This is a Japanese name; the family name is Hasekura.

Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga (1571–1622) Hasekura's portrait during his mission in Rome in 1615, by Claude Deruet, Coll. Borghese, Rome
Names:
Japanese name:	Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga (支倉六右衛門常長)
Christian name:	Don Felipe Francisco Hasekura
Retainer of:
Overlord:	Date Masamune
Fief:	Sendai Domain (仙台藩) (Northeastern Japan)

Itinerary and dates of the travels of Hasekura Tsunenaga

Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga (1571 – 1622) (Japanese: 支倉六右衛門常長, also spelled Faxecura Rocuyemon in period European sources, reflecting the contemporary pronunciation of Japanese^[1]) was a Japanese samurai and retainer of Date Masamune, the daimyo of Sendai. He led a diplomatic mission to New Spain (Mexico) and then Europe between 1613 and 1620 (called the Keichō Embassy, 慶長使節), after which he returned to Japan. He was the first Japanese official ambassador to the Americas and arguably Europe,^[2] and initiated the first recorded instance of Franco-Japanese relations. Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ... Yamada Tarō (), a typical Japanese name (male), equivalent to John Smith in English. ... A family name, surname, or last name is the part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... Download high resolution version (416x613, 130 KB)Hasekura in Rome. ... Portrait of Claude Deruet accompanied by his son Henri-Nicolas, by Jacques Callot (Nancy 1592-1635). ... The Villa Borghese Pinciana (begun 1605) houses the Galleria Borghese. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Yamada Tarō (), a typical Japanese name (male), equivalent to John Smith in English. ... Christian name is a term more or less synonymous with forename or given name. It can be seen as an archaism due to the increasing secularisation of what were once compulsorily Christian societies, but it continues to be very widely used, and not just by practising Christians. ... In feudalism, an overlord is a supreme lord; one who is the lord of other lords. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... The sparrows in bamboo crest of the Date clan Sendai han ) was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 439 pixelsFull resolution (1920 × 1054 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Map with larger numbers. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 439 pixelsFull resolution (1920 × 1054 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Map with larger numbers. ... For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Daimyo Matsudaira Katamori visits the residence of a retainer. ... Sendai ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and the largest city in the Tōhoku (northeast) region. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Keichō (慶長) was a Japanese era after Bunroku and before Genna and spanned from 1596 to 1615. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... The history of Franco-Japanese relations (Japanese: 日仏関係, Nichi-Futsu kankei) goes back to the early 17th century, when a Japanese samurai and ambassador on his way to Rome landed for a few days in Southern France, creating a sensation. ...

Although Hasekura's embassy was cordially received in Europe, it happened at a time when Japan was moving toward the suppression of Christianity. European monarchs such as the King of Spain thus refused the trade agreements Hasekura had been seeking. Hasekura returned to Japan in 1620 and died of illness a year later, his embassy seemingly ending with few results in an increasingly isolationist Japan. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Regents: Iberian States be merged into this article or section. ...

Japan's next embassy to Europe would only occur more than 200 years later, following two centuries of isolation, with the "First Japanese Embassy to Europe" in 1862. The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Seclusion. ... Members of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe, in 1862, around Shibata Sadataro, head of the mission staff (seated). ...

Early life

Little is known of the early life of Hasekura Tsunenaga. He was a mid-level noble samurai in the Sendai Domain in northern Japan, who had the opportunity to directly serve the daimyo Date Masamune. They were of roughly the same age, and it is recorded that several important missions were given to Tsunenaga as his representative. The sparrows in bamboo crest of the Date clan Sendai han ) was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. ... Daimyo Matsudaira Katamori visits the residence of a retainer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Hasekura had an official coat of arms, consisting of a Buddhist swastika crossed by two arrows, within a shield and surmounted by a crown, on an orange background. It is depicted in Deruet's painting, the Roman citizenship certificate (top left), various engravings (middle), and was used as the flag on his ship (right).

It is also recorded that Hasekura served as samurai of the Japanese invasion of Korea under the Taiko Toyotomi Hideyoshi, during six months in 1597. Image File history File linksMetadata HasekuraBlason. ... Image File history File linksMetadata HasekuraBlason. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... A right-facing Swastika in a decorative Hindu form The swastika (from Sanskrit ) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing () or left-facing () forms. ... For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... Combatants Joseon Dynasty Korea, Ming Dynasty China Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: Yi Sun-sin, Gwon Yul, Won Gyun, Kim Myung Won, Yi Il, Sin Lip, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-min China: Li Rusong , Li Rubai, Ma Gui , Qian Shi-zhen, Ren Ziqiang, Yang Yuan, Zhang Shijue, Chen... In Japan, the Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to assist an emperor when the emperor was still a child, before the coming of age, or female. ... This is a Japanese name; the family name is Toyotomi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ) February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598) was a sengoku daimyo who unified Japan. ...

In 1612, Hasekura's father, Hasekura Tsunenari (支倉常成), was indicted for corruption, and he was put to death in 1613. His fief was confiscated, and his son should normally have been executed as well. Date however gave him the opportunity to redeem his honour by placing him in charge of the Embassy to Europe, and soon gave him back his territories as well.

Background: early contacts between Japan and Spain

The Spanish started trans-Pacific voyages between New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines in 1565. The famous Manila galleons carried silver from Mexican mines westward to the entrepôt of Manila in the Spanish possession of the Philippines. There, the silver was used to purchase spices and trade goods gathered from throughout Asia, including (until 1638) goods from Japan. The return route of the Manila galleons, first charted by the Basque navigator Andrés de Urdaneta, took the ships northeast into the Kuroshio Current (also known as the Japan Current) off the coast of Japan, and then across the Pacific to the west coast of North America, landing eventually in Acapulco.^[3] The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, peaceful sea, bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the largest of the Earths oceanic divisions. ... The Manila Galleons were Spanish galleons that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in New Spain (now Mexico). ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ... An entrepôt is a trading centre, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit. ... Nickname: Motto: Linisin Ibangon Maynila Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government  - Mayor Alfredo Lim (2007-2010 GO)  - Vice Mayor Isko Moreno (AM/PDP-Laban... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Languages Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religions Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: ) are an indigenous people[5] who inhabit parts of northeastern Spain and southwestern France. ... Andrés de Urdaneta (b. ... The Kuroshio Current is an ocean current found in the western Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Taiwan and flowing northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. ... The west coast of North America consists of the modern American states of California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and arguably Alaska and parts of the Yukon. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ...

Spanish ships were periodically shipwrecked on the coasts of Japan due to bad weather, initiating contacts with the country. The Spanish wished to expand the Christian faith in Japan. Efforts to expand influence in Japan were met by stiff resistance from the Jesuits, who had started the evangelizing of the country in 1549, as well as the Portuguese and the Dutch who did not wish to see Spain participate in Japanese trade. However, some Japanese, such as Christopher and Cosmas, are known to have crossed the Pacific onboard Spanish galleons as early as 1587. It is known that gifts were exchanged between the governor of the Philippines and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who thanks him in a 1597 letter, writing "The black elephant in particular I found most unusual."^[4] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Look up evangelist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Commerce be merged into this article or section. ... Christopher and Cosmas were two Japanese men, only known by their Christian names, who are recorded to have travelled across the Pacific on a Spanish galleon in 1587, and later accompanied the English navigator Thomas Cavendish to England, Brazil and the Southern Atlantic, where they disappeared with the sinking of... A Spanish galleon. ... This is a Japanese name; the family name is Toyotomi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ) February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598) was a sengoku daimyo who unified Japan. ...

