NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Harvey Milk

Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978), an American politician and gay rights activist, was the first openly gay city supervisor of San Francisco, California. He and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated in 1978. His assassin, Dan White, was sentenced to seven years in prison. Outrage over the verdict led to the White Night Riots in San Francisco by enraged citizens. Milk is seen by some to be a martyr to the LGBT community. Harvey Milk was an American politician and gay rights activist who was assassinated in 1978. ... Harvey Milk File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Woodmere is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Nassau County, New York, United States. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... San Francisco redirects here. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... Title of elected officals who sit on a board to oversee and manage the City of San Fransisco, and others city, towns, and communities. ... San Francisco redirects here. ... Mayor Moscone George Richard Moscone (November 24, 1929 â€“ November 27, 1978) was the mayor of San Francisco, California from January 1976 until his assassination in November 1978. ... San Francisco Examiners front page for Moscone-Milk Assassinations; November 28, 1978 The Moscone-Milk Assassinations took place on Monday, November 27, 1978, when San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk were shot and killed in San Francisco City Hall by former Supervisor Dan White. ... This article is about the San Francisco Supervisor. ... The White Night Riots, beginning on May 21, 1979, were the San Francisco, California, gay communitys response to the minimal sentence given to former San Francisco City Supervisor Dan White for killing George Moscone, then Mayor of San Francisco and Harvey Milk, the openly gay supervisor of said city... The initialism LGBT also GLBT is in use (since the 1990s) to refer collectively to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people. ...

Biography

Early life

Milk's given name was Harvey Bernard Milk. His grandfather, Morris Milk was the owner and namesake of Milk's Department Store in Woodmere, New York; "Glimpy" was Harvey Milk's nickname because as a child and adolescent, he was considered odd-looking because of his large ears, nose, and feet. He was born in Woodmere. He graduated from Bay Shore High School, Bay Shore, NY in 1947, graduated from University at Albany in 1951 and joined the United States Navy; he was honorably discharged, although he later told voters in campaigns that he was a victim of one of the many anti-gay purges of the armed services. Woodmere is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Nassau County, New York, United States. ... Bay Shore is a hamlet (and census-designated place), located in the town of Islip, County of Suffolk, New York. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University at Albany, (formerly known as Albany State University until the early 1990s) located in Albany, New York, in the USA, is one of four university centers of the State University of New York. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... USN redirects here. ... A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve. ...

Following his service in the Navy, Milk lived for a time in Dallas, Texas. Eventually he relocated to New York City and took a job on Wall Street. He also became involved with theater, serving as Assistant Director along side Tom O'Horgan for a number of plays including Lenny and the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Dallas redirects here. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ... An assistant director (AD) is a person who helps the film director in the making of a movie. ... The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to be the first musical[1] Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. ... This article is about the rock opera. ...

In 1972, Milk moved to San Francisco. He settled with his partner Scott Smith and opened a camera store, Castro Camera, in the Castro gay village. He emerged as a community leader, founding the Castro Valley Association of local merchants, and represented the neighborhood businesses in dealing with the city government. Significant other Significant Other is the second studio album by Limp Bizkit, released on June 22, 1999. ... The sidewalk on Castro Street looking north from 18th toward Market displays some of the color of the neighborhood. ... A gay village (also gay ghetto or gayborhood) is an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries where a large number of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual people live. ...

Public office

Milk ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors unsuccessfully twice, in 1973 and 1975. He emerged as a figurehead for San Francisco's large gay community, and was known as the "Mayor of Castro Street," a title which he himself coined. With each campaign, he garnered a larger number of supporters. San Francisco skyline. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The sociological construct of a gay community is complex among those that classify themselves as homosexual, ranging from full-embracement to complete and utter rejection of the concept. ... Castro Street is a street in San Francisco, California. ...

Milk's opponent in that race was Art Agnos, who would win the assembly seat by 3,600 votes out of 33,000 ballots cast. Arthur Christ Agnos (often called Art) (born 1938) is a U.S. political figure. ...

After San Francisco switched from at-large to district elections, Milk was elected to the Board of Supervisors on his third attempt in 1977, the first openly gay elected official of any large city in the United States, and only the third openly gay elected official in all of the US, after Kathy Kozachenko and Elaine Noble. Milk represented District 5, which included the Castro. Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... In January, 1974, Kathy Kozachenkos successful bid for a seat on the Ann Arbor, Michigan city council made her the first openly gay American to hold political office. ... Elaine Noble served in the Massachusetts state House of Representatives for two terms starting in January, 1975. ...

