NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Harrier Jump Jet

The Harrier Jump Jet, often referred to as just "Harrier" or "the Jump Jet", is a British invented military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via thrust vectoring. The Harrier family is the only truly successful design of this type from the many that arose in the 1960s. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ... Hawker-Ciggerley was a group of UK aircraft manufacturing companies formed as a result of the merger of Hawker Aircraft with Armstrong Siddeley. ... DC-10, retired from American Airlines fleet at gate McDonnell Douglas was a major American aerospace manufacturer, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft. ... British Aerospace (BAe) was a UK aircraft and defence systems manufacturer, now part of BAE Systems. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... , BAE Systems plc (BAE) is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered at Farnborough, England, UK, that has worldwide interests, particularly in North America through its subsidiary BAE Systems Inc. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[1] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces and is one of seven uniformed services. ... RAF redirects here. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Spanish Navy (in Spanish, Armada EspaÃ±ola) is the maritime arm of the Spanish Military. ... The Hawker P.1127 and the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel FGA.1 were the development aircraft that led to the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first VTOL jet fighter-bomber. ... See also BAE Sea Harrier The Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the AV-8A are the first generation of the Harrier series, a successful close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with V/STOL capabilities. ... The BAE Systems Sea Harrier is a British naval VTOL/STOVL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. ... See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ... The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series) is a second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. ... Schematic diagram of high-bypass turbofan engine CFM56-3 turbofan, lower half, side view. ... Harrier AV-8A - worlds first operational fighter jet with thrust vectoring A thrust-vectoring jet engine nozzle Thrust vectoring is the ability of an aircraft or other vehicle to direct the thrust from its main engine(s) in a direction other than parallel to the vehicles longitudinal axis. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969. ...

There are four main versions of the Harrier family: Hawker Siddeley Harrier, British Aerospace Sea Harrier, Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II, and BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation version and is also known as the AV-8A Harrier. The Sea Harrier is a Maritime strike/air defence fighter. The AV-8B is the second generation Harrier and the BAE Harrier II is the British variant of the second generation Harrier. See also BAE Sea Harrier The Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the AV-8A are the first generation of the Harrier series, a successful close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with V/STOL capabilities. ... The BAE Systems Sea Harrier is a British naval VTOL/STOVL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. ... See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ... The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series) is a second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. ...

Introduction to the Harrier Family

The Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR.1/GR.3 and the AV-8A Harrier were the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close-support and reconnaissance attack aircraft with Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) capabilities. These were developed directly from the Hawker P.1127 prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft. See also BAE Sea Harrier The Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the AV-8A are the first generation of the Harrier series, a successful close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with V/STOL capabilities. ... A ground attack aircraft is an aircraft that is designed to operate very close to the ground, supporting infantry and tanks directly in battle. ... V/STOL is an acronym for Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing. ... The Hawker P.1127 and the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel FGA.1 were the development aircraft that led to the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first VTOL jet fighter-bomber. ...

The Harrier was extensively redeveloped by McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace, leading to the AV-8B Harrier II and Harrier GR5/GR7/GR9, respectively.^[2] Both were built by companies that are now parts of Boeing and BAE Systems. DC-10, retired from American Airlines fleet at gate McDonnell Douglas was a major American aerospace manufacturer, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft. ... British Aerospace (BAe) was a UK aircraft and defence systems manufacturer, now part of BAE Systems. ... See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ... The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series) is a second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... , BAE Systems plc (BAE) is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered at Farnborough, England, UK, that has worldwide interests, particularly in North America through its subsidiary BAE Systems Inc. ...

The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval VTOL/STOVL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS.1, and was informally known as the Shar. The upgraded Sea Harrier FA2 entered service in 1993. It was withdrawn from Royal Navy service in March 2006. The Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 is in active service with the Indian Navy, which operates the jet from its aircraft carrier INS Viraat. The BAE Systems Sea Harrier is a British naval VTOL/STOVL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. ... STOVL is an acronym for Short Take Off and Vertical Landing. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Fleet Air Arm is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of the aircraft on board their ships. ... The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. ... INS Viraat (Sanskrit: à¤µà¤¿à¤°à¤¾à¤Ÿ) (R22) is a Centaur-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Indian Navy. ...

The Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II is a family of second-generation V/STOL jet multi-role aircraft of the late 20th century. Developed from the earlier Hawker Siddeley Harrier, it is primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small aircraft carriers. Versions are used by several NATO countries, including Spain, Italy, and the United States. See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ... V/STOL is an acronym for Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing. ... A multirole (or multi-role) combat aircraft is an aircraft that can be used as both a fighter aircraft and a ground attack aircraft. ... Four aircraft carriers, (bottom-to-top) Principe de Asturias, amphibious assault ship USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and light V/STOL carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship designed to deploy and recover aircraft, acting as a sea-going airbase. ... This article is about the military alliance. ...

The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is a second generation V/STOL aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. It was developed from the earlier Hawker Siddeley Harrier and is very closely related to the US built AV-8B Harrier II. Both are primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, and are often operated from small aircraft carriers. The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series) is a second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. ... V/STOL is an acronym for Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing. ... RAF redirects here. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II is a family of second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing or V/STOL jet multirole aircraft of the late 20th century. ...

Development

Following an approach by the Bristol Engine Company in 1957 that they were planning a directed thrust engine, Hawker Aircraft came up with a design for a plane that could meet the current NATO specification for a "Light Tactical Support Fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but aid was found through the Mutual Weapon Development Project (MWDP) of NATO. The Bristol Aeroplane Company (formerly British and Colonial Aeroplane Company) began building primitive Bristol Boxkites in a former tram shed and became famous for the production of the war-time Blenhein and Beaufighter, the Brabazon airliner prototypes, the Britannia and Freighter and the Belvedere and Sycamore helicopters. ... Thrust vectoring is the ability of an aircraft to direct the thrust from its main engine(s) in a direction other than parallel to the aircrafts length. ... Hawker Aircraft Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer responsible for some of the most famous products in British aviation history. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... The new eastern entrance to HM Treasury HM Treasury, in full Her Majestys Treasury, informally The Treasury, is the United Kingdom government department responsible for developing and executing the UK Governments financial and economic policy. ...

The P.1127 was ordered as a prototype and flew in 1960. NATO developed a specification (NBMR-3) for a VTOL aircraft, but one that was expected to have the performance of an aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Hawker drafted a supersonic version of the P.1127, the P.1150, and also the Hawker P.1154 which would meet NBMR-3. The latter was a winner of the NATO competition and development continued until cancelled at the point of prototype construction in 1965. The F-4 Phantom II (simply F-4 Phantom after 1990) is a two-place (tandem), supersonic, long-range, all-weather fighter-bomber built by McDonnell Douglas Corporation. ... The Hawker Siddeley P.1154 was a supersonic VSTOL fighter aircraft being developed alongside the subsonic Hawker P.1127/Kestrel. ...

Work on the P.1127 continued with 9 evaluation aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, ordered. These started flying in 1964 and were assessed by the "Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron" which consisted of British, US and German pilots. With the cancellation of the P.1154, the RAF ordered a modified P.1127/Kestrel as the Harrier GR.1 in 1966.

Variants

Pre-Harrier prototype and evaluation aircraft

Image File history File links Hawker_P._1127_-_NASA.jpgâ€Ž Description: This picture may have usage restrictions Source: NASA File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Harrier Jump Jet Hawker P.1127 ... Image File history File links Hawker_P._1127_-_NASA.jpgâ€Ž Description: This picture may have usage restrictions Source: NASA File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Harrier Jump Jet Hawker P.1127 ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Hawker P.1127 and the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel FGA.1 were the development aircraft that led to the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first VTOL jet fighter-bomber. ...

RAF Harriers

See also BAE Sea Harrier The Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the AV-8A are the first generation of the Harrier series, a successful close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with V/STOL capabilities. ...

AV-8A Harrier (US, Spain, Thailand)

British Aerospace Sea Harrier

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1624x1065, 545 KB) Sea Harriers FA.2 (FRS.2) on the deck of HMS Illustrious, Persian Gulf. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1624x1065, 545 KB) Sea Harriers FA.2 (FRS.2) on the deck of HMS Illustrious, Persian Gulf. ... The fifth HMS Illustrious (R06) is an Invincible-class light aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy, affectionately known as Lusty to her crew. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3000x1520, 1569 KB) US Marine Corp AV-8B Harrier Background notes: Harrier II Edit Info:Harrier II www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3000x1520, 1569 KB) US Marine Corp AV-8B Harrier Background notes: Harrier II Edit Info:Harrier II www. ... The BAE Systems Sea Harrier is a British naval VTOL/STOVL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. ...

McDonnell Douglas-BAe/Boeing AV-8B Harrier II

See also Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Harrier II is a second generation, vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) light_attack jet aircraft used by the United States Marine Corps, Royal Air Force, Spanish Armada and Italian navy. ...

