Hargeisa (Somali: Hargeysa) is a city in Somalia and the capital of the de-facto Republic of Somaliland which was formed in 1991. It was also the colonial capital of British Somaliland from 1941 to 1960 when it united with the south to form the Somali Republic. Hargeisa is the largest city in Somaliland and Somalia's second largest city after Mogadishu. For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ... Arabic redirects here. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Look up Total on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A total is a sum. ... Look up million in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... For other uses, see 15 (disambiguation). ... Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth – approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered with water. ... TimeZone is an Internet forum for discussion of watches and horology. ... Time zones of Africa: Striped colours indicate countries observing daylight saving East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. ... -12 | -11 | -10 | -9:30 | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3:30 | -3 | -2:30 | -2 | -1 | -0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7... See Cartesian coordinate system or Coordinates (elementary mathematics) for a more elementary introduction to this topic. ... A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... His / Her Excellency is an honorific title given to certain high-ranking political officials. ... A website (alternatively, web site or Web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible via the Internet. ... Somaliland (Somali: Soomaaliland) is a former British territory located in the northwest region of Somalia in the Horn of Africa. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... Flag Capital Aden Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate History  - Established 1884  - Independence June 26, 1960  - Somaliland established 18 May, 1991 Currency British pound British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Somalia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary News AllAfrica. ... For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ...

History

Prehistoric inhabitants

the Laas Geel cave paintings outside Hargeisa.

The city is home to Neolithic cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. The cave paintings are situated on the outskirts of the city, located around a plethora of granite alcoves and rocky mountains. The paintings show ancient inhabitants of the area worshipping cattle. It also shows animals which are commonly seen in the region primarily antelopes, camels and early dogs. The Laas Geel cave paintings were discovered in November 2002 by a French archaeological team. They contain some of the earliest known art in the Horn of Africa and the African continent in general, dating back to somewhere between 8,000 and 9,000 BCE. Image File history File links Laas_Geel. ... Image File history File links Laas_Geel. ... Some of the paintings in the Laas Geel caves Laas Gaal or Laas Geel (Somali Laas Geel) is a complex of caves and rock shelters in Somaliland famous for its recent discovery of cave paintings. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Cave, or rock, paintings are paintings painted on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to pre_historic times. ... Some of the paintings in the Laas Geel caves Laas Gaal or Laas Geel (Somali Laas Geel) is a complex of caves and rock shelters in Somaliland famous for its recent discovery of cave paintings. ... For other uses, see granite (disambiguation). ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... This article deals with the African herbivorous mammal. ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Horn of Africa. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... (10th millennium BC – 9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – other millennia) Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch. ... BCE is a TLA that may stand for: Before the Common Era, date notation equivalent to BC (e. ...

Ottoman conquest

Along with the cities of Zeila and Berbera, the Ottoman Empire captured and colonised western Somaliland for almost 3 centuries. Hargeisa was also part of the area captured by the Ottoman Turks. There are many Ottoman colonial buildings across the three cities. Western Somaliland and Hargeisa were part of the Habesh region of the Ottoman Empire. The region was colonised due to its strategic location on the Red Sea. Saylac (also Seyla`, Seelaac, Zeila, Zeyla, Zeylac, Zayla, Séyla‘, Seylac, 11. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Habesh (Turkish: ) was an Ottoman province that bordered the Red Sea. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...

British rule

A civil war-era plane monument in the center of Hargeisa.

Hargeisa and the whole Somaliland region was annexed by the British from Aden and they established a protectorate naming the region British Somaliland. Berbera, a major trading harbour on the Red Sea was the protectorate's first capital due to its strategic importance. However, the capital was moved from Berbera to Hargeisa, and the city was granted capital status in 1941. During the East African Campaign, the protectorate was occupied by Italy in August 1940, but recaptured by the British in March 1941. The protectorate gained independence as the State of Somaliland on 26 June 1960. Days later, the country was unified with Italian Somaliland to form a new Somali Republic (Somalia) on 1 July 1960. Port of Aden (around 1910). ... Flag Capital Aden Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate History  - Established 1884  - Independence June 26, 1960  - Somaliland established 18 May, 1991 Currency British pound British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Combatants United Kingdom Anglo-Egyptian Sudan British Somaliland British East Africa British India Gold Coast Nigeria N. Rhodesia S. Rhodesia Union of S. Africa Belgium Belgian Congo Free France Ethiopian irregulars Italy Italian East Africa German Motorized Company Commanders Archibald Wavell William Platt Alan Cunningham Duke of Aosta Guglielmo Nasi... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Italian Somaliland was an Italian colony that lasted, apart from a brief interlude of British rule, from the late 19th century until 1960 in the territory of the modern-day East African nation of Somalia. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1980s events