In 1609, the Spanish Manila galleon San Francisco encountered bad weather on its way from Manila to Acapulco, and was wrecked on the Japanese coast in Chiba, near Tokyo. The sailors were rescued and welcomed, and the ship's captain, Rodrigo de Vivero, former interim governor of the Philippines, met with the retired shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Rodrigo de Vivero drafted a treaty, signed on 29 November 1609, whereby the Spaniards could establish a factory in eastern Japan, mining specialists would be imported from New Spain, Spanish ships would be allowed to visit Japan in case of necessity, and a Japanese embassy would be sent to the Spanish court. Chiba Prefecture ) is located in the Greater Tokyo Area of Honshu Island, Japan. ... Tokyo ), the common English name for the Tokyo Metropolis ), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and, unique among the prefectures, provides certain municipal services characteristic of a city. ... Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco (1564-1636) was a Spanish colonial officer from New Spain, and interim governor of the Philippines from June 15, 1608 to April 1609. ... Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Chuquicamata, the second largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ...

First Japanese expeditions to the Americas

1610 San Buena Ventura

The Japanese ship San Buena Ventura was built on the model of Liefde (depicted here), the ship on which William Adams originally reached Japan.

A Franciscan monk named Luis Sotelo, who was proselytizing in the area of Tokyo, convinced Tokugawa Ieyasu and his son Tokugawa Hidetada to send him as a representative to New Spain (Mexico) on one of their ships, in order to advance the trade treaty. Rodrigo de Vivero offered to sail on the Japanese ship in order to guarantee the safety of their reception in New Spain, but insisted that another Franciscan, named Alonso Muños, be sent instead as the Shogun's representative. In 1610, the returning Rodrigo de Vivero, several Spanish sailors, the Franciscan father, and 22 Japanese representatives led by the trader Tanaka Shosuke, sailed to Mexico aboard the San Buena Ventura, a ship built by the English adventurer William Adams for the Shogun. Once in New Spain, Alonso Muños met with the Viceroy Luis de Velasco, who agreed to send an ambassador to Japan in the person of the famous explorer Sebastian Vizcaino, with the added mission of exploring the "Gold and silver islands" ("Isla de Plata") that were thought to be east of the Japanese isles. Image File history File linksMetadata LiefdeAlone. ... Image File history File linksMetadata LiefdeAlone. ... William Adams (September 24, 1564–May 16, 1620), also known in Japanese as Anjin-sama (anjin, pilot; sama, a Japanese social title or honorific more or less equivalent to lord) and Miura Anjin (三浦按針: the pilot of Miura), was an English navigator who travelled to Japan and is believed to be... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... A Franciscan friar, 17th century. ... Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion, usually another religion. ... Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until... Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Hidetada May 2, 1579—March 14, 1632) was the second shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. ... Tanaka Shosuke (田中勝助, Tanaka Shōsuke, also Tanaka Shousuke) was an important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto during the beginning of the 17th century, who is the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas in 1610. ... San Buena Ventura was a 120 ton ship built by the English navigator and adventurer William Adams for the Japanese shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. ... William Adams (September 24, 1564–May 16, 1620), also known in Japanese as Anjin-sama (anjin, pilot; sama, a Japanese social title or honorific more or less equivalent to lord) and Miura Anjin (三浦按針: the pilot of Miura), was an English navigator who travelled to Japan and is believed to be... Luis de Velasco II Marqués de Salinas, Viceroy of New Spain and of Peru Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas (known as Don Luis de Velasco, hijo to distinguish him from his father) (ca. ... An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. ... Sebastian Vizcaino was a Spanish captain and ambassador to Japan. ...

Vizcaino arrived in Japan in 1611, and had many meetings with the Shogun and feudal lords. These encounters were tainted by his poor respect for Japanese customs, the mounting resistance of the Japanese towards Catholic proselytism, and the intrigues of the Dutch against Spanish ambitions. Vizcaino finally left to search for the "Silver island", during which search he encountered bad weather, forcing him to return to Japan with heavy damage.

1612 San Sebastian

Without waiting for Vizcaino, another ship – built in Izu by the Bakufu under the minister of the Navy Mukai Shogen, and named San Sebastian – left for Mexico on 9 September 1612 with Luis Sotelo onboard as well as two representatives of Date Masamune, with the objective of advancing the trade agreement with New Spain. However, the ship foundered a few miles from Uraga, and the expedition had to be abandoned. Izu may refer to. ... The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. ... The naval history of Japan traces back to early interactions with states on the Asian continent at the beginning of the medieval period, and reached a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th century at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Nanban trade period. ... The residence of Mukai Shogen in Edo, 17th century screen. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Map of Tokyo Bay, 1917 The Uraga Channel (浦賀水道 Uraga-suido) is a waterway connecting Tokyo Bay to the Sagami Gulf. ...

The 1613 embassy project

A replica of the Japanese-built galleon San Juan Bautista, in Ishinomaki, Japan

The Shogun decided to build a new galleon in Japan in order to bring Vizcaino back to Nueva España, together with a Japanese embassy accompanied by Luis Sotelo. The galleon, named Date Maru by the Japanese and later San Juan Bautista by the Spanish, took 45 days work in building, with the participation of technical experts from the Bakufu (the Minister of the Navy Mukai Shogen, an acquaintance of William Adams with whom he built several ships, dispatched his Chief Carpenter), 800 shipwrights, 700 smiths, and 3,000 carpenters. The daimyo of Sendai, Date Masamune, was put in charge of the project. He named one of his retainers, Hasekura Tsunenaga (his fief was rated at around 600 koku), to lead the mission: Replica of the Japanese Galleon San Juan Bautista (1613). ... Replica of the Japanese Galleon San Juan Bautista (1613). ... A Spanish galleon. ... San Juan Bautista (“St John Baptist”) (originally called Date Maru, 伊達丸 in Japanese) was one of Japans first Japanese-built Western-style sail warships. ... Ishinomaki (石巻市; -shi) is a city located in Miyagi, Japan. ... A Franciscan friar, 17th century. ... San Juan Bautista (“St John Baptist”) (originally called Date Maru, 伊達丸 in Japanese) was one of Japans first Japanese-built Western-style sail warships. ... The residence of Mukai Shogen in Edo, 17th century screen. ... William Adams (September 24, 1564–May 16, 1620), also known in Japanese as Anjin-sama (anjin, pilot; sama, a Japanese social title or honorific more or less equivalent to lord) and Miura Anjin (三浦按針: the pilot of Miura), was an English navigator who travelled to Japan and is believed to be... Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ... A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of metal objects. ... Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942. ... Sendai ) is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and the largest city in the Tōhoku (northeast) region. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A koku ) is a unit of volume in Japan, equal to ten cubic shaku. ...

"The Great Ship left Toshima-Tsukinoura for the Southern Barbarians on September 15th [Japanese calendar], with at its head Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga, and those called Imaizumi Sakan, Matsuki Shusaku, Nishi Kyusuke, Tanaka Taroemon, Naito Hanjuro, Sonohoka Kyuemon, Kuranojo, Tonomo, Kitsunai, Kyuji, as well as several others under Rokuemon, as well as 40 Southern Barbarians, 10 men of Mukai Shogen, and also tradespeople, to a total 180" (Records of the Date House, Keichō-Genna 伊達家慶長元和留控, Gonoi p. 56).

The objective of the Japanese embassy was both to discuss trade agreements with the Spanish crown in Madrid, and to meet with the Pope in Rome. Date Masamune displayed a great will to welcome the Catholic religion in his domain: he invited Luis Sotelo and authorized the propagation of Christianity in 1611. In his letter to the Pope, brought by Hasekura, he wrote: "I'll offer my land for a base of your missionary work. Send us as many padres as possible." Ishinomaki (石巻市; -shi) is a city located in Miyagi, Japan. ... The period of Nanban (Southern Barbarian) contacts in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1650, under the promulgation of the Seclusion Laws. ... The residence of Mukai Shogen in Edo, 17th century screen. ... Motto: (Spanish for From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: , Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jimémez (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5...