BAe-McDonnell Douglas/BAE Systems Harrier II

The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series) is a second generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and, since 2006, the Royal Navy. ...

Controls and handling

While the Harrier is one of the most flexible aircraft ever made, the level of understanding and skill needed to pilot it is considerable. The Harrier is capable of both forward flight (where it behaves in the manner of a typical fixed-wing aircraft above its stall speed), and VTOL and STOL maneuvers (where the traditional lift and control surfaces are useless). This requires skills and understanding more usually associated with helicopters. Most services demand great aptitude and extensive training for Harrier pilots, as well as experience of piloting both types of aircraft. Many recruit trainee pilots come from the most experienced and skilled helicopter pilots in their organisations. Image File history File linksMetadata Vector-nozzle-sea-harrier-jet. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Vector-nozzle-sea-harrier-jet. ... In aerodynamics, a stall is a condition in which an excessive angle of attack causes loss of lift due to disruption of airflow. ... The Hawker Harrier, one of the famous examples of a plane with VTOL capability. ... A Zenair CH701 STOL light aircraft Polish STOL light aircraft PZL-104M Wilga of Polish Border Guard at Radom Air Show in 2005. ... The lift force, or simply lift, is a mechanical force, generated by a solid object as it moves through a fluid, directed perpendicular to the flow direction. ... Aircraft flight controls allow a pilot to guide his plane to the destination. ... For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ...

The Harrier has two control elements that a fixed-wing aircraft does not usually have. These are the thrust vector and reaction control system. The thrust vector refers to the slant of the four engine nozzles and can be set between zero degrees (horizontal, pointing directly back) and 98 degrees (pointing down and slightly forwards). The 90 degree place is generally used for VTOL maneuvering. Thrust vector is adjusted by a control next to the thrust lever. The reaction control is achieved by manipulating the control stick and is similar in action to the cyclic control of a helicopter. While irrelevant during forward flight mode, these controls are essential during VTOL and STOL, and are used together during these maneuvers. Wind direction and the point of reference of the aircraft to this is also crucial during VTOL maneuvers (in this sense operation is limited compared with a helicopter, which can take off and land in side winds). The Harrier's landing gear configuration also complicates normal landing; it is necessary to ensure that the wing-mounted stabiliser struts contact the runway simultaneously; bounce or tilt to one side can result if this is not achieved. A reaction control system (abbreviated RCS) is a subsystem of a spacecraft. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

The procedure for VTO involves parking the aircraft facing into the wind. The aircraft is brought to a halt, throttle to idle, wheels locked. The thrust vector is set to 90 degrees and the throttle brought up to maximum. The aircraft leaves the ground rapidly. The throttle is trimmed until a hover state is achieved at the desired altitude. During the ascent and hover, the reaction control system is continuously adjusted to maintain position over the patch of ground, much as it is with a helicopter. The aircraft has to face into the wind when taking off in this way. A side wind causes the aircraft to pitch away from the lee side. This would alter the thrust vector away from vertical and cause the aircraft to slew sideways. This is hard to control and dangerous. In severe cases the aircraft can settle with power while moving to the side. While taking off in windy conditions is always more difficult when within ground effect, it is easier to maintain heading away from the ground effect as the tailplane tends to stabilise the heading into the wind. At hover, the thrust vector is slowly returned to horizontal while the altitude and angle of attack is maintained in a specified range. At or shortly after normal take off speed, the thrust vector is set to horizontal and thrust is usually trimmed back to control acceleration. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2000x3008, 2573 KB) An AV-8B Harrier II+, assigned to the â€œBulldogsâ€ of Marine Attack Squadron Two Two Three (VMA-223), prepares for landing on the flight deck aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Nassau (LHA 4). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2000x3008, 2573 KB) An AV-8B Harrier II+, assigned to the â€œBulldogsâ€ of Marine Attack Squadron Two Two Three (VMA-223), prepares for landing on the flight deck aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Nassau (LHA 4). ... Settling with power is a hazardous helicopter flight condition in which the aircrafts available power is not sufficient to overcome gravity and inertia, and may not have enough power to stop the descent. ... Aircraft may be affected by a number of Ground effects, aerodynamic effects due to a flying bodys proximity to the ground. ... In this diagram, the black arrow represents the direction of the wind. ...

The STO procedure involves proceeding with normal take off and then applying a thrust vector (less than 90 degrees) at a runway speed below normal take off speed. For lower take off speeds, the thrust vector applied is greater. The vector and thrust is then trimmed until take off speed. Several procedures have been described for different runway lengths.

