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Encyclopedia > Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
Harry Potter Books
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Author Flag of United Kingdom J. K. Rowling
Illustrator Thomas Taylor
Genre Fiction
Publisher Bloomsbury
Release date June 30, 1997
Number in series One
Sales Unknown
Story timeline 1981, 1991-1992
Preceded by None
Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first volume in a series of seven books by British author J. K. Rowling and featuring the fictional character, Harry Potter, a young wizard. The first book was published 30 June 1997 by Bloomsbury in London, and has also been made into a feature-length film of the same name. This is also the most popular of the books by far, selling an estimated 107 million copies worldwide. This article is about the Harry Potter series of novels. ... Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone book cover, published by Bloomsbury. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Joanne Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965[1]) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling. ... Fiction (from the Latin fingere, to form, create) is storytelling of imagined events and stands in contrast to non-fiction, which makes factual claims that can be substantiated with evidence. ... Bloomsbury Publishing plc is an independent, London-based publishing house best known as the publisher of the Harry Potter series of novels, written by J. K. Rowling. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is being considered for deletion for the second time in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) or Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, by J.K. Rowling, is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. ... A chained book in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side, and within protective covers. ... Cosette Dwyer is an amazing author. ... Joanne Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965[1]) is an English fiction writer who writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling. ... Harry James Potter (born 31 July 1980) is a fictional character and the hero of J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bloomsbury Publishing plc is an independent, London-based publishing house best known as the publisher of the Harry Potter series of novels, written by J. K. Rowling. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ...

Contents

Plot overview

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

The story opens with the unrestrained celebration of a normally-secretive wizarding world which for the past eleven years has been terrorised by Lord Voldemort. The previous night, Voldemort discovered the refuge of the hidden Potter family, and killed Lily and James Potter. However, when he turned his wand against their infant son, Harry, his killing curse rebounded upon him. Harry, meanwhile, is left with a distinctive lightning bolt scar on his forehead, the only physical sign of Voldemort's curse. Harry's mysterious defeat of Voldemort results in him being dubbed "The Boy Who Lived" by the wizarding world. The orphaned Harry is left with, and subsequently raised by his cruel, Muggle (non-magical) relatives, the Dursleys who, in attempt to rid him of his magical powers, hides his magical heritage and gives him severe punishments after several strange occurrences. Lord Voldemort (born 31 December 1926 as Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character of the Harry Potter book series written by J.K. Rowling. ... James Potter and Lily Potter (née Evans) are fictional characters of the Harry Potter series. ... Harry James Potter (born 31 July 1980) is a fictional character and the hero of J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Dursleys or the Dursley family are fictional characters in the Harry Potter stories created by J. K. Rowling. ...


Shortly before Harry's eleventh birthday, owls begin delivering letters to the Dursley house. Denying Harry access to them, but unable to stop the deliveries, Uncle Vernon moves the family to a small, deserted island where Rubeus Hagrid finds them. Confronting the Dursleys about their dishonesties with Harry, he hand-delivers the letter which invites him to study magic at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. When Uncle Vernon continually tells Hagrid he's not going and foolishly insults Dumbledore, "I AM NOT PAYING FOR SOME CRACKPOT OLD FOOL TO TEACH HIM MAGIC TRICKS,"[1] Hagrid flies into a rage and does magic on Dudley, giving him a pig's tail when he "meant ter turn him into a pig."[2] Harry finds out Hagrid is not allowed to use magic, as he once went to Hogwarts, but was expelled in his third year. Families Strigidae Tytonidae Ogygoptyngidae (fossil) Palaeoglaucidae (fossil) Protostrigidae (fossil) Sophiornithidae (fossil) Synonyms Strigidae sensu Sibley & Ahlquist Owls are a group of birds of prey. ... Rubeus Hagrid (born December 6, c. ... Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional school of magic that is the main setting of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling. ...