Sotelo, in his own account of the travels, emphasizes the religious dimension of the mission, claiming that the main objective was to spread the Christian faith in northern Japan:

The San Juan Bautista is represented in Deruet's painting as a galleon with Hasekura's flag (red swastika on orange background), on the top mast (right: detail of the ship).

"I was formerly dispatched as ambassador of Idate Masamune, who holds the reins of the kingdom of Oxu [Japanese:奥州] (which is in the Eastern part of Japan) —who, while he has not yet been reborn through baptism, has been catechized, and was desirous that the Christian faith should be preached in his kingdom—together with another noble of his Court, Philippus Franciscus Faxecura Rocuyemon, to the Roman Senate & to the one who at that time was in charge of the Apostolic See, His Holiness Pope Paul V." (Luis Sotelo De Ecclesiae Iaponicae Statu Relatio, 1634).^[5]

The embassy was probably, at that time, part of a plan to diversify and increase trade with foreign countries, before the participation of Christians in the Osaka rebellion triggered a radical reaction from the Shogunate, with the interdiction of Christianity in the territories it directly controlled, in 1614. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1452x1041, 3064 KB) Painting of Hasekura Tsunenaga by Deruet. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1452x1041, 3064 KB) Painting of Hasekura Tsunenaga by Deruet. ... Baptism in early Christian art. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ... Combatants Tokugawa shogunate Toyotomi clan Commanders Tokugawa Ieyasu Toyotomi Hideyori Strength 164,000 (winter) 150,000 (summer) 113,000 (winter) 60,000 (summer) Inscription on bell at Hokoji in Kyoto The Siege of Osaka ), more commonly called ), was a series of battles undertaken by the Tokugawa shogunate against the Toyotomi...

Trans-Pacific voyage

Upon completion, the ship left on 28 October 1613 for Acapulco with around 180 people on board, including 10 samurai of the Shogun (provided by the Minister of the Navy Mukai Shogen Tadakatsu), 12 samurai from Sendai, 120 Japanese merchants, sailors, and servants, and around 40 Spaniards and Portuguese, including Sebastian Vizcaino who, in his own words, only had the quality of a passenger.^[6] is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January - Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery. ... The residence of Mukai Shogen in Edo, 17th century screen. ...

New Spain (Acapulco)

The bay of Acapulco, where Hasekura Tsunenaga landed

Nicolas de Cardona, in his 1632 edition of "World Exploration", published this view of the bay and city of Acapulco, mentioning the presence of "a ship from Japan" (letter "D"), probably the San Juan Bautista (Gonoi, p53). Cardona was in Acapulco between end of 1614 and 21 March 1615. The full legend reads:
A. The ships of the expedition.
B. The castle of San Diego.
C. The town.
D. A ship that has come from Japan.
E. Los Manzanillos.
F. El Grifo.^[7]

The ship first reached Cape Mendocino in today's California, and then continued along the coast to arrive in Acapulco on 25 January 1614 after three months at sea. The Japanese were received with great ceremony, but had to wait in Acapulco until orders were received regarding how to organize the rest of their travels. ImageMetadata File history File links JLNYCAcapulcoBay. ... ImageMetadata File history File links JLNYCAcapulcoBay. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1080x672, 1195 KB) [edit] Summary Bay and city of Acapulco in Mexico. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1080x672, 1195 KB) [edit] Summary Bay and city of Acapulco in Mexico. ... Nicolás de Cardona was a Spanish entrepreneur and adventurer from Sevilla, who was involved in the exploration of the Western coast of the northern American continent. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Cape Mendocino in Humboldt County, California, USA, is the westernmost point on the coast of California. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ...

Fights erupted between the Japanese and the Spaniards, especially Vizcaino, apparently due to some disputes on the handling of presents from the Japanese ruler. A contemporary journal, written by the historian Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, a noble Aztec born in Amecameca (ancient Chalco province) in 1579, whose formal name was Domingo Francisco de San Anton Muñon, relates Vizcaino was seriously wounded in the fight: Chimalpain Quauhtlehuanitzin (born 1579) was an Aztec noble and historian. ... Amecameca is a municipality in México State, Mexico. ...

"Senor Vizcaino is still coming slowly, coming hurt; the Japanese injured him when they beat and stabbed him in Acapulco, as became known here in Mexico, because of all the things coming along that had been made his responsibility in Japan"^[8]

Following these fights, orders were promulgated on March 4th and March 5th to bring peace back. The orders explained that:

"The Japanese should not be submitted to attacks in this Land, but they should remit their weapons until their departure, except for Hasekura Tsunenaga and eight of his retinue... The Japanese will be free to go where they want, and should be treated properly. They should not be abused in words or actions. They will be free to sell their goods. These orders have been promulgated to the Spanish, the Indians, the Mulattos, the Mestizos, and the Blacks, and those who don't respect them will be punished".^[9]

Mulatto (Spanish mulato, small mule, person of mixed race, mulatto, from mulo, mule, from Old Spanish, from Latin mūlus. ... Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço...

New Spain (Mexico)

The embassy remained two months in Acapulco and entered Mexico City on 24 March,^[10] where it was received with great ceremony. The ultimate mission for the embassy was to go on to Europe. The embassy spent some time in Mexico, and then went to Veracruz to board the fleet of Don Antonio Oquendo. Nickname: Motto: Ciudad en movimiento Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ...

Chimalpahin gives some account of the visit of Hasekura.

"This is the second time that the Japanese have landed one of their ships on the shore at Acapulco. They are transporting here all things of iron, and writing desks, and some cloth that they are to sell here." (Chimalpahin, "Annals of His Time").^[11]

"It became known here in Mexico and was said that the reason their ruler the Emperor of Japan sent this said lordly emissary and ambassador here, is to go in Rome to see the Holy Father Paul V, and to give him their obedience concerning the holy church, so that all the Japanase want to become Christians" (Chimalpahin, "Annals of His Time").^[12]

Mexico City around the time of Hasekura's visit. 1628 painting.

Hasekura was setted in a house next to the Church of San Francisco, and met with the Viceroy. He explained to him that he was also planning to meet King Philip III to offer him peace and to obtain that the Japanese could come to Mexico for trade. On Wednesday 9 April, 20 Japanese were baptized, and 22 more on 20 April by the archbishop in Mexico, don Juan Pérez de la Serna, at the Church of San Francisco.^[13] Altogether 63 of them received confirmation on 25 April. Hasekura waited for his travel to Europe to be baptized there: Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1478x897, 250 KB) Summary Author: Juan Gómez de Trasmonte, 1628 (d. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1478x897, 250 KB) Summary Author: Juan Gómez de Trasmonte, 1628 (d. ... Nickname: Motto: Ciudad en movimiento Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Philip III of Spain Philip III (Spanish: Felipe III) (April 14, 1578 – March 31, 1621) was the king of Spain and Portugal (as Philip II Portuguese: Filipe II), from 1598 until his death. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Juan Pérez de la Serna (1573 - 1631), was born in Cervera, Spain and died in Zamora, Spain. ... See Reform Judaism article about its Confirmation ceremony. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

"But the lordly emissary, the ambassador, did not want to be baptized here; it was said that he will be baptized later in Spain" (Chimalpahin, "Annals of His Time").^[14]

Departure for Europe

Chimalpahin explains that Hasekura left some of his compatriots behind before leaving for Europe:

"The Ambassador of Japan set out and left for Spain. In going he divided his vassals; he took a certain number of Japanese, and he left an equal number here as merchants to trade and sell things." (Chimalpahin, "Annals of His Time").^[15]

The fleet left for Europe on the San Jose on 10 June. Hasekura had to leave the largest parts of the Japanese group behind, who were to wait in Acapulco for the return of the embassy. is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Some of them, as well as those from the previous travel of Tanaka Shosuke, returned to Japan the same year, sailing back with the San Juan Bautista: Tanaka Shosuke (田中勝助, Tanaka Shōsuke, also Tanaka Shousuke) was an important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto during the beginning of the 17th century, who is the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas in 1610. ...

