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The Hats is the name given to a political faction during the Age of Liberty (1719-1772) in Sweden. It derives from the three-cornered hat worn by officers and gentlemen. The primary rivals of the Hats were known as the Caps. // The Great Northern War See also: Great Northern War The victory at Narva Charles XI of Sweden had carefully provided against the contingency of his successors minority; and the five regents appointed by him, if not great statesmen, were at least practical politicians who had not been trained in...
// Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused...
Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
The Caps (Mössarna) were a political faction during the Age of Liberty (1719-1772) in Sweden. ...
Policy
Count Arvid Horn, leader of the Caps and until 1738 the leader of government had reversed the traditional policy of Sweden by keeping France at a distance and drawing near to Great Britain. A twenty years' war was succeeded by a twenty years' peace, during which the nation recovered so rapidly from its wounds that it began to forget them. A new race of politicians was springing up. Since 1719, when the influence of the few great territorial families had been merged in a multitude of needy gentlemen, the first estate had become the nursery and afterwards the stronghold of an opposition at once noble and democratic which found its natural leaders in such men as Count Carl Gyllenborg and Count Carl Gustaf Tessin. These men and their followers were never weary of ridiculing the timid caution of the aged statesman who sacrificed everything to perpetuate an inglorious peace and derisively nicknamed his adherents "Night-caps". These epithets instantly caught the public fancy and had already become party badges when the estates met in 1738. This Riksdag was to mark another turning-point in Swedish history. The Hats carried everything before them; and the aged Horn was finally compelled to retire from a scene where, for three and thirty years, he had played a leading part. The policy of the Hats was a return to the traditional alliance between France and Sweden. They aimed at restoring Sweden to her former position as a great power. France, naturally, hailed with satisfaction the rise of a faction which was content to be her armourbearer in the north; and the golden streams which flowed from Versailles to Stockholm during the next two generations were the political life-blood of the Hat party. Field Marshal and Count Arvid Bernhard Horn (April 6, 1664 – April 17, 1742) was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish empire during the period of Sweden-Finland). ...
// Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused...
Count Carl Gustaf Tessin (born September 5, 1695 in Stockholm; died January 7, 1770 in Åkerö) was a Swedish politician and son of architect Nicodemus Tessin. ...
Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ...
Versailles (pronounced , in French), formerly the de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important administrative and judicial center. ...
(IPA: ; UN/LOCODE: SE STO) is the capital of Sweden, and consequently the site of its Government and Parliament as well as the residence of the Swedish head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf. ...
The first blunder of the Hats was the hasty and ill-advised war with Russia, which ended in Swedish defeat. A motion for an inquiry into the conduct of the war was skilfully evaded by obtaining precedence for the succession question. Negotiations were opened with the Russian empress, Elizabeth of Russia, who agreed to restore the greater part of Finland to Sweden if her heir's uncle, Adolph Frederick of Holstein, were elected successor to the Swedish crown. The Hats eagerly caught at the opportunity of recovering the grand duchy and their own prestige along with it. By the Treaty of Åbo May 7, 1743 the terms of the empress were accepted; and only a small part which lay beyond the Kymmene river, often called Old Finland, was retained by Russia. The Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743, known as the Hats Russian War in Sweden and the Lesser Wrath in Finland, was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish party which aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to...
Charles van Loo. ...
Adolf Frederick King of Sweden Adolf Frederick (Adolf Fredrik) (May 14, 1710 – February 12, 1771), was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death. ...
The Treaty of Ã…bo or Treaty of Turku is a Peace Treaty between Imperial Russia and Sweden after the Hats Russian War 1741-43. ...
// Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ...
Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats Russian War. ...
In the 1750s Hats saw the utter collapse of their foreign "system." At the instigation of France they plunged recklessly into the Seven Years' War; and the result was ruinous. The French subsidies, which might have sufficed for a six weeks demonstration, proved quite inadequate; and, after five unsuccessful campaigns, the unhappy Hats were glad to make peace and ignominiously withdraw from a little war which had cost the country 40,000 men. When the Riksdag met in 1760, the indignation against the Hat leaders was so violent that an impeachment seemed inevitable; but once more the superiority of their parliamentary tactics prevailed, and when, after a session of twenty months, the Riksdag was brought to a close by the mutual consent of both the exhausted factions, the Hat government was bolstered up for another four years. But the day of reckoning could not be postponed for ever; and when the estates met in 1765 it brought the Caps into power at last. Their leader, Ture Rudbeck, was elected marshal of the Diet over Frederick Axel von Fersen, the Hat candidate, by a large majority; and, out of the hundred seats in the secret committee, the Hats succeeded in getting only ten. Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Brunswick Hesse-Kassel Holy Roman/Austrian Empire Kingdom of France Russian Empire Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years War (1754...
The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ...
1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Count Fredrik Axel von Fersen (1719_1794), Swedish statesman and soldier, was a son of Lieutenant_General Hans Reinhold Fersen and entered the Swedish Life Guards in 1740, and from 1743 to 1748 was in the French service in the Royal_Suedois, where he rose to the rank of brigadier. ...
Majority leaders These representatives of the Hats were elected as Lantmarskalk (speaker) of the Riksdag of the Estates, signifying a parliamentary majority. As you can see hats are very interesting thankyou for readin The Lantmarskalk, or Lord Marshal, was the speaker of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, from 1627 to 1866. ...
The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ...
Count Carl Gustaf Tessin (born September 5, 1695 in Stockholm; died January 7, 1770 in Åkerö) was a Swedish politician and son of architect Nicodemus Tessin. ...
Count Fredrik Axel von Fersen (1719_1794), Swedish statesman and soldier, was a son of Lieutenant_General Hans Reinhold Fersen and entered the Swedish Life Guards in 1740, and from 1743 to 1748 was in the French service in the Royal_Suedois, where he rose to the rank of brigadier. ...
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