Due to the Barre regime's violent repression, Somalilanders, particularly Ishaq tribe, encouraged by Ethiopia in opposition to Somalia, took up arms and formed the Somaliland National Movement (S.N.M.) in 1981 to resist Barre. In the late 1980s, Barre virtually lost control of the province and ordered the air force to bomb Hargeisa, today's capital of Somaliland. The bombing and subsequent raids of government troops claimed tens of thousands of casualties. ^[1]

A war memorial in the form of a MiG fighter jet was erected in Hargeisa to mark this event.mr.cabdifataax bushaaro oo ku nool hargeisa kana soo jeeda degmada allaybday ayaa maanta isaga iyo xubno ka mida ururkooda ayaa booshaqo ku tagay allaybaday

Reconstruction

Small section of Hargeisa

As the power of authority in Mogadishu had changed hand to the control of the United Somali Congress (USC) in 1991, a power struggle between the leaders would led to the beginning of the destruction of Mogadishu. As Mogadishu and southern Somalia was being destroyed, the opposite was happening in Hargeisa and the rest of Somaliland. The independence of Somaliland was declared and reconstruction started in 18th May 1991. Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ; Italian: ) is the largest city in Somalia, and its capital. ... For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ... (Redirected from 18th May) May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar. ...

One of the many residential areas of Hargeisa

Since 1991, the city has undergone a massive facelift and over 99% of devastated commercial and residential homes have now been rebuilt and in better condition than before the war. Remittance money sent from overseas relatives contributed tremendously in the reconstruction of the city as well as entrepreneurial sprit of local residences and citizens throughout Somaliland. Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar. ... Facelift has several meanings: Facelift is an album by Alice in Chains; facelift is a cosmetic surgery procedure; facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A residential area is a type of land use where the predominant use is residential. ...

Thomas Bose, an Indian national was the first visa holder of the new country. He came to Hargeisa as an engineer to help start the first off-set press newspaper 'Jamhuriya' for the National Printing Press. His wife Dilshi Bose, also joined him. Their presence encouraged the return of refugee Somalilanders in different parts of the world and gave the impetus to return back to their home-land.

Aid from foreign governments was non-existent, making it unusual in Africa for its low level of dependence in foreign aid. While Somaliland is de-facto as an independent country it is not de-jure (legally) recognized internationally. Hence, the government of Somaliland can not access IMF and World Bank assistance. A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ...

Hargeisa has working traffic lights and traffic laws are respected. All residents entitled to drive must hold a photo driving licence. All cars bear Somaliland licence plates.

Geography

Hargeisa countryside

Hargeisa is located in a valley in the western section of the country. It is in a mountainous area because Hargeisa is located in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, at an elevation of 1334 meters (4,377 feet) above sea level. This altitude gives Hargeisa and the surrounding area a milder climate than the Gulf of Aden coastal area (one of the hottest areas on earth) and the Hargeisa region has a fairly equable climate. The temperature ranges between 13 and 32 degrees Celsius (55 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit). Image File history File linksMetadata Hargeisa_countryside. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Hargeisa_countryside. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley (also called a vale or dale) is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Gulf of Aden in 1860 The Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن; transliterated: Khalyj Adan) is located in the Indian Ocean between Yemen on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia in Africa. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed it in 1742. ... This article is about the temperature scale; see also Fahrenheit graphics API. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...

Hargeisa also receives larger amounts of rain, and used to be surrounded by forest when the city was smaller but the countryside around the city has small juniper forests. Moreover, near Hargeisa are the fertile Sheikh and Daallo mountains, which receive large amount of rain. Also, south of Hargeisa is the Sahaley Savannah which attracts many different animals to graze in the area This article is about precipitation. ... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... This article is about precipitation. ...

Hargeisa is also close to another Somaliland town called Arabsiyo. It is a major farming and agricultural area and it falls into the main boundaries of Hargeisa. For other territories formerly called Somaliland, see Somaliland (disambiguation). ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Wildlife

Great Kudus

Due to the fertility and greenery of the Hargeisa region, wild animals (e.g. zebras) come to the area; to either breed or graze on the grassland savannah. There are many animals which can be found in Hargeisa. The prominent animals found are the Kudu, wild boar, Somali Wild Ass, warthogs, antelopes, the Somali sheep, wild goats, camels and many different types of birds. Due south of Hargeisa is a grassland savannah which attracts many types of wildlife to the area including lions and leopards. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x958, 1094 KB) Großer Kudu - fotografiert im Kruger Park in Südafrika File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Greater Kudu Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x958, 1094 KB) Großer Kudu - fotografiert im Kruger Park in Südafrika File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Greater Kudu Metadata This file contains additional information... Male Greater Kudu Female Greater Kudu The Kudu are two species of antelope: Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu: has a symbolic role in Hindu and Buddhist architecture. ... Male Greater Kudu Female Greater Kudu The Kudu are two species of antelope: Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu: has a symbolic role in Hindu and Buddhist architecture. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... Somali Wild Ass St. ... Binomial name (Pallas, 1766) This article is about the animal. ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ... Somali Sheep or occasionally known as the Berbera Blackhead is a hair sheep native to Somalia and the self-declared but internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... For the animal, see goat. ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... Savannah redirects here. ... For other uses, see Lion (disambiguation). ... This article is about the big cat. ...