That morning, Hagrid and Harry go to The Leaky Cauldron pub, where Harry finds out he is famous, "Welcome back, Mr Potter, welcome back,"[3] and meets the new Hogwarts Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Professor Quirrell. From there, they enter Diagon Alley, the wizard business district in London, where Harry will purchase his school supplies. In J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter novels and their filmed adaptations, Diagon Alley is a street in London, and is effectively a magical high street. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional school of magic that is the main setting of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling. ... Professor Quirrell is a fictional character in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, the first novel in the Harry Potter series written by JK Rowling. ... In J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter novels and their filmed adaptations, Diagon Alley is a street in London, and is effectively a magical high street. ...


While at Gringotts, the wizard bank, Harry learns from Hagrid that he believes there are dragons protecting the gold, something Hagrid has always wanted; Harry also finds that he has inherited immense wealth. Harry and Hagrid visit another vault within the bank that contains a small package. In J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter novels and their filmed adaptations, Diagon Alley is a street in London, and is effectively a magical high street. ...


When Harry buys a magic wand from Mr Ollivander, he tells Harry it is the "brother" to Voldemort's wand—their wood cores contain a tail feather from the same phoenix. Harry also meets Draco Malfoy, a young wizard from a wealthy family who is also starting Hogwarts. But Malfoy's elitist manner and insulting remarks about Hagrid offend Harry. Mr Ollivander (first name unrevealed) is a fictional character in the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling. ... The phoenix from the Aberdeen Bestiary. ... Draco Malfoy (born 5 June 1980[1]) is a fictional antagonist character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter books and Harry Potters principal rival and a foil. ...

Still, Harry does not know Malfoy's name yet in Diagon Alley. Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ...


When the school year starts, the Dursley's dump Harry off at the King's Cross station, London, laughing when Uncle Vernon points out to Harry that "they don't seem to have built Platform Nine and three-quarters] yet, do they?...Have a good term."[4] He realizes that he has not been told how to get to the platform and panicking, Harry tries to ask for directions, but the Muggles think he is taking too much time. When he hears a witch mother say, "-packed with Muggles, of course-"[5] he asks her for directions. The mother tells him, "All you have to do is walk straight at the barrier between platforms nine and ten. Don't stop don't be scared you'll crash into it, that's very important. Best do it at a run if you're nervous."[6] Eventually, when they get on the train, Harry befriends the sons of the woman, Molly Weasley, including his now - best friend Ron Weasley - the youngest son of the Weasley family, who are very poor but very kind. Ron is impressed by Harry's scar but unintimidated by his reputation. Harry also meets Hermione Granger, a muggle-born witch who is a bit of a bossy, insufferable know-it-all. Kings Cross station (often spelt Kings Cross on platform signs) is a railway station in the district of the same name in northeast central London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Rubeus Hagrid meets the Hogwarts Express at Hogsmeade station in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. ... Molly Weasley, née Prewett (born 30 October c. ... Ronald Ron Bilius Weasley (born 1 March 1980) is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. ... The Weasleys are a fictional family of wizards who figure prominently in the plot of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of novels. ... Hermione Jane Granger (b. ...


Upon arriving at Hogwarts, all new students are sorted into one of the four school Houses by the Sorting Hat. Each House has specific characteristics: Slytherin is filled with ambitious, cunning people who may use any means to get what they want; Ravenclaw is home to those with sharp minds that value intelligence and wit; Gryffindor houses those who are daring and brave; and Hufflepuff is characterised by fairness, honesty and hard work. While Harry is being sorted, the sorting hat thinks Harry difficult to place and considers placing him in Slytherin. Harry wishes hard to not be in Slytherin and, hearing his thoughts, the hat places him in Gryffindor, along with Ron and Hermione. The arrogant Draco Malfoy, who by now is openly contemptuous of Harry and his friends, is sorted into Slytherin even before the hat can touch his head. In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. ... In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. ... In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. ... In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. ...


During Harry's first broomstick flying lesson, Professor McGonagall spots Harry catching Neville Longbottom's stolen Remembrall from Draco and is drafted into Gryffindor's Quidditch team, becoming the youngest Seeker in a hundred years. He is given a Nimbus Two Thousand by Professor McGonagall, then the best broom. In the fictional universe of the Harry Potter series, created by author J. K. Rowling, magical flying broomsticks are one of the most popular forms of transportation for wizards and witches, as well as used for magical games like Quidditch. ... Neville Longbottom (born 30 July 1980)[1] is a character in the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling. ... In the fictional Harry Potter universe, many magical objects exist for the use of the characters. ... Quidditch is a fictitious wizarding sport played on broomsticks. ...