In his eleven months as a Supervisor, he sponsored a gay rights bill for the City as well as – famously – a pooper-scooper ordinance. He was also instrumental in defeating Proposition 6, The Briggs Initiative, backed by State Senator Briggs, which would have allowed openly gay men and lesbians who were teachers to be fired based on their sexuality. In November 1978, Proposition 6 was soundly voted down by Californians. This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: California Proposition 6 or Proposition 6, more commonly known as The Briggs Initiative was an initiative on the California State ballot in 1978. ...

Milk was also successful in reaching out and making alliances among the city's ethnic populations and among labor union leaders but not among the rank and file members.

The outing of Sipple

On September 22, 1975 former marine Oliver Sipple saved the life of President Gerald Ford for which he was highly praised by law enforcement in the media as well as in a personal letter from the President. Milk outed Sipple, despite Sipple's insistence to reporters that his sexuality was to be kept confidential, proclaiming Sipple a "gay hero," and stating (this) "will help break the stereotype of homosexuals." Gay liberation groups petitioned local media to give Sipple his due as a gay hero. San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen published the private side of the former Marine's story as did a handful of other publications. Sipple's mother disowned him when she learned his secret but according to a 2006 Washington Post article later reconciled with his sexual orientation."^[1] Still the damage to Sipple was done. His mental and physical health sharply declined over the years. He drank heavily, gained weight to 300 lbs, was fitted with a pacemaker, became paranoid and suicidal. On February 2, 1989, he was found dead in his bed, at the age of forty-seven. is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Oliver Billy Sipple (November 20, 1941 - February 2, 1989) was a Vietnam War veteran, who saved the life of U.S. President Gerald Ford during an assassination attempt in San Francisco on September 22, 1975. ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation). ... Gay Liberation (or Gay Lib) is the name used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s in North America, Western Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. ... Todays San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. ... Herbert Eugene Caen (April 3, 1916 â€“ February 1, 1997) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist working in San Francisco. ...

Assassination

Late in 1978, Supervisor Dan White, an acrimonious political opponent of Milk's, resigned from the Board of Supervisors. His resignation meant that Moscone would choose White's successor, and thus could tip the Board's balance of power in Moscone's favor. Recognizing this, those who supported a more conservative agenda, including board ally Dianne Feinstein, talked White into changing his mind. White requested that Moscone re-appoint him to his former seat. Moscone originally indicated a willingness to do so, but more liberal city leaders, including Milk, lobbied him against the idea, and Moscone ultimately decided not to re-appoint White. On November 27, 1978, White went to San Francisco City Hall to meet with Moscone and make a final plea for re-appointment. When Moscone refused to yield, White shot Moscone to death, then went to Milk's office and also shot Milk to death. White later turned himself in at the police station where he was formerly an officer. Even though he had carried a gun, 10 extra rounds, and crawled through a window to avoid metal detectors, White denied premeditation. Thousands attended a spontaneous candlelight memorial vigil the night of Milk's funeral. Video of candlelight vigil, accompanied by a message Milk recorded preemptively "to be played only in the event of [his] death by assassination". Milk had foreseen his risk of assassination and had recorded several audio tapes to be played in that event. One of the tapes included his now-famous quote, "If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door." San Francisco Examiners front page for Moscone-Milk Assassinations; November 28, 1978 The Moscone-Milk Assassinations took place on Monday, November 27, 1978, when San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk were shot and killed in San Francisco City Hall by former Supervisor Dan White. ... This article is about the San Francisco Supervisor. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (born June 22, 1933) is currently the senior U.S. Senator from California, having held office as a senator since 1992. ... Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ...

Trial

Dan White's trial, which began four months after the killings, was one of the most closely watched trials in California at that time. The prosecution claimed that White's motive was revenge. But White's attorney, Douglas Schmidt, claimed that White was a victim of pressure and had been depressed, a state exacerbated by his consuming a large quantity of junk food before the murders; this became known as the "Twinkie defense." Schmidt also told the jury and the press that White carried all that ammunition on him not so much out of hatred but out of impulse from his experience as an ex-police officer. The phrase Twinkie defense comes from Twinkies, a popular snack food high in sugar. ... Cheetos The Luther Burger, a bacon cheeseburger which employs a glazed donut in place of each bun. ... The phrase Twinkie defense comes from Twinkies, a popular snack food high in sugar. ...

Finally, the jury heard what the prosecution hoped it would be its most damaging piece of evidence—Dan White's tape-recorded confession which was taped the day after the murders. What was notable about this confession was that the police didn't seem to ask White any questions about the crime and just let him talk. Instead, White tearfully talked of how Moscone and Milk refused to give him his supervisor's job back.

