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This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality.
See How to Edit and Style and How-to for help, or this article's talk page. hard systems thinking hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), systems engineering, operations research) assume: – objective reality of systems in the world – well-defined problem to be solved – technical factors foremost – scientific approach to problem-solving – one correct solution
methodology in SSADM - rigid techniques and procedures to provide unambiguous solutions to well-defined data and processing problems problems, focused on computer implementations in SSM - a loose framework of tools to be used at the discretion of the analyst, focused on improvements to organisational problems Systems Thinking
According to Peter Checkland, ‘Systems Thinking’ is composed of two complementary processes:
Systems Analysis
Systems Synthesis
Checkland draws attention to these two alternative paradigms to explain the nature and significance of Systems Thinking
Paradigm 1 - the world is considered to be systemic and is studied systematically
Paradigm 2 - the world is problematic (I.e. it admits to many different interpretations and we study it systemically
Paradigm 1 - reflects the notion of Hard Systems Thinking
Paradigm 2 - reflects the notion of Soft Systems Thinking
Hard Systems Thinking - an objective or end to be achieved can be taken as given and a system can be engineered to achieve the stated objective
Soft Systems Thinking - known to be desirable ends cannot be taken as given
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Developments in Systems Thinking
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Developments in Hard Systems Thinking
Largely developed in the 1950s
Systems Engineering
Systems Analysis
Systems Dynamics
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