After landing, Draco challenges Harry to a Wizard's Duel, at midnight, in the trophy room. That night, Harry, Ron, Hermione (who couldn't get back into Gryffindor Common Room as the Fat Lady had gone visiting), and Neville (who could not remember the password) went to the trophy room searching for Draco, instead finding that he had set them up and had sent Argus Filch, the school janitor. Trying to find a place to hide, they accidentally stumble across the door to the forbidden corridor. A three-headed dog, christened Fluffy by Hagrid, guards a trapdoor. They are saved by Peeves who, in a sing song voice says nothing to Filch about seeing them. Argus Filch is the caretaker and (effectively) hall monitor in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of books. ... Famous three-headed dogs include: Cerberos in Greek mythology Fluffy in the Harry Potter series of books. ... Rubeus Hagrid (born December 6, c. ... Peeves is a poltergeist living in Hogwarts, a fictional setting in the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling. ...


Harry and Ron initially dislike the bossy Hermione. After a Halloween class involving Wingardium Leviosa, a hard-to-pronounce charm that makes objects fly, Ron insults her, and she retreats to the girls' bathroom crying after she overhears him. During the Halloween banquet, Quirrel informs everyone that a troll has entered the castle; Harry and Ron, the latter reluctantly, go to warn her, suspecting Snape is the culprit. By locking the troll in the nearest room, they realize that they have accidentally locked it in the girls' bathroom. They re-enter and fight it to save Hermione. Harry and Ron magically knock it out with its own club, ironically with Wingardium Leviosa (in the movie, Hermione desperately and hurriedly teaches the spell to them before she can be attacked). When the professors arrive on the scene, Hermione claims it was her fault, preventing the boys from getting into trouble. The three then become best friends. In the magical world of the Harry Potter series of fictional novels by J. K. Rowling, many (often incredible) things are accomplished through the use of magical spells by the characters. ... Trolls with an abducted princess (John Bauer, 1915). ...


At Harry's first Quidditch match, Harry's broom becomes possessed, knocking him off and holding on for his life. Hermione see Snape staring at Harry and mouthing words, making her believe that it is Snape who is making his broom do weird things. Hermione lights Snape cape on fire, which stops the broom's possession allowing him to win the match. Quidditch is a fictitious wizarding sport played on broomsticks. ...


At Christmas, Harry receives an Invisibility Cloak, which once belonged to his father. Using it to explore the Restricted Section in the library to research information on Nicolas Flamel, a name Hagrid lets slip when they confront her about Fluffy. Harry is almost caught by Filch, when a book gives out a scream and Harry's lantern is broken. Seeing a door ajar, he slips through and discovers the Mirror of Erised, which shows him surrounded by his long-gone parents and family. He takes Ron to it the following night, but Ron sees himself as Head Boy and Quidditch Captain. Dumbledore later advises Harry, who returns once more, to no longer seek out the mirror, which will be moved, because it only shows what one desires, not what is real. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The following list is one of historical characters from the real world, or from mythology, that are referred to as either Wizards or muggles in J.K. Rowlings fictional universe of the Harry Potter series. ... Argus Filch is the caretaker and (effectively) hall monitor in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of books. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...


After Christmas, Harry finds Nicolas Flamel's name on the back of Albus Dumbledore's Chocolate Frog card which gives Hermione an idea. She flips through a book she had taken out for a "little bit of light reading...Nicolas Flamel is the only known maker of the Philosopher's Stone, which produces the Elixir of Life, and will make the drinker immortal."[7]


After Harry's second Quidditch match, Harry sees Snape trying to get information from Quirrel about getting past "that beast of Hagrid's."[8] Quirrel says he doesn't know what's he's talking about and they each go their separate ways. After seeing Snape's bitten leg at Halloween, the possession of Harry's broom, and the conversation with Professor Quirrel; Harry, Ron, and Hermione come to the conclusion that Severus Snape, the sinister Potions master and Head of Slytherin House, is trying to steal it in order to restore Lord Voldemort to power, but Hagrid denies it. Severus Snape is a fictional character in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling. ... The Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional school of magic that is the main setting of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling. ...