"Today, Tuesday the 14th of the month of October of the year 1614, was when some Japanese set out from Mexico here going home to Japan.; they lived here in Mexico for four years. Some still remained here; they earn a living trading and selling here the goods they brought with them from Japan." (Chimalpahin, "Annals of His Time").^[16]

Cuba

The embassy stopped and changed ships in Havana in Cuba in July 1614. A bronze statue was erected on 26 April 2001 at the head of Havana Bay.^[17] This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

Mission to Europe

Spain

Hasekura in prayer, following his conversion in Madrid in 1615

The fleet arrived in Sanlucar de Barrameda on 5 October 1614. 17th century painting of Hasekura Tsunenaga. ... 17th century painting of Hasekura Tsunenaga. ... Sanlúcar de Barrameda is a Spanish city in the northwestern part of the Cadiz province. ... is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ...

"The fleet arrived safely finally, after some dangers and storms, to the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on the 5th of October, where the Duke of Medina Sidonia was advised of the arrival. He sent carriages to honor them and accommodate the Ambassador and his gentlemen" (Scipione Amati "History of the Kingdom of Voxu").^[18]

"The Japanese ambassador Hasekura Rokuemon, sent by Joate Masamune, king of Boju, entered Seville on Wednesday, 23 October 1614. He was accompanied by 30 Japanese with blades, their captain of the guard, and 12 bowmen and halberdiers with painted lances and blades of ceremony. The captain of the guard was Christian and was called Don Thomas, the son of a Japanese martyr" (Library Capitular Calombina 84-7-19 Memorias..., fol.195).^[19]

Historic letter from the first Japanese embassy to Spain, kept at Seville Town Hall

The Japanese embassy met with King Philip III in Madrid on 30 January 1615. Hasekura remitted to the King a letter from Date Masamune, as well as offer for a treaty. The King responded that he would do what he could to accommodate these requests. NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1283x563, 1211 KB) Historic letter from the first Japanese embassy in Spain, sent by Daimyo Date Masamune of Sendai in Seville Town Hall. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1283x563, 1211 KB) Historic letter from the first Japanese embassy in Spain, sent by Daimyo Date Masamune of Sendai in Seville Town Hall. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Philip III of Spain Philip III (Spanish: Felipe III) (April 14, 1578 – March 31, 1621) was the king of Spain and Portugal (as Philip II Portuguese: Filipe II), from 1598 until his death. ... Motto: (Spanish for From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: , Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jimémez (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Single European Act A treaty is a binding agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ...

Hasekura was baptized on 17 February by the king's personal chaplain, and renamed Felipe Francisco Hasekura. The baptism ceremony was to have been conducted by the Archbishop of Toledo, though he was too ill to actually carry this out, and the Duke of Lerma – the main administrator of Phillip III's rule and the de facto ruler of Spain – was designated as Hasekura's godfather. is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A chaplain in the 45th Infantry Division leads a religious service in an unknown location during World War II. US Navy Chaplain Kenneth Medve conducts Catholic Mass onboard the Ronald Reagan (2006) A chaplain is typically a priest, ordained deacon or other member of the clergy serving a group of... This is a list of Bishops and Archbishops of Toledo. ... Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma (Seville,1552/3 — Valladolid, 1625), the Spanish favorite of Philip III of Spain and minister, was the first of the validos or strongmen through whom the later Spanish Hapsburg monarchs ruled. ... A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a childs baptism. ...

The embassy stayed eight months in Spain before leaving the country for Italy.

France

Depiction of Hasekura's visit in the 17th century German edition of Scipione Amati's 1615 book on the "History of the Kingdom of Voxu". Hasekura's blason in the top right corner.

After traveling across Spain, the embassy sailed on the Mediterranean Sea aboard three Spanish frigates towards Italy. Due to bad weather, they had to stay for a few days in the French harbour of Saint-Tropez, where they were received by the local nobility, and made quite a sensation on the populace. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (620x896, 1330 KB) Drawing of Hasekura by Amati. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (620x896, 1330 KB) Drawing of Hasekura by Amati. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... Saint-Tropez is a commune of the Var département in southern France, located on the French Riviera. ...

The visit of the Japanese Embassy is recorded in the city's chronicles as led by "Philip Francis Faxicura, Ambassador to the Pope, from Date Masamunni, King of Woxu in Japan". Mutsu (陸奥国; -no kuni) is an old province of Japan, which today composes Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori prefectures and the city of Kazuno and the town of Kosaka in Akita prefecture. ...

Many picturesque details of their movements were recorded:

"They never touch food with their fingers, but instead use two small sticks that they hold with three fingers."

"They blow their noses in soft silky papers the size of a hand, which they never use twice, so that they throw them on the ground after usage, and they were delighted to see our people around them precipitate themselves to pick them up."

"Their swords cut so well that they can cut a soft paper just by putting it on the edge and by blowing on it."

("Relations of Mme de St Troppez", October 1615, Bibliotheque Inguimbertine, Carpentras).^[20]

The visit of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Saint-Tropez in 1615 is the first recorded instance of Franco-Japanese relations. For other uses, see Chopsticks (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The history of Franco-Japanese relations (Japanese: 日仏関係, Nichi-Futsu kankei) goes back to the early 17th century, when a Japanese samurai and ambassador on his way to Rome landed for a few days in Southern France, creating a sensation. ...

Italy

Hasekura's embassy to the Pope in Rome in 1615. Japanese painting, 17th century.

Letter in Latin, from Date Masamune to the Pope, 1613, kept at the Vatican

The Japanese Embassy went on to Italy where they were able to meet with Pope Paul V in Rome in November 1615, the same year Galileo Galilei was first confronted by the Roman Inquisition regarding his findings against geocentricism. Hasekura remitted to the Pope two gilded letters, one in Japanese and one in Latin, containing a request for a trade treaty between Japan and Mexico and the dispatch of Christian missionaries to Japan. These letters are still visible in the Vatican archives. The Latin letter, probably written by Luis Sotelo for Date Masamune, reads, in part: Download high resolution version (1200x293, 83 KB)Visit of Hasekura to the Pope. ... Download high resolution version (1200x293, 83 KB)Visit of Hasekura to the Pope. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (535x1407, 1679 KB) Transcription: MAGNI ET VNIVERSALIS SISQ3 totius Orbis Patris Domini Pape Pauli s. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (535x1407, 1679 KB) Transcription: MAGNI ET VNIVERSALIS SISQ3 totius Orbis Patris Domini Pape Pauli s. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. ... The Roman Inquisition began in 1542 when Pope Paul III established the Holy Office as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. ... The geocentric model The geocentric model (in Greek: geo = Earth and centron = center) of the universe is a disproven model which places the Earth at the center of the universe. ... A gilded Tibetan Vajrasattva Gilding is the art of applying metal leaf (most commonly gold or silver leaf) to a surface. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Kissing the Holy feet of the Great, Universal, Most Holy Lord of The Entire World, Pope Paul, in profound submission and reverence, I, Idate Masamune, King of Wôshû in the Empire of Japan, suppliantly say:

The Franciscan Padre Luis Sotelo came to our country to spread the faith of God. On that occasion, I learnt about this faith and desired to become a Christian, but I still haven't accomplished this desire due to some small issues. However, in order to encourage my subjects to become Christians, I wish that you send missionaries of the Franciscan church. I guarantee that you will be able to build a church and that your missionaries will be protected. I also wish that you select and send a bishop as well. Because of that, I have sent one of my samurai, Hasekura Rokuemon, as my representative to accompany Luis Sotelo across the seas to Rome, to give you a stamp of obedience and to kiss your feet. Further, as our country and Nueva España are neighbouring countries, could you intervene so that we can discuss with the King of Spain, for the benefit of dispatching missionaries across the seas." Translation of the Latin letter of Date Masamune to the Pope.^[21]

Title of Roman Citizenship dedicated to "Hasekura Rokuemon" (click image for transcription and translation)

The Pope agreed to the dispatch of missionaries, but left the decision for trade to the King of Spain. Image File history File links HasekuraRomanCitizenship. ... Image File history File links HasekuraRomanCitizenship. ...

