of Physical Anthrolopogy 110:271-284 (1999)
• Miroslava V. Derenko et al, The Presence of Mitochondrial Haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia American Journal of Human Genetics, 69(1):237–241 (2001)
• Maere Reidla et al, Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X, American Journal of Human Genetics, 73:1178–1190 (2003)
• Ilia A. Zaharov et al, Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Aboriginal Populations of the Altai-Baikal Region: Implications for the Genetic History of North Asia and America Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1011: 21 (2004)

See also

• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Models of migration to the New World
• In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup "Xenia".

Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA. In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. ... // Mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in mitochondria. ... There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community. ... The Seven Daughters of Eve is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of mitochondrial genetics in a clear and non-specialistic manner. ... Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford. ...

External links

• X mt-Haplogroup project at FTDNA
• Spread of Haplogroup X, from National Geographic
• Coming into America: Tracing the Genes, PBS, popular presentation of the Solutrean hypothesis