White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter on the grounds of diminished capacity and sentenced to seven years and eight months, a sentence widely denounced as lenient and motivated by homophobia. During jury selection, defense attorneys had excluded candidates they deemed "pro-gay." It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into manslaughter. ... In jurisprudence, diminished responsibility (or diminished capacity) is a defense by excuse via which a defendant argues that that although they broke the law, they should not be held criminally liable for doing so, as their mental functions were diminished or impaired. ... A protest by The Westboro Baptist Church, a group identified by the Anti-Defamation League as virulently homophobic. ... For jury meaning makeshift, see jury rig. ...

White Night Riots

After the sentence, the gay community erupted into what became known as the White Night Riots. As soon as the sentence was announced, word ran through the gay community and groups of people began walking quickly to the Civic Center and by 8:00 PM, there was a sizable mob formed. According to the documentary, The Times of Harvey Milk, the enraged crowd started by screaming at police officers calling for revenge and death. Then, riots began to break out with the mob setting ablaze a number of police vehicles, disrupting traffic, smashing windows of cars and stores, buses had their overhead wires ripped down, and physical violence resulted against the outnumbered police officers. The White Night Riots, beginning on May 21, 1979, were the San Francisco, California, gay communitys response to the minimal sentence given to former San Francisco City Supervisor Dan White for killing George Moscone, then Mayor of San Francisco and Harvey Milk, the openly gay supervisor of said city... The White Night Riots, beginning on May 21, 1979, were the San Francisco, California, gay communitys response to the minimal sentence given to former San Francisco City Supervisor Dan White for killing George Moscone, then Mayor of San Francisco and Harvey Milk, the openly gay supervisor of said city... The sociological construct of a gay community is complex among those that classify themselves as homosexual, ranging from full-embracement to complete and utter rejection of the concept. ... The Times of Harvey Milk is an Academy Award-winning American documentary film of 1984. ...

Many rioters were arrested but the Chief of Police, Charles Gain, was blamed for being too weak in his response and holding back his officers when he should have been more proactive and defended lives and property. He defended himself by pointing out that no one was dead and only a few had minor injuries. More than 160 people were hospitalized because of the rioting.

Legacy

Harvey Milk is widely regarded as a martyr for the gay community and the gay rights movement. Many gay and lesbian community institutions are named for Milk, including the Harvey Milk Institute and the Harvey Milk Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgendered Democratic Club in San Francisco, as well as a number of alternative schools in the United States, including Harvey Milk High School in New York City. Oakes College at the University of California, Santa Cruz has an on-campus apartment building named Harvey Milk. A diner at the University of Warwick in the UK was named Harvey's in his honour, and the Leeds University Union named a nightclub the Harvey Milk Bar (although it has since been renamed). Image File history File links Harvey_milk_plaza. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... For other uses, see Martyr (disambiguation). ... Based in San Francisco, California, the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club is a chapter of the Stonewall Democrats. ... Harvey Milk High School is a high school designed to be a safe space for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ) students located in the East Village of New York City, and named after Harvey Milk, the first openly gay city supervisor of San Francisco, California, who was assassinated... Oakes College Oakes College is a residential college at the University of California, Santa Cruz. ... â€œUCSCâ€ redirects here. ... The University of Warwick is a British campus university located on the outskirts of Coventry, West Midlands, England. ... Leeds University Union (LUU) is the representative body for the students at the University of Leeds, England. ...

Bust in San Francisco city hall

In February 2007, the city of San Francisco agreed to erect a bust of Harvey Milk in City Hall in tribute to his service and memorialize his life's work. A lengthy process to chose a design took place and a gala installation event is planned for 2008. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

Depictions

The life of this politician is depicted in the Academy Award-winning documentary film, The Times of Harvey Milk in 1984, narrated by Harvey Fierstein. A 20th anniversary digitally remastered DVD of the documentary was released in 2004 and includes interviews with the film's director, Rob Epstein and Harvey's openly gay nephew, Stuart Milk [1] , among others. Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ... Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. ... The Times of Harvey Milk is an Academy Award-winning American documentary film of 1984. ... Harvey Fierstein (born June 6, 1952) is a Tony Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated American actor, playwright, and screenwriter. ...