Economy

Hargeisa market

Hargeisa is the financial hub to many entrepreneurial companies ranging from food processing, gem stonecutters, construction, retail, import and export, Internet cafes, to even companies that process remittances from relative’s abroad who send money. Some families have moved back to the city, living in mansions in the hills during the summer. The city has seen considerable development of this sort in recent years. There are three major hotels in Hargeisa, they are the Ambassador, the Al-Maan Soor, the Oreintal hotels, and Hargeisa hotel, locating in central of hargaisa. The Ambassador (an award-winning hotel and the first modern hotel in the city since the war) is just a few minutes' travel to or from the airport, while Maan Soor hotel is located on the outskirts of the city. And the Oriental Hotel is in the center of the city. Hargeisa also has a private and public menageries, it houses animals from the region including lions, leopards, antelopes, birds and reptiles. Abdifatah Bishaaro, somalilander FINANCIAL is the weekly English-language newspaper with offices in Tbilisi, Georgia and Kiev, Ukraine. ... Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. ... For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that PC bang be merged into this article or section. ... ISO 4217 Code None User(s) Somaliland Symbol Sl. ... For other uses, see Summer (disambiguation). ... Look up Award in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ... Menagerie is the term for a historical form of keeping wild and exotic animals in human captivity and therefore a predecessor of the modern zoological garden. ... For other uses, see Lion (disambiguation). ... This article is about the big cat. ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... Reptilia redirects here. ...

Transport

The city is home to Hargeisa International Airport, with flights to Addis Ababa, Djibouti City, Dubai and many other cities across Africa and Somalia. All foreigners are required to exchange 50 USA Dollars to local currency (which is the Somaliland Shilling. (1 USD=6250 Somaliland Shillings as of Dec. 2006). Also there is a bus service in Hargeisa. Egal International Airport (IATA: HGA, ICAO: HCMH) - an international airport serving Hargeisa in Somalia (alternatively, the capital of the unrecognized country of the Republic of Somaliland) in Africa. ... For the long-distance runner, see Addis Abebe. ... Djibouti City is the capital and largest city of Djibouti. ... Location of Dubai in the UAE Coordinates: , Country Emirate Dubai Incorporated (town) June 9, 1833 Incorporated (emirate) December 2, 1971 Founder Maktoum bin Bati bin Suhail (1833) Seat Dubai Subdivisions Towns and villages Jebel Ali Hatta Al Hunaiwah Al Aweer Al Hajarain Al Lusayli Al Marqab Al Shindagha Al Faq... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... Alternate uses: Dollar (disambiguation) The dollar is the name of the official currency in several countries, dependencies and other regions (see list below). ... ISO 4217 Code None User(s) Somaliland Symbol Sl. ...

Education

School classroom

Children outside the school/hospital

In Hargeisa, there are two universities, including the University of Hargeisa; and several state-run and privately owned secondary and high schools. There are colleges, primary schools and nurseries dotted all around the city. Students are educated by teachers who have studied from abroad or by teachers who were educated prior to the Somali Civil War. Hargeisa has been built from ruins and is now a thriving metropolitan city in the heart of East Africa. A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ... Secondary can mean: An ordinal adjective indicating Second or second hand, see Primary The secondary in American football refers to the group of (usually four) defensive backs. ... Child picking up book. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ...

Communication

Hargeisa has a modern telephone system and nearly everyone in the city enjoys a telephone and some with access to the internet. Internet cafes are dotted all around Hargeisa and many youngsters and adults benefit from this. Mobile communication services are available in Hargeisa. The main mobile communication services in Hargeisa are operated by Telesom, Sitalink Soltelco and Telcom. For other uses, see Telephone (disambiguation). ... An Internet cafe or cybercafe is a place where one can use a computer with Internet access for a fee, usually per hour or minute; sometimes one can have unmetered access with a pass for a day or month, etc. ... Telcom is one of the largest leading telecommunications network operator in Somalia. ...

Trivia

• Simon Reeve visited the city and stayed at the Ambassador Hotel as part of his television series, Places That Don't Exist.
• Bob Geldof also stayed at the Ambassador Hotel and visited Hargeisa. [1]

Simon Reeve on the border in the unrecognised nation Nagorno-Karabakh Simon Reeve (born 1972) is a British author and TV presenter. ... Holidays in the Danger Zone: Places That Dont Exist is a five-part BBC Four series on breakaway states and unrecognised nations, devised, written and presented by Simon Reeve. ... Robert Frederick Xenon Geldof[1], KBE[2], known as Bob Geldof (born 5 October 1951) [3], is an Irish singer, songwriter, actor and political activist. ...

See also

• Arabsiyo

There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

External links

• Hargeisa city government

Coordinates: 9°30′N, 44°0′E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...