The Roman Senate also gave to Hasekura the honorary title of Roman Citizen, in a document he brought back to Japan, and which is preserved today in Sendai.

Hasekura conversing with the Franciscan Luis Sotelo, surrounded by other members of the embassy, in a fresco showing the "glory of Pope Paul V". Sala Regia, Quirinal Palace, Rome, 1615.

Sotelo also described the visit to the Pope, book De ecclesiae Iaponicae statu relatio (published posthumously in 1634): Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (532x995, 1108 KB) Painting of the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Rome. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (532x995, 1108 KB) Painting of the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Rome. ... A Franciscan friar, 17th century. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... The Quirinal Palace once housed popes, then kings, and now presidents. ...

"When we got there by the aid of God in the Year of Our Salvation 1615, not only were we kindly received by His Holiness the great Pope, with the Holy College of the Cardinals and a gathering of bishops and nobles, and even the joy and general happiness of the Roman People, but we and three others (whom the Japanese Christians had specially designated to announce their condition with respect to the Christian religion) were heard, rested, and just as we were hoping, dispatched as quickly as possible." (Sotelo, De ecclesiae Iaponicae statu relatio).^[22]

The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church established by Pope St. ...

Rumours of political intrigue

Besides the official description of Hasekura's visit to Rome, some contemporary communications tend to indicate that political matters were also discussed, and that an alliance with Date Masamune was suggested as a way to establish Christian influence in the whole of Japan:

"The Ambassador strongly insisted that the authority and power of his ruler was superior to that of many European countries" (Anonymous Roman communication, dated October 10, 1615)

"The Franciscan Spanish fathers are explaining that the King of the Ambassador [Hasekura Tsunenaga] will soon become the supreme ruler of his country, and that, not only will they become Christians and follow the will of the church of Rome, but they will also in turn convert the rest of the population. This is why they are requesting the dispatch of a high eclesiastic together with the missionaries. Because of this, many people have been doubting the true purpose of the embassy, and are wondering if they are not looking for some other benefit." (Letter of the Venetian ambassador, November 7, 1615).

is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge  - 1789–97 Ludovico Manin History  - Established 697  - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358  - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ...

Second visit to Spain

Letter of the King of Spain to Date Masamune (1616). The letter is friendly and asks for the support of the Christian faith, but does not mention trade, in spite of Date Masamune's own request (draft, preserved in the Seville archives, Archivo General de Indias).

For the second time in Spain, Hasekura met again with the King, who declined to sign a trade agreement, on the ground that the Japanese Embassy did not appear to be an official embassy from the ruler of Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu, who, on the contrary, had promulgated an edict in January 1614 ordering the expulsion of all missionaries from Japan, and started the persecution of the Christian faith in Japan. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1286x962, 1840 KB) Letter from the king of Spain to Date Masamune (1616). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1286x962, 1840 KB) Letter from the king of Spain to Date Masamune (1616). ... The Archivo de Indias, Seville The Archivo General de Indias (General Archive of the Indies) is the document repository, housed in Seville in the ancient merchants exchange, the Casa Lonja de Mercederes, of extremely valuable archival documents illustrating the history of the Spanish empire in the Americas and the Philippines. ... Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until... Two Mormon missionaries A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ...

The embassy left Seville for Mexico in June 1617 after a period of two years spent in Europe, but some of the Japanese remained in Spain in a town near Seville (Coria del Río), where their descendants to this day still use the surname Japón. NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Coria del Rio is a small town near Seville, where the descendants of the first Japanese Embassy still use the surname Japón. ...

Western publications on Hasekura's embassy

The embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga was the object of numerous publications throughout Europe. The Italian writer Scipione Amati, who accompanied the embassy in 1615 and 1616, published in 1615 in Rome a book titled "History of the Kingdom of Voxu". This book was also translated in German in 1617. In 1616, the French publisher Abraham Savgrain published an account of Hasekura's visit to Rome: "Récit de l'entrée solemnelle et remarquable faite à Rome, par Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura" ("Account of the solemn and remarquable entrance in Rome of Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura"). A 1616 book published by Abraham Savgrain. ...

Amati's book "History of the Kingdom of Woxu", published in 1615. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1394x967, 2297 KB) Amaccis book History of the Kingdom of Woxu. File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hasekura Tsunenaga Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...

German translation of Amati's account. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1472x915, 3051 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hasekura Tsunenaga Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...

Print depicting Hasekura, with legend in Latin. Download high resolution version (392x619, 182 KB)European account of Hasekura Tsunenaga. ...

Return to Mexico

Hasekura stayed for 5 months in Mexico on his way back to Japan. The San Juan Bautista was waiting in Acapulco since 1616, after a second trip across the Pacific from Japan to Mexico. Captained by Yokozawa Shogen, she was laden with fine pepper and lacquerware from Kyoto, which were sold on the Mexican market. Following a request by the Spanish king, in order to avoid too much silver leaving to Japan, the Viceroy asked for the proceeds to be spent on Mexican goods, except for an amount of 12,000 pesos and 8,000 pesos in silver which Hasekura and Yokozawa could bring back with them respectively. San Juan Bautista (“St John Baptist”) (originally called Date Maru, 伊達丸 in Japanese) was one of Japans first Japanese-built Western-style sail warships. ... Yokozawa Shogen (Japanese: 横沢将監) was born in the middle of the 16th century in a samurai family, in the domain of Sendai, Japan. ... In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured coating, that dries by solvent evaporation only and that produces a hard, durable finish that can be polished to a very high gloss, and gives the illusion of depth. ... The Spanish dollar or peso (literally, weight) is a silver coin that was minted in the Spanish Empire after a Spanish currency reform in 1497. ...

Philippines

In April 1618, the San Juan Bautista arrived in the Philippines from Mexico, with Hasekura and Luis Sotelo on board. The ship was acquired by the Spanish government there, with the objective of building up defenses against the attacks of the Dutch and the English. The bishop of the Philippines described the deal to the king of Spain in a missive dated 28 July 1619: Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ...

Letter of Hasekura to his son, written during his stay in the Philippines, Sendai City Museum

"The Governor was extremely friendly with the Japanese, and provided them with his protection. As they had many expensive things to buy, they decided to lend their ship. The ship was immediately furbished for combat. The Governor eventually bought the ship, because it turned out that it was of excellent and sturdy construction, and available ships were dramatically few. In favour of your Majesty, the price paid was reasonable." (Document 243)

During his stay in the Philippines, Hasekura purchased numerous goods for Date Masamune, and built a ship, as he explained in a letter he wrote to his son. He finally returned to Japan in August 1620, reaching the harbour of Nagasaki. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1294x981, 2772 KB) Letter of Hasekura to his son, during his stay in the Philippines. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1294x981, 2772 KB) Letter of Hasekura to his son, during his stay in the Philippines. ... The Sendai City Museum. ...

Return to Japan

By the time Hasekura came back, Japan had changed quite drastically: an effort to eradicate Christianity had been under way since 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had died in 1616 and been replaced by his more xenophobic son Tokugawa Hidetada, and Japan was moving towards the "Sakoku" policy of isolation. Because news of these persecutions arrived in Europe during Hasekura's embassy, European rulers – especially the King of Spain – became very reluctant to respond favorably to Hasekura's trade and missionary proposals. Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until... Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Hidetada May 2, 1579—March 14, 1632) was the second shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Seclusion. ... Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). ...