In forward flight, the Harrier is at an advantage compared with fixed wing aircraft in that in the event of stalling, recovery is possible by quickly adjusting the thrust vector and throttle. For STOL and VTOL landing, it is necessary to drop below the normal stall speed and apply this method (against all the instincts of the trained fixed wing pilot). The thrust vector control allows for the engine nozzles to be adjusted to a maximum stop of 98 degrees. This facilitates backward motion as needed but is not normally applied during VTOL as the heading into the wind tends to require some forward thrust via attitude control to maintain a fixed hovering position. In aerodynamics, a stall is a condition in which an excessive angle of attack causes loss of lift due to disruption of airflow. ... Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second and Third Laws. ...

The technique of VIFFing ("Vectoring In Forward Flight"), i.e. rotating the vectored thrust nozzles into a forward-facing position during normal flight, was developed as a dog-fighting tactic for both (a) higher turns rates than would normally be possible for an aircraft with such a short wing-span and (b) sudden braking. The latter causes a chasing aircraft to overshoot and present itself as a target for e.g. air-to-air missiles. A US Navy VF-103 Jolly Rogers F-14 Tomcat fighter launches an AIM-54 Phoenix long-range air-to-air missile. ...

Because VIFFing reduces forward thrust, acceleration and manoeuvers in the vertical plane are hampered by thrust vectoring, where thrust-to-weight is more necessary than low wing loading. In aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing. ...

At heavier weights, the Harrier's hover time can become limited due to its reliance on the use of Water Injection for additional thrust, approximately 90 seconds of which is available.^{[citation needed]} At lighter loads the aircraft can hover for as long as 5 minutes at a time before requiring conventional flight modes to allow the engine to cool.^{[citation needed]}

Specifications

Sources: Norden^[3] [1] A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, â€² â€“ a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, â€³ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kg redirects here. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometres per hour (American spelling: kilometers per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Rolls-Royce Pegasus The Rolls Royce Pegasus is a turbofan engine manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... For other uses, see Newton (disambiguation). ...

Popular culture

The Harrier family's unique characteristics have led to them being featured in a number of films and flight simulator programs.

The jet appears in the James Bond movie The Living Daylights, in the science fiction film Battlefield Earth, and in the film True Lies, in which Arnold Schwarzenegger flies an AV-8B. According to the Internet Movie Database, while making True Lies, the filmmakers paid the U.S. government $100,736 (or about $2,400 an hour) for the use of three US Marine Corps Harriers and their pilots. This article is about the spy series. ... For other uses, see The Living Daylights (disambiguation). ... Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000 is an American film adaptation of the novel Battlefield Earth by L. Ron Hubbard, released May 12, 2000. ... True Lies is a 1994 action/comedy remake of the 1991 French film La Totale!. It was directed by James Cameron, and stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jamie Lee Curtis, Tom Arnold, Bill Paxton, Tia Carrere, Charlton Heston and Art Malik. ... Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (German IPA: ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American bodybuilder, Golden Globe-winning actor, businessman and politician currently serving as the 38th Governor of the U.S. state of California. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ...

As part of its 1996 Pepsi Stuff marketing campaign, Pepsi ran an ad promising a Harrier jet to anyone who collected 7,000,000 Pepsi Points. This ploy backfired when a group of investors actually collected and sent in the requisite points. A lawsuit ensued (Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.), where it was ruled that any reasonable person would conclude that the ad was a joke. Pepsi Stuff catalog cover Pepsi Stuff catalog page featuring Cindy Crawford Pepsi Stuff refers to a landmark marketing strategy and global integrated campaign launched by Pepsi, first in North America and then around the world, in the 1990s and continuing into the 2000s featuring merchandise that could be purchased with... Leonard v. ...

Contents

Introduction to the Harrier Family

Development

Variants

Pre-Harrier prototype and evaluation aircraft

RAF Harriers

AV-8A Harrier (US, Spain, Thailand)

British Aerospace Sea Harrier

McDonnell Douglas-BAe/Boeing AV-8B Harrier II

BAe-McDonnell Douglas/BAE Systems Harrier II

Controls and handling

Specifications

Popular culture

See also

References

External links

Contents

Introduction to the Harrier Family GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Development

Variants

Pre-Harrier prototype and evaluation aircraft

RAF Harriers

AV-8A Harrier (US, Spain, Thailand)

British Aerospace Sea Harrier

McDonnell Douglas-BAe/Boeing AV-8B Harrier II

BAe-McDonnell Douglas/BAE Systems Harrier II

Controls and handling

Specifications

Popular culture

See also

References

External links

Introduction to the Harrier Family