Soon, Hagrid wins a Norwegian Ridgeback dragon egg in a card game with a hooded stranger in Hogsmeade. However, as dragon breeding is illegal, he can't keep Norbert. Malfoy sees Norbert before he can be released and ensures that they are caught by Professor McGonagall for being out of bed after hours, and gives all, including Draco, detention. Neville, who was trying to find Harry and Hermione, is also given detention. Gryffindor loses 150 points, and Harry, Hermione, and Neville are given the cold shoulder by their fellow Gryffindors, Hufflepuffs, and Ravenclaws, who wanted to see the downfall of Slytherin as the House Points winner. // The following are minor magical beasts from the Harry Potter fantasy series by J. K. Rowling. ... Hogsmeade is a fictional village in Scotland that appears in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling. ... Saint Norbert (c. ...


The four of them serve their detention the following evening with Hagrid in the Forbidden Forest where they need to find a injured unicorn. Splitting up, Draco, Fangs, and Harry cross the path of the downed unicorn and watch as a hooded figure comes and drinks its blood, which sets Harry's scar bursting with pain. Draco and Fangs flee and Harry is rescued by a centaur, Firenze, who tells him it is a monsterous thing to slay a unicorn, let alone drink its blood. Harry realizes that unicorn blood is like Elixir of Life, and that Voldemort is still around. Forbidden Forest can refer to: An area by Hogwarts in Harry Potter A novel by Mircea Eliade An early 1980s computer game for the Commodore 64, followed by one sequel. ... In Greek mythology, the centaurs (Greek: Κένταυροι) are a race of creatures composed of part human and part horse. ... Firenze is the name of a character in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling. ...


Harry, along with Hermione and Ron, confront Hagrid about the stranger with the dragon egg, remembering Hagrid has always wanted one. Harry asks if Fluffy was ever brought into the conversation. Finding out that Hagrid gave away how to get past Fluffy, they believe the theft of the Stone is imminent. That night, Harry, Ron and Hermione go through the trapdoor to get to it first, but not without dueling Neville, who refuses to let them leave the dormitory. They negotiate the security system set up by the school's staff, and Harry makes it to the inner chamber. There Harry finds that Professor Quirrell, a stuttering and seemingly meek person, not Snape, is attempting to steal the Stone, and realises that Snape was trying to protect him from harm all along. Harry confronts Quirrell and survives a second encounter with Lord Voldemort, who has been possessing Quirrell (notably appearing as a ghastly face on the back of Quirrell's head). Quirrell is prevented from killing Harry or seizing the stone, his skin being painfully blistered when it touches Harry's bare skin; the struggle between Harry and Quirrell continues long enough for Harry to be rescued, although he almost dies when Quirrell is pulled away from him. Voldemort then pitilessly abandons Quirrell, who dies as a result of his possession. Spiritual possession is a concept of many religions and tales, where it is believed that a demon, or disincarnate being, may take temporary control of a human body, resulting in noticeable changes in behaviour. ...


During Harry's recovery, Dumbledore - Harry's rescuer - reveals to him that Harry's mother died to protect Harry. Her sacrifice of pure love provided Harry an ancient magical protection from Voldemort's lethal spells. Dumbledore also reveals that the Stone had been destroyed to prevent future attempts by Voldemort to steal it. Dumbledore says that Flamel and his wife, Perenelle Flamel, (at least 665 and 658 years old respectively) have enough elixir to set their affairs in order and then they will die. Perenelle Flamel was the wife of the famous 15th century alchemist Nicholas Flamel, who has since come to the fore in the popular fiction of J.K. Rowling. ...


At the end-of-year feast, the House Points totals are given: Gryffindor with 312 points, Hufflepuff with 372 points, Ravenclaw with 412 points, and Slytherin with 472 points. However, Dumbledore gives a few "last-minute additions", with 50 points to Ron for being a good chess player; 50 points to Hermione for being a logic whiz; 60 points to Harry for being very brave; and 10 points to Neville for standing up not just to his enemies but to friends as well. This gives Gryffindor 482 points and the title of House champion. Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Neville are instantly loved by the students once more.


Missing text

As with Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the American version of the book has retained text edited out of the British version. According to the author's website:[9] For the film, see Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). ...

Anybody who has read both the American and British versions of 'Philosopher's Stone' will notice that Dean Thomas's appearance is not mentioned in the British book, whereas in the American one there is a line describing him (in the chapter 'The Sorting Hat').

This was an editorial cut in the British version; my editor thought that chapter was too long and pruned everything that he thought was surplus to requirements. This article is about minor Harry Potter characters who are Gryffindor students in the same year as Harry. ...

The missing text follows, highlighted in bold:


And now there were only three people left to be sorted. "Thomas, Dean," a black boy even taller than Ron, joined Harry at the Gryffindor table. "Turpin, Lisa," became a Ravenclaw and then it was Ron's turn. (US Edition p. 122)


This edit also created a minor incongruency in the American edition. Since Dean Thomas's mention had been edited out of the British edition, it is mentioned that "there were only three people left to be sorted". However, in the American edition, Dean Thomas, Lisa Turpin, Ron Weasley and Blaise Zabini were all sorted after this statement was made. This article is about minor Harry Potter characters who are Gryffindor students in the same year as Harry. ... The following are minor characters from the Harry Potter series in Ravenclaw House. ... Ronald Ron Bilius Weasley (born 1 March 1980) is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. ... The following are minor characters from the Harry Potter series in Slytherin House. ...


Editions

Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone book cover, published by Bloomsbury. ... Image File history File links Philosopher_stone_cover_adult. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (412x661, 42 KB) http://webopac. ... Image File history File links Harry_Potter_en_de_Steen_der_Wijzen. ... Image File history File links L'ecole_des_sorciers. ... Image File history File links Fdvsdvdf. ... Image File history File links Harry_Potter_&_the_Philosopher_Stone_J.jpg‎ Summary Japanese version of Happy Potter and the Philosophers Stone Licensing This image is of a book cover, and the copyright for it is most likely owned either by the artist who created the cover or the publisher of the book. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Harry_Potter_De_vises_sten. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... This image is a book cover. ...

Translations

This book has been translated into many languages. The cover of Harry Potter en de Steen der Wijzen – the Dutch language translation of the first book, jointly published by De Harmonie and Standaard. ...


American English edition

Both the book and the motion picture were released in the United States with the revised title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. The book's American editor Arthur Levine, who was responsible for translating primarily British English words and spellings to American English, felt that Philosopher's Stone coveyed an incorrect idea of the subject matter, and that a title change was necessary. Rowling and Levine had agreed to change words only when they felt that it would otherwise be incomprehensible to American readers. Several alternate titles were discussed, and Rowling chose Sorcerer's Stone in the end.[10] The translations in the American Edition led to criticism by many readers. The New York Times ran an article titled "Harry Potter, Minus a Certain Flavour" on 10 July 2000, which heavily criticized Scholastic's decision to Americanize the US Harry Potter editions.[11] Many felt that the translations insulted the intelligence of the American public (for example changing "Mum" to "Mom"). Scholastic learned, and in the sequels did not Americanize as much, thus not changing the title, and not modifying as much text.


Notes

  1. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Rowling, J.K. pg. 68. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  2. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Rowling, J.K. pg. 69. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  3. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Diagon Alley. J.K. Rowling. pg. 79. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  4. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. J.K. Rowling. pg.101 ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  5. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. J.K. Rowlings. pg. 103. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  6. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. J.K. Rowling. pg. 104. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  7. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. J.K. Rowling. pg.237-238. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  8. ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. J.K. Rowling. pg. 245. ISBN 1-55192-700-4
  9. ^ http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/extrastuff_view.cfm?id=2 JKRowling.com Retrieved on 04-24-07
  10. ^ Explanation from Ask Yahoo! dated 23 January 23, 2002
  11. ^ New York Times - 23 July, 2000 (requires membership)

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