Painting of the Pope Paul V remitted by Hasekura Tsunenaga to Date Masamune during his 1620 report; Sendai City Museum

Indonesian kris and Ceylonese dagger (acquired in the Philippines), presented by Hasekura to Date Masamune upon his return; Sendai City Museum

Hasekura reported his travels to Date Masamune upon his arrival in Sendai. It is recorded that he remitted a portrait of Pope Paul V, a portrait of himself in prayer (shown above), and a set of Ceylonese and Indonesian daggers acquired in the Philippines, all preserved today in the Sendai City Museum. The "Records of the House of Masamune" describe his report in a rather succinct manner, ending with a rather cryptic expression of surprise bordering on the outrage ("奇怪最多シ") at Hasekura's discourse: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 401 KB) Painting of the Pope Paul V, remitted by Hasekura to Date Masamune. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 401 KB) Painting of the Pope Paul V, remitted by Hasekura to Date Masamune. ... The Sendai City Museum. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1431x837, 1919 KB) Balinese daggers (acquired in the Philippines), presented by Hasekura to Date Masamune upon his return. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1431x837, 1919 KB) Balinese daggers (acquired in the Philippines), presented by Hasekura to Date Masamune upon his return. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... ... ... The Sendai City Museum. ...

"Rokuemon went to the country of the Southern Barbarians, he paid his respects to the king Paolo, he stayed there for several years, and now he sailed back from Luzon. He brought paintings of the king of the Southern Barbarians, and a painting of himself, which he remitted. Many of his descriptions of the Southern Barbarian countries, and the meaning of Rokuemon's declarations were surprising and extraordinary."^[23]

The period of Nanban (Southern Barbarian) contacts in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1650, under the promulgation of the Seclusion Laws. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

Interdiction of Christianity in Sendai

The direct effect of Hasekura's return to Sendai was the interdiction of Christianity in the Sendai fief two days later:

"Two days after the return of Rokuemon to Sendai, a three-point edict against the Christian was promulgated: first, that all Christians were ordered to abandon their faith, in accordance with the rule of the Shogun, and for those who did not, they would be exiled if they were nobles, and killed if they were citizens, peasants or servants. Second, that a reward would be given for the denunciation of hidden Christians. Third that propagators of the Christian faith should leave the Sendai fief, or else, abandon their religion" (November 1620 letter of father Angelis, Japan-China archives of the Jesuits in Rome, quoted in Gonoi's "Hasekura Tsunenaga", p231)

What Hasekura said or did to bring about such a result is unknown. As later events tend to indicate that he and his descendants remained faithful Christians, Hasekura may have made an enthusiastic – and to a certain extent, disturbing – account of the greatness and might of Western countries and the Christian religion. He may also have encouraged an alliance between the Church and Date Masamune to take over the country (an idea advertized by the Franciscans while in Rome), which, in 1620 Japan, would have been a totally unrealistic proposition. Lastly, hopes of trade with Spain evaporated when Hasekura communicated that the Spanish King would not enter an agreement as long as persecutions were occurring in the rest of the country.

Date Masamune, heretofore very tolerant of Christianity in spite of the Bakufu's prohibition in the land it directly controlled, thus suddenly chose to distance himself from the Western faith. The first executions of Christians started 40 days later. The anti-Christian measures taken by Date Masumune were however comparatively mild, and Japanese and Western Christians repeatedly claimed that he only took them to appease the Shogun: Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate Shōgun )   is supreme general of the samurai,a military rank and historical title in Japan. ...

"Date Masumune, out of fear of the Shogun, ordered the persecution of Christianity in his territory, and created several martyrs." (Letter of 17 prominent Japanese Christians from Sendai, to the Pope, 29 September 1621).^[24]

One month after Hasekura's return, Date Masamune wrote a letter to the Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada, in which he makes a very clear effort to evade responsibility for the embassy, explaining in detail how it was organized with the approval, and even the collaboration, of the Shogun: Look up Martyr in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1621 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Hidetada May 2, 1579—March 14, 1632) was the second shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. ...

"When I sent a ship to the Southern Barbarian countries several years ago, upon the advice of Mukai Shogen, I also dispatched the Southern Barbarian named Sotelo, who had resided for several years in Edo. At that time, your highness also gave messages for the Southern Barbarians, as well as presents, such as folding screens and sets of armour." (October 18, 1620, quoted in Gonoi, p. 234).

Spain was by far the most threatening power for Japan at that time (with a colony and an army in the nearby Philippines). Hasekura eyewitness accounts of Spanish power and colonial methods in Nueva España (Mexico) may have precipitated the Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada's decision to sever trade relations with Spain in 1623, and diplomatic relations in 1624, although other events such as the smuggling of Spanish priests into Japan and a failed Spanish embassy also contributed to the decision. The residence of Mukai Shogen in Edo, 17th century screen. ... A six-panels byōbu from the 17th century Byōbu (屏風, literally wind wall) are Japanese folding screens made from several joined panels, with decorative paintings and calligraphy, used to separate interiors, and enclose private spaces, amid other uses. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Death

What became of Hasekura is unknown and accounts of his last years are numerous. Contemporary Christian commentators could only rely on hearsay, with some rumours stating that he abandoned Christianity, others that he was martyred for his faith, and others that he practiced Christianity in secret. The fate of his descendants and servants, who were later executed for being Christians, would suggest that Hasekura remained strongly Christian himself, and transmitted his faith to the members of his family. Travel companions of Hasekura, such as Yokozawa Shogen are also known to have remained faithful Christians even after their return in Japan. Yokozawa Shogen (Japanese: 横沢将監) was born in the middle of the 16th century in a samurai family, in the domain of Sendai, Japan. ...

The Buddhist grave of Hasekura Tsunenaga, still visible today in Enfukuji, Enchōzan, Miyagi

Sotelo, who returned to Japan but was caught and finally burnt at the stake in 1624, gave before his execution an account of Hasekura returning to Japan as a hero who propagated the Christian faith: Image File history File links HasekuraMiyagiGrave. ... Image File history File links HasekuraMiyagiGrave. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

"My other colleague, the ambassador Philippus Faxecura, after he reached his aforementioned king (Date Masamune), was greatly honored by him, and sent to his own estate, to rest after such a long and tiring journey, where he made his wife, children, servants, and many other vassals into Christians, and advised other nobles who were his kith and kin to accept the faith, which they indeed did. While he was engaged in these and other pious works, a full year after his return, having provided much instruction and a great example, with much preparation, he piously passed on, leaving for his children by a special inheritance the propagation of the faith in his estate, and the protection of the religious (i.e. "members of religious orders") in that kingdom. The King and all the nobles were greatly saddened by his passing, but especially the Christians and Religious, who knew very well the virtue and religious zeal of this man. This is what I heard by letters from the very Religious who administered the sacraments to him, and who had been present at his death, as well as from others." (Luis Sotelo, De ecclesiae Iaponicae statu relatio).^[25]

Hasekura also did bring back to Japan several Catholic artifacts, but he did not give them to his ruler, and instead kept them in his own estate. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In the lexicon of the Church, especially the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox, religious as a noun usually refers to a member of a religious order of monks, nuns, friars, clerics regular, or other individuals who take the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience (the evangelical councils). ... A Taoist monk playing an instrument. ...

Hasekura Tsunenaga died of illness (according to Japanese as well as Christian sources) in 1622, but the location of his grave is not known for certain. Three graves are claimed as Hasekura's. One is visible in the Buddhist temple of Enfukuji (円長山円福寺) in Miyagi. Another is clearly marked (along with a memorial to Padre Sotelo) in the cemetery of a Buddhist temple in the Kitayama neighborhood, just north of the center of Sendai, located between Shifukuji Temple and Aoba Ginja (Shinto shrine). A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Miyagi Prefecture (宮城県; Miyagi-ken) is located in the Tōhoku Region on Honshu island, Japan. ...