In 1995 the opera Harvey Milk by composer Stewart Wallace and librettist Michael Korie was premiered by the Houston Grand Opera, and in 1996 it was recorded on CD under Donald Runnicles with the San Francisco Opera orchestra and chorus. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The initialism LGBT also GLBT is in use (since the 1990s) to refer collectively to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people. ... Queer studies is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity. ... Image File history File links Gay_flag. ... This article is about same-sex desire and sexuality among women. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... â€œBisexualâ€ redirects here. ... A transgender woman at New York Citys gay pride parade Transgender (IPA: , from trans (Latin) and gender (English)) is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... LGBT history refers to the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender cultures around the world, dating back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality within ancient civilizations. ... LGBT rights Around the world Â· By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: This timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) history details notable events in the Common Era West. ... Gay Liberation (or Gay Lib) is the name used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s in North America, Western Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. ... This is a timeline of AIDS, including some discussion of early AIDS cases (especially those before 1980). ... Christopher Street Parade Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures concern the culture, knowledge, and references shared by members of sexual minorities or transgendered people by virtue of their membership in those minorities or their state of being transgendered. ... The sociological construct of a gay community is complex among those that classify themselves as homosexual, ranging from full-embracement to complete and utter rejection of the concept. ... Front line of Gay Pride parade in Paris, France; June 2005 Gay pride or LGBT pride refers to a world wide movement and philosophy asserting that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity. ... For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation). ... Gay slang or LGBT slang in linguistics refers to a form of English slang used predominantly among LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) people. ... A gay village (also gay ghetto or gayborhood) is an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries where a large number of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual people live. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... For the novel by William S. Burroughs, see Queer (novel). ... Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning his or her sexual identity or sexual orientation. ... World laws on homosexuality Legality of same-sex unions in the US. Legality of same-sex unions in Europe. ... One of four newly wedded same-sex couples in a public wedding at Taiwan Pride 2006. ... As unregistered cohabitation Recognised in some regions Recognised prior to legalisation of same-sex marriage Netherlands (nationwide) (1998) Spain (12 of 17 communities) (1998) South Africa (nationwide) (1999) Belgium (nationwide) (2000) Canada (QC, NS and MB) (2001) Recognition debated See also Same-sex marriage Registered partnership Domestic partnership Common-law... LGBT adoption refers to the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered people. ... sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as sex crimes. ... LGBT rights Around the world Â· By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Persecution Violence This box: The militaries of the world have a variety of responses to homosexual and bisexual orientations. ... A Jewish cemetery in France after being defaced by Neo-Nazis. ... This list indexes the articles on LGBT rights in each country and significant non-country region (e. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Libretto can also refer to a sub-notebook PC manufactured by Toshiba. ... An American librettist and lyricist Works: Grey Gardens Harvey Milk ... The Houston Grand Opera (HGO) is a Houston, Texas-based opera company. ... The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House San Francisco Opera (SFO) is the second largest opera company in North America. ...

The 1999 TV film Execution of Justice based on the 1983 play (of the same title) written by Emily Mann re-lives the assassination. Execution of Justice is an award-winning ensemble play by Emily Mann chronicling the case of the People vs. ...

In 2000 a TV film, American Justice: It's Not My Fault - Strange Defenses examined the assassination with archival footage of Milk and White.

In 2004, playwright and actor Jade Esteban Estrada portrays Milk in the solo musical comedy ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 2. Jade Esteban Estrada (born September 17, 1975 at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas) is a successful Latin pop singer, comedian, choreographer and actor. ...

Director Gus Van Sant has long been attached to direct a biopic of Milk for over a decade. Director Bryan Singer has also expressed interest in the project based on the Randy Shilts biography of the same name, scheduled for release in 2008. Sean Penn and Matt Damon are being considered for the roles of Milk and White in Van Sant's film. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bryan Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American film director. ... Randy Shilts (August 8, 1951 â€“ February 17, 1994) was a gay American journalist and author. ... Sean Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an Academy Award-winning American film actor and director, known for playing intense, often humorless and unsympathetic characters. ... Matthew Paige Matt Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter and actor. ...

The experimental avant-garde post-punk group Tuxedomoon included the song '(Special Treatment for the Family Man)', about White's lenient sentence, on their 1979 EP Scream With a View. Tuxedomoon is an experimental avant-garde post-punk New Wave group formed in San Francisco, California in 1977 by Blaine L. Reininger and Steven Brown, two students of electronic music at San Francisco City College. ...

Folk musician Zoe Lewis honors Milk with her song 'Harvey' on her 1998 album "Sheep".

In 1989 artist Félix González-Torres mentions Milk on an untitled billboard ("People With AIDS Coalition 1985 Police Harassment 1969 Oscar Wilde 1895 Supreme Court 1986 Harvey Milk 1977 March on Washington 1987 Stonewall Rebellion 1969") Felix Gonzalez-Torres (1957-1996) was a Cuban artist who grew up in Puerto Rico before moving to New York City. ...

References

Randy Shilts (August 8, 1951 â€“ February 17, 1994) was a gay American journalist and author. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Michael Weiss can refer to one of several people: Actor Michael T. Weiss Pianist and composer Michael Weiss Figure skater Michael Weiss CEO of StreamCast Networks Michael Weiss Category: ... This article is about the year. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ...

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