Execution of his descendants and servants

Cross and medal seized in Hasekura's estate in 1640

Rosaries found in Hasekura's estate in 1640

Hasekura had a son, named Rokuemon Tsuneyori. Two of his son's servants, Yogoemon (与五右衛門) and his wife, were convicted of being Christian but refused to recant their faith under torture (reverse hanging, called "Tsurushi", 釣殺し) and as a result died in August 1637 (as the lives of Christians were spared if they recanted, these executions indicate that they were steadfast and refused to deny their faith). In 1637, Rokuemon Tsuneyori himself also came under suspicion of Christianity after being denounced by someone from Edo, but escaped questioning because he was the master of the Zen temple of Komyoji (光明寺). In 1640, two other servants of Tsuneyori, Tarozaemon (太郎左衛門, 71), who had followed Hasekura to Rome, and his wife (59), were convicted of being Christians, and, also refusing to recant their faith under torture, died. Tsuneyori was held responsible this time and decapitated the same day, at the age of 42, for having failed to denounce Christians under his roof, although it remained unconfirmed whether he was himself Christian or not.^[26] Also, two Christian priests, the Dominican Pedro Vazquez and Joan Bautista Paulo, had given his name under torture. Tsuneyori's younger brother, Tsunemichi, was convicted as a Christian, but managed to flee and disappear.^[27] Image File history File linksMetadata HasekuraCrossAndMedal. ... Image File history File linksMetadata HasekuraCrossAndMedal. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (963x1032, 565 KB) Hasekura rosaries. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (963x1032, 565 KB) Hasekura rosaries. ... Edo (Japanese: , literally: bay-door, estuary, pronounced //), once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo. ... For other uses, see Zen (disambiguation). ...

The privileges of the Hasekura family were abolished at this point by the Sendai fief, and their property and belongings seized. It is at this time, in 1640, that Hasekura's Christian artifacts were confiscated, and they were kept in custody in Sendai until they were rediscovered at the end of the 19th century.

Altogether, around fifty Christian artifacts were found in Hasekura's estate in 1640, such as crosses, rosaries, religious gowns and religious paintings. The artifacts were seized and stored by the Date fief. An inventory was made again in 1840 describing the items as belonging to Hasekura Tsunenaga. Nineteen books were also mentioned in the inventory, but they have been lost since. The artifacts are today preserved in the Sendai City Museum and other museum in Sendai. Our Lady of Lourdes - Mary appearing at Lourdes with Rosary beads. ... The Sendai City Museum. ...

Re-discovery

The very existence of the travels of Hasekura was forgotten in Japan until the reopening of the country after the Sakoku policy of isolation. In 1873, a Japanese embassy to Europe (the Iwakura mission) headed by Iwakura Tomomi heard for the first time of the travels of Hasekura when shown documents during their visit to Venice in Italy.^[28] The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Seclusion. ... The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy was a diplomatic journey around the world, initiated by the oligarchs of the Meiji era. ... Iwakura Tomomi (岩倉 具視 October 26, 1825-July 20, 1883) was a statesman who played an important role in the Meiji restoration, influencing opinions of the Imperial Court. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

Hasekura today

Cover of the 2006 DVD Gisaku

Today, there are statues of Hasekura Tsunenaga in the outskirts of Acapulco in Mexico, at the entrance of Havana Bay in Cuba,^[29] in Coria del Río in Spain,^[30] in the Church of Civitavecchia in Italy, and in Tsukinoura, near Ishinomaki.^[31] Image File history File links Delr_caratula_dvd. ... Image File history File links Delr_caratula_dvd. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... Coria del Rio is a small town near Seville, where the descendants of the first Japanese Embassy still use the surname Japón. ... Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio, a sea port on the Tyrrhenian sea, 50 miles WNW of Rome, 42°06N 11°47E. According to the 2003 census, its population was 50,100. ... Ishinomaki (石巻市; -shi) is a city located in Miyagi, Japan. ...

Approximately 700 inhabitants of Coria del Río bear the surname Japón (originally Hasekura de Japón), identifying them as descendants of the members of Hasekura Tsunenaga's delegation.^[32]

A theme park describing the embassy and displaying a replica of the San Juan Bautista was established in the harbour of Ishinomaki, from which Hasekura initially departed on his voyage.

Shusaku Endo wrote a 1980 novel, titled The Samurai, which relates the travels of Hasekura. Shusaku Endō (遠藤 周作 Endō Shusaku, March 27, 1923 - September 29, 1996) was a renowned 20th Century Japanese author who wrote from a unique perspective of being a Roman Catholic Japanese. ...

A 2005 animation film produced in Spain and titled Gisaku relates the adventures of a young Japanese samurai named Yohei who visited Spain in the 17th century, in a story loosely taking its inspiration from the travels of Hasekura. Yohei survived in hiding to the present day due to magical powers ("After centuries of lethargy, he awakes in a World he does not know"), and accomplishes many adventures in modern Europe as a superhero.^[33] Gisaku is a Spanish animated feature film directed by Baltasar Pedrosa Clavero. ...

Timeline and itinerary

Japan (1613) April 1613: Date Masamune receives permission from the Tokugawa Shogunate for the expedition and the building of a ship. 28 October 1613: Departure from Tsukinoura Bay. Americas (1613–1614) November 1613: Sighting of Cape Mendocino January 1614: Stop in Zacatula 25 January 1614: Arrival in Acapulco, New Spain 24 March 1614: Arrival in Mexico City Puebla Veracruz 10 June 1614: Boarding of a Spanish frigate at San Juan de Ulúa Havana Spain (1614–1615) 5 October 1614: Arrival at Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain Coria del Rio 21 October 1614: Arrival in Seville Cordoba Toledo Getafe 20 December 1614: Arrival in Madrid 30 January 1615: Meeting with King Philip III of Spain 17 February 1615: Baptism of Hasekura Tsunenaga Alcala de Henares Daroca Zaragoza Fraga Lerida Igualada Barcelona France (1615) September 1615: Saint-Tropez Italy (1615–1616) Savona Genoa 18 October 1615: Arrival in Civitavecchia. 29 October 1615: Ceremony commemorating the mission's arrival in Rome. 3 November 1615: Meeting with Pope Paul V.

Print depicting Hasekura kneeling before the Pope, German edition 23 November 1615: Reception of certificates of Honorary Citizenship by Hasekura Tsunenaga and four other Japanese members of the mission. Napoli Rome Firenze Venice Firenze Livorno, by ship to Genoa Genoa Spain (1616) Barcelona Igualada Lerida Fraga Zaragoza Daroca Alcala de Henares 17 April 1616: Return to Madrid. Getafe Toledo Cordoba Seville Coria del Rio June 1616: Departure from Spain, at Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Americas (1616–1618) Havana San Juan de Ulúa Veracruz Puebla Mexico City Departure from Acapulco, New Spain Philippines (1618–1620) 20 June 1618: Arrival in Manila, Philippines. Japan (1620) 22 September 1620: Arrival in Nagasaki, Japan 7 August 1622: Hasekura dies from illness

is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January - Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery. ... Cape Mendocino in Humboldt County, California, USA, is the westernmost point on the coast of California. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... Nickname: Motto: Ciudad en movimiento Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Nickname: Location of Puebla in central Mexico Coordinates: Country Mexico State Puebla Founded 1531 Government  - Mayor Enrique Doger (PRI) Area  - City 546 km²  (211 sq mi) Elevation 2,175 m (7,136 ft) Population (2005)  - City 1,485,941  - Density 5,741/km² (14,869. ... Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... San Juan de Ulúa is a large fortress on an island overlooking the seaport of Veracruz, Mexico. ... This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... Sanlúcar de Barrameda from the mouth of the Guadalquivir river Sanlúcar de Barrameda is a Spanish city in the northwestern part of the Cádiz province. ... Coria del Rio is a small town near Seville, where the descendants of the first Japanese Embasey still use the surname Japón. ... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Location Coordinates : , , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Córdoba (Spanish) Spanish name Córdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation). ... Location Location of Getafe Coordinates : 40° 18’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Getafe (Spanish) Spanish name Getafe Founded 1326 Postal code 28901-28909 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Madrid) Website http://www. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... Motto: (Spanish for From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: , Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jimémez (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Alcal de Henares is a Spanish city. ... Daroca is a city and municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, situated to the south of the city of Zaragoza. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... General view of Fraga Fraga is the major town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca (Catalan: Baix Cinca) in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. ... La Seu Vella, the Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of Lleida Lleida (Catalan: Lleida, Spanish: Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. ... Igualada is a town of north-eastern Spain, in the Province of Barcelona, on the left bank of the River Noya, a right-hand tributary of the Llobregat, and at the northern terminus of the Igualada-Martorell-Barcelona railway. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Saint-Tropez is a commune of the Var département in southern France, located on the French Riviera. ... Country Italy Region Liguria Province Savona (SV) Mayor Federico Berruti Elevation m Area 65 km² Population  - Total (as of December 12, 2004) 61,742  - Density 921/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Savonesi Dialing code 019 Postal code 17100 Frazioni Lavagnola, Légino, Zinola, Santuario Patron Our Lady... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio, a sea port on the Tyrrhenian sea, 50 miles WNW of Rome, 42°06N 11°47E. According to the 2003 census, its population was 50,100. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (396x643, 646 KB) Image of Hasekura Tsunenaga kneeling before the Pope. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (396x643, 646 KB) Image of Hasekura Tsunenaga kneeling before the Pope. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ... Origin A neologism created in reaction to comments made by State Senator Bill Napoli (R-SD). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Livorno (archaic English: ) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Igualada is a town of north-eastern Spain, in the Province of Barcelona, on the left bank of the River Noya, a right-hand tributary of the Llobregat, and at the northern terminus of the Igualada-Martorell-Barcelona railway. ... La Seu Vella, the Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of Lleida Lleida (Catalan: Lleida, Spanish: Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. ... General view of Fraga Fraga is the major town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca (Catalan: Baix Cinca) in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... Daroca is a city and municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, situated to the south of the city of Zaragoza. ... Alcal de Henares is a Spanish city. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1616 (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Location Location of Getafe Coordinates : 40° 18’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Getafe (Spanish) Spanish name Getafe Founded 1326 Postal code 28901-28909 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Madrid) Website http://www. ... For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation). ... Location Coordinates : , , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Córdoba (Spanish) Spanish name Córdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Coria del Rio is a small town near Seville, where the descendants of the first Japanese Embasey still use the surname Japón. ... Sanlúcar de Barrameda from the mouth of the Guadalquivir river Sanlúcar de Barrameda is a Spanish city in the northwestern part of the Cádiz province. ... This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... San Juan de Ulúa is a large fortress on an island overlooking the seaport of Veracruz, Mexico. ... Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ... Nickname: Location of Puebla in central Mexico Coordinates: Country Mexico State Puebla Founded 1531 Government  - Mayor Enrique Doger (PRI) Area  - City 546 km²  (211 sq mi) Elevation 2,175 m (7,136 ft) Population (2005)  - City 1,485,941  - Density 5,741/km² (14,869. ... Nickname: Motto: Ciudad en movimiento Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Acapulco (Officially: Acapulco de Juárez) is a city and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ... Nickname: Motto: Linisin Ibangon Maynila Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government  - Mayor Alfredo Lim (2007-2010 GO)  - Vice Mayor Isko Moreno (AM/PDP-Laban... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Nagasaki ) ( ) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ...

See also

• Nanban trade period
• Edo period
• Mancio Ito, the first Japanese embassy to Europe in 1584
• Shusaku Endo, the author of the novel The Samurai, a fictitious account of the Hasekura mission
• Franco-Japanese relations

The Nanban Trade Period (Jp:南蛮貿易時代, Lit. ... The Edo period ), also called Tokugawa period, is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868. ... The first Japanese Embassy to Europe, in 1586. ... Shusaku Endō (遠藤 周作 Endō Shusaku, March 27, 1923 - September 29, 1996) was a renowned 20th Century Japanese author who wrote from a unique perspective of being a Roman Catholic Japanese. ... Le Samouraï (English title The Samurai) is a French crime/drama/thriller directed by French filmmaker Jean-Pierre Melville in 1967. ... The history of Franco-Japanese relations (Japanese: 日仏関係, Nichi-Futsu kankei) goes back to the early 17th century, when a Japanese samurai and ambassador on his way to Rome landed for a few days in Southern France, creating a sensation. ...

Notes

ã‚‘, in hiragana, or ヱ in katakana, is an obsolete Japanese kana, each of which represent one mora. ... The first Japanese Embassy to Europe, in 1586. ... Alessandro Valignano, circa 1600. ... Tenshō (天正) was a Japanese era after Genki and before Bunroku and spanned from 1573 to 1592. ... Omura Sumitada (大村純忠, 1533-June 23, 1587) Japanese daimyo lord of the Sengoku period. ... Otomo Sorin (大友 宗麟 ÅŒtomo Sōrin; 1530-1587), Fujiwara-no Yoshisige (藤原 義鎮), or Otomo Yoshishige (大友 義鎮) was the eldest son of Otomo Yoshiaki, the lord of Funai. ... Arima Harunobu (????-1612) Arima Harunobu, the son of Arima Yoshisada, along with being his sucessor. ... Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate Shōgun )   is supreme general of the samurai,a military rank and historical title in Japan. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1029x217, 578 KB) Origninally uploaded on en: by PHG with double license GFDL and CC-BY-SA2. ...

References

• Boxer, C.R. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1951. ISBN 1-85754-035-2 (1993 reprint edition).
• Marcouin, Francis and Keiko Omoto. Quand le Japon s'ouvrit au monde. Paris: Découvertes Gallimard, 1990. ISBN 2-07-053118-X.
• Hayes, Derek (2001). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000. Seattle, WA: Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1-57061-311-7. 
• Annals of His Time: Don Domingo De San Anton Munon Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Stanford University Press 2006, ISBN 0-8047-5454-3
• Sotelo, Luis De ecclesiae Iaponicae statu relatio
• Endo, Shusaku The Samurai, New Directions Publishing Corporation, Reprint edition (April 1997), ISBN 0-8112-1346-3 (A slightly fictional account of Hasekura's expedition).
• Gonoi, Takashi Hasekura Tsunenaga 支倉常長, 2003. ISBN 4-642-05227-5 (Japanese)
• The World and Japan - Tensho and Keicho missions to Europe 16th - 17th century 世界と日本ー天正・慶長の使節, 1995, Sendai City Museum (Japanese)
• Date Masamune's Mission to Rome in 1615 国宝「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」, Catalogue of Sendai City Museum, 2001 (Japanese)

Shusaku Endō (遠藤 周作 Endō Shusaku, March 27, 1923 - September 29, 1996) was a renowned 20th Century Japanese author who wrote from a unique perspective of being a Roman Catholic Japanese. ...

External links

• (Spanish) De Japón a Roma pasando por Coria 1614–1620 by Víctor Valencia Japón. Spanish language documentation on the embassy and the surname Japón.
• (Japanese) Guide to Hasekura's grave in Enchōzan
• (Japanese) Sendai City Museum
• (English) The Epic journey of Hasekura Tsunenaga

For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ...