There has been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. Within moments of the collapse of the twin towers and Building 7 of the World Trade Center, pulverized building material, electronic equipment and furniture was spread throughout the area. A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... September 11, 2001 attacks timeline Background History 1972: One World Trade Center completed. ... THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS THE PHRASE FUCK THE US GOVERNMENT HIDDEN THROUGHOUT THE ARTICLE...IT REQUIRES IMMEDIATE CLEAN UP // According to the presidents of the United States and the Philippines, the September 11, 2001 attacks originated with Operation Bojinka (a plan that was not executed), which was conceived by Khalid Shaikh... The September 11, 2001 attacks, in addition to being a unique act of aggression, constituted a media event on a scale not seen since the advent of civilian global satellite links, round-the-clock television news organizations and the instant worldwide reaction and debate made possible by the Internet. ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... // 2001 November Thursday, November 1, 2001 Afternoon: Deputy Mayor Anthony P. Coles meets with the two firefighter union leaders, Fire Capt. ... According to the 9/11 Commission, between 16,400 and 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Flight 11 redirects here. ... United Airlines Flight 175 was a morning flight that regularly flew from Logan International Airport in East Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in Los Angeles, California. ... Security camera image showing American Airlines Flight 77 (highlighted) just before and after impact. ... For other uses of Flight 93 and United 93, see Flight 93. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... This article is about the United States military building. ... Main Street in Shanksville. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks defined the first term of President George W. Bush and led to what he has called the War on Terrorism, or war against terrorism. ... The following worldwide effects arose from the September 11, 2001 attacks: All Canadian military bases increased their level of security awareness. ... Major economic effects arose from September 11, 2001 attacks, with initial shock causing global stock markets to drop sharply. ... Soon after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States Government began detaining people who fit the profile of the suspected hijackers: mostly male, Arabic or Muslim noncitizens. ... Box-cutter knives were apparently used in the September 11, 2001 attacks, though such knives are not usually considered weapons. ... Many closings and cancellations followed the September 11, 2001 attacks, including major landmarks, buildings, as well as postponement or cancellation of major sporting and other events. ... A variety of conspiracy theories have emerged which contradict the mainstream account of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... This article talks about the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... The September 11, 2001, attacks had an important impact on the audiovisual entertainment business, not just in terms of television coverage. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks have been the subject of numerous films and other works of art and literature, including: // Hollywoods first reaction to the September 11 attacks was to alter, delay or even cancel films that unintentionally evoked the disaster. ... Global Guardian is an annual training exercise sponsored by the United States Strategic Command in conjunction with Space Command and NORAD. Its main purpose is to test the militarys command and control procedures in the event of nuclear warfare. ... The response of the U.S. government to the September 11, 2001 attacks sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks, as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Iraq. ... A bucket brigade works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001 The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ... Operation Yellow Ribbon is the name of the operation that Transport Canada created to handle the diversion of civilian airline flights following the September 11, 2001, attacks. ... The first memorials to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks began to take shape online, as hundreds of webmasters posted their own thoughts, links to the Red Cross, and other rescue agencies, photos and eyewitness accounts. ... The United States government identified 19 hijackers as being responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks, and linked the attacks to Osama bin Laden. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks were carried out by 19 hijackers, with planning and organization of the attacks involving numerous additional members of al-Qaeda. ... Communications problems and successes played an important role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their aftermath. ... Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States spawned a number of catchphrases, terms, and slogans, many of which continue to be used a half-decade after the event. ... The Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence into the activities of the U.S. Intelligence Community in... The cover of the final 9/11 report 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... A view up Broad Street in the Financial District in Manhattan Federal Hall The Financial District of New York City is a neighborhood on the southernmost section of the borough of Manhattan which comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the citys major financial institutions, including the New... Woolworth Building, looking south along Broadway Lower Manhattan, from the Brooklyn Bridge, 2005 Rigid airship the USS Akron over Lower Manhattan Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ...

Additionally, in the five months following the attacks dust from the pulverized buildings continued to fill the air of the World Trade Center site. Increasing numbers of New York residents are reporting symptoms of Ground Zero respiratory illnesses.^[1]

Further information: World Trade Center site

The World Trade Center site destruction, 2001 The World Trade Center site is the 16-acre (6. ...

Materials in the 9/11 cloud, and potential for creating Ground Zero illnesses

September 12 from space: Manhattan spreads a large smoke plume

The dust from the collapsed towers was "wildly toxic," according to air pollution expert and University of California Davis Professor Emeritus Thomas Cahill. ^[2] The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants,^[3] more specifically: 50% nonfibrous material and construction debris; 40% glass and other fibers; 9.2% cellulose; and 0.8% asbestos,^[4] lead, and mercury. There were also unprecedented levels of dioxin and PAHs from the fires which burned for three months.^[5] Some of the dispersed substances (crystalline silica, lead, cadmium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are carcinogenic; other substances can trigger kidney, heart, liver and nervous system deterioration. ^[6] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 2. ... For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ... Dioxin is the common name for the group of compounds classified as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). ... An illustration of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...

Ground Zero illnesses

Smoke plume coming from the WTC site, seen on Doppler radar

This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, and the pulmonary fibrosis deaths of NYPD member Cesar Borja.^{[7] [8] [9] [10]} Increasing numbers of cases are appearing in which first responders are developing serious respiratory ailments.^[11] Health effects also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.^[12] Image File history File links New_York_September_11_NEXRAD.png‎ Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): September 11, 2001 attacks User:Nilfanion/NEXRAD ... Image File history File links New_York_September_11_NEXRAD.png‎ Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): September 11, 2001 attacks User:Nilfanion/NEXRAD ... Doppler Effect Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of targets in the antennas directional beam. ... Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease, refers to a group of lung diseases, affecting the alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. ... A Chinese lion helps usher in the 2006 Chinese New Year. ...

Ground zero workers and cancer

In November 28, 2006 the Village Voice reported that several dozen recovery personnel have developed cancer --as opposed to having contracted respiratory ailments, and that doctors have argued that some of these cancers developed as a result of the exposure to toxins at the Ground Zero site: "To date, 75 recovery workers at ground zero have been diagnosed with blood cell cancers that a half-dozen top doctors and epidemiologists have confirmed as having been likely caused by that exposure."^[13] is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Village Voice is a New York City-based weekly newspaper featuring investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts reviews and events listings for New York City. ...

Judgments and statements by leading physicians

Dr. Larry Norton of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital said "Why isn't the whole nation mobilizing to take care of the chronic health impact of this disaster?". Dr. Norton cited the 70 percent illness rate among first responders as "a wake up call." Dr. Nathaniel Hupert of Weill Cornell Medical College, quoted by Jill Gardiner of the October 4, 2006 issue of the New York Sun said that premature deaths and other ailments of dogs in the area are "our canary in the coalmine."^[14] Richard Clapp and David Ozonoff, professors of environmental health at Boston University School of Public Health; Michael Thun, director of epidemiological research at the American Cancer Society; Francine Laden, assistant professor of environmental epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health; Jonathan Samet, chairman of the epidemiology department at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; and Charles Hesdorffer, associate professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine argue that the cancer incidence among monitored individuals cannot be called a coincidence. They assert that the Ground Zero cloud was likely the cause of the illnesses.^[15] The American College of Preventative Medicine is concerned that malignant mesothelioma will develop among persons exposed to Ground Zero air.^[16] The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City is a cancer treatment and research institution founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. ... The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College is the medical school and biomedical research unit of Cornell University. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The modern New York Sun is a daily newspaper published in New York City. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) is Boston Universitys graduate School of Public Health. ... The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a medical organization with a corporate attitude in the United States. ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ... Harvard School of Public Health The Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) is Harvard Universitys School of Public Health. ... The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. It was the first institution of its kind in the world. ... The Johns Hopkins University is an internationally prestigious private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland. ...

Ongoing monitoring of first responders' and residents' health

There is scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative effects on fetal development. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center^[Who?] is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. The staff of this study assesses the children using psychological testing every year and interviews the mothers every six months. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is significant difference in development and health progression of children whose mothers were exposed, versus those who were not exposed after the WTC collapse.^[17]

Mount Sinai Medical Center is conducting an ongoing monitoring program, World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program.^[18] A leader of Mt. Sinai monitoring efforts is Stephen M. Levin, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai – Irving J. Selikoff Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine. ^[19] First responders met in a conference, November 11, 2006 in an effort to monitor responders' health. The event was organized by the World Trade Center Monitoring Program. ^[20] The Mount Sinai Hospital is a hospital in New York City, New York, serving Manhattans Upper East Side and Harlem. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

An ongoing Pennsylvania State University / Monmouth University study reported that respiratory illnesses grew by more than two hundred percent in the year and a half after the September 11 attacks. (This was the first study that monitored police officers at the Ground Zero site. It was published in the "Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.") In this study of 471 police officers, 19 percent of the officers in October 2001 experienced shortness of breath; 44 percent of the officers experienced shortness of breath in April 2003. The percentage of the 471 officers coughing up phlegm increased from 14 percent in October 2001 to 31 percent in 2003. ^[21] This article is about the state-related university. ... Monmouth University is a private university located in West Long Branch, New Jersey. ... Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ... Phlegm (pronounced ) is sticky fluid secreted by the typhoid membranes of animals. ...

A 2006 medical study of fire fighters reported that those personnel who inhaled Ground Zero air essentially lost 12 years of lung function. ^[22] Additionally, a Mount Sinai report found that 70 percent of recovery and rescue workers reported an increase in debilitated respiratory function between 2002 and 2004. ^[23] [11]

Lack of insurance

40 percent of the World Trade Center workers being monitored by a Mount Sinai Hospital study lack health insurance. [12]

August 2007 deadline for Ground Zero-related worker's compensation

Apparently, out of at least 100,000 eligible, fewer than 14,000 have registered, as reported by the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health. The final registration deadline for September 11-related workers' compensation was August 14, 2007. [13] Workers compensation programs and laws exist to protect employees who are injured while on the job. ... The National Council for Occupational Safety and Health is established under Part III of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. ...

Filing extension by Governor Eliot Spitzer

On July 12, 2007 Governor Eliot Spitzer extended to August 14, 2008 the filing deadline for worker's compensation claims, for people who worked or volunteered at Ground Zero. Individuals would register with the State Workers’ Compensation Board. ^[24] Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959 ) is an American lawyer, politician and the current Governor of New York. ...

World Trade Center health coordinator

On June 11, 2007, Mayor Bloomberg appointed Jeffrey Hon as World Trade Center health coordinator. Hon had previously worked as the spokesman for the American Red Cross September 11 Recovery Program. People have offered conflicting statements, however, regarding Hon's role. In an interview with the New York Daily News Hon said that his role was to correct inconsistencies in city agencies and to handle related pension issues. Yet, Mayor Bloomberg said that Hon's role would not involve handling pension-related issues. A press release also indicated that the coordinator will "provide a central repository of WTC health information and ensure effective communication with those who may be experiencing 9/11-related health effects." ^{[25] [26]} A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Early findings and muted warnings

Dr. Edwin M. Kilbourne, A high level federal scientist, issued a memo on September 12, 2001 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention against the speedy return to buildings in the area because of possible hazards from various toxic materials.^[27] is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ...

Associate City Health Commissioner Kelly McKinney on October 6, 2001 said that proper safety protocol for WTC site workers was not being enforced.^[28] is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

Political controversies

President George W. Bush's alleged manipulation of EPA statements

Main article: EPA 9/11 pollution controversy

President George W. Bush has been faulted for interfering with the United States Environmental Protection Agency interpretations and pronouncements regarding air quality.^[29] The EPA 9/11 pollution controversy was a result of a report released by the Office of the Inspector General of the Environmental Protection Agency in August of 2003 which claimed that the White House put pressure on the EPA to delete cautionary information about the air quality in New... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... EPA redirects here. ...

Early statement by Christine Todd Whitman

On September 18, 2001 United States Environmental Protection Agency head Christine Todd Whitman told the public, via a press release, "We are very encouraged that the results from our monitoring of air-quality and drinking-water conditions in both New York and near the Pentagon show that the public in these areas is not being exposed to excessive levels of asbestos or other harmful substances" and that "Given the scope of the tragedy from last week, I am glad to reassure the people of New York . . . that their air is safe to breathe and the water is safe to drink." ^[30] is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... EPA redirects here. ... Christine Todd Christie Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author, who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... A news release or press release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. ...

Alleged EPA deceptions about Ground Zero air quality

An August 2003 report by the Office of the Inspector General of the EPA claimed that the Bush administration pressured the EPA to remove cautionary information about the air quality at Ground Zero.

Numerous key differences between the draft versions and final versions of EPA statements were found. A recommendation that homes and businesses near ground zero be cleaned by professionals was replaced by a request that citizens follow orders from NYC officials. Another statement that showed concerns about "sensitive populations" was deleted altogether. Language used to describe excessive amounts of asbestos in the area was altered drastically to minimize the dangers it posed.^[31]

In September of 2006 the US House Committee on Homeland Security held a two day long hearing on the subject of illnesses caused by post-9/11 air quality and former EPA head Christine Todd Whitman was a frequent target of criticism.^[32] The U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives, the lower house of Congress. ... Christine Todd Christie Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author, who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush. ...

EPA scientist Dr. Cate Jenkins appeared on CBS television on September 8, 2006 and said that agency officials lied about the air quality in the weeks following September 11, 2001. She said that in her opinion the EPA knew about the toxicity of the air, and that WTC dust included asbestos and disturbingly high PH levels. She said that some of the dust was "as caustic and alkaline as Drano." [14] Dr. Marjorie Clarke also warned of the consequences of breathing toxic dust and fumes. Yet, agencies did not heed her warnings. [15] This article is about the broadcast network. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation conducted a study of the World Trade Center site. However, it refused to release the results of its study, saying that the results were a study of a "criminal investigation." ^[33] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC or DEC) is responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of natural resources within the U.S. state of New York. ...

On September 13, 2006, Congressmen Jerrold Nadler (NY), Anthony Weiner (NY), Bill Pascrell Jr. (NJ) filed a request with US Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez to investigate whether criminal charges may be brought against Whitman for lying about air safety in the Ground Zero area.[16] is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jerrold Lewis Nadler, sometimes called Jerry Nadler (born June 13, 1947) is an American politician from New York City. ... Anthony D. Weiner (b. ... William J. Pascrell, Jr. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955 in San Antonio, Texas, USA) is the current United States. ...

See also: Christine Todd Whitman

Christine Todd Christie Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author, who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush. ...

Alleged government minimization of health risks

Critics assert that government officials, notably, US President Bush and then-New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani minimized the health risks of the area and rushed to reopen the area.^[34] Former head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Christine Todd Whitman testified, June 25, 2007, before a House of Representatives committee chaired by Jerrold Nadler. She said that a White House official informed her that President Bush expected that the Financial District would reopen within three days, that is, by September 14. She said that she replied that this would be cumbersome, since the EPA was still judging the health situation in the area.^[35] Investigations after the attacks suggest that the Bush administration pressured Whitman and Giuliani to provide health reassurances in order to keep Wall Street operating. ^{[36] [37][38]} Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III, (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York. ... EPA redirects here. ... Christine Todd Christie Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author, who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... Jerrold Lewis Nadler, sometimes called Jerry Nadler (born June 13, 1947) is an American politician from New York City. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ...

Statements by mayor Rudy Giuliani

Two days after the collapse of the World Trade Center, mayor Giuliani said, "The air is safe as far as we can tell, with respect to chemical and biological agents." ^[39] Giuliani, in attempting to deflate New York Daily News journalist Juan Gonzalez' reportage of the 9/11 air issue, claimed that "the problems created... are not health-threatening." ^[40] In the first month after the attacks, the mayor said, "The air quality is safe and acceptable."^[41] Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Juan Gonzalez is an American investigative journalist. ...

In November 2001, Giuliani wrote to the city's Congressional delegation and urged that the city's liability for Ground Zero illnesses be limited, in total, at $350 million. Two years after Mayor Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.^[42] In the most general sense, a liability is anything that is a hindrance, or puts individuals at a disadvantage. ...

In a September 18, 2006 New York Daily News article titled, "Rudy's Black Cloud: WTC health risks may hurt Prez Bid," Sally Regenhard, mother of Firefighter Christian Regenhard, who died on September 11, is quoted, "There's a large and growing number of both FDNY families, FDNY members, former and current, and civilian families who want to expose the true failures of the Giuliani administration when it comes to 9/11." She told the New York Daily News that she intends to "Swift Boat" Giuliani.^[43] is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sally Regenhard Sally Regenhard is an American activist who has become one of the leading voices for the families of the victims of the September 11 attacks. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Swift Boat is another term for a Fast Patrol Craft. ...

Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton is contemplating calling Giulani to testify before a Senate committee on whether the government failed to protect recovery workers from the effects of polluted Ground Zero air. ^{[44] [45]} Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, and is a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. ...

Congressman Nadler was quoted in a March 1, 2007 "New York Sun" article, "Potential Clinton-Giuliani Battle Brews Over 9/11 Health Issues." He said that he "absolutely" wishes to interview Giuliani administration officials regarding the environment in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. He asked, "Who made decisions, if any, that resulted unnecessarily in a lot of people getting sick?" ^[46]

Handling of cleanup procedure

A May 14, 2007 New York Times article, "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy," gave the interpretation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have become sick and that "many regard Mr. Giuliani's triumph of leadership as having come with a human cost." The article reported that he seized control of the cleanup of Ground Zero, taking control away from established federal agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. He instead handed over responsibility to the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed. ^[47] FEMA redirects here. ... United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 military men and women. ... OSHA logo The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ... It has been suggested that gas mask be merged into this article or section. ...

Workers worked without proper respirators. They wore painters' masks or no covering. Specialists claim that the only effective protection against toxins such as airborne asbestos, is a special respirator. New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health industrial hygenist David Newman said, "I was down there watching people working without respirators." He continued, "Others took off their respirators to eat. It was a surreal, ridiculous, unacceptable situation." ^[48]

The local EPA office sidelined the regional EPA office. Dr. Cate Jenkins, a whistle-blower EPA scientist, said that on September 12, 2001, a regional EPA office offered to dispatch 30 to 40 electron microscopes to the WTC pit to test bulk dust samples for the presence of asbestos fibers. Instead, the local office chose the less effective polarized light microscopy testing method. Dr. Jenkins alleged that the local office refused, and said, "We don't want you f---ing cowboys here. The best thing they could do is reassign you to Alaska."^[49]

Lawsuit against city, regarding health payments

First responders and other individuals are suing the City of New York. Lawyers are criticizing the city for failing to provide proper facial ventilators to clean-up workers. ^[50] On October 17, 2006, federal judge Alvin K. Hellerstein rejected New York City's motion to dismiss lawsuits that requested health payments to the first responders. ^[51] A medical ventilator is a device designed to provide mechanical ventilation to a patient. ... A bucket brigade works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001 The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein is a judge for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York and has been involved in several high-profile cases. ...

Possible settlement

On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown interest in a legal settlement, to resolve lawsuits against the city. The settlement would yield a financial settlement apportioned in the following manner: forty percent to lawyers, and sixty percent to litiganrs.^[52] A settlement is a contract that is one possible result when parties sue (or contemplate so doing) each other in civil courts, usually seeking money as reparations for the alleged wrongdoing of the defendants. ...

Estimated treatment costs

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health issued a study on July 17, 2007 indicating that the estimates for monthly costs of treating Ground Zero workers had increased from around $6 million per month to $20 million per month by the end of 2007. The causes of the increased expense lie in the increasing numbers of workers getting sick and the worsening illnesses of workers. This indicated that the planned U.S. House appropriation legislation (of $50 million) for the sick workers, for the coming year, would be inadequate. The number of workers that have registered with area hospitals' Ground Zero programs has reached 37,000. With about 500 new workers registering each month the Institute estimated that the number of registrants could reach 65,000 in two years. (The Institute is overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services.) ^[53] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. ... The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ...

Vulnerable individuals

Fallen first responders, workers, volunteers and office workers

• Sister Cindy Mahoney, hospice volunteer
• Mark DeBiase, communications worker
• James Zadroga, NYPD officer (The causes of Zadroga's death are under dispute. He was originally determined to have died from 9/11 dust. However, the City medical examiner asserted that Zadroga died from self-injection of ground drugs. On the other hand, a third doctor backs the original claim of WTC dust responsibility. James' father, Joseph, said that the medical examiner reported no "track marks on his arms or body.") ^[54]
• NYPD officer Cesar Borja (Although Officer Borja was referred to in the press as a "first responder," The New York Times reported in February 2007 that Borja actually did not go on duty near the World Trade Center site until late December 2001. He did work traffic and security posts at the site, 12 hours per day.) ^[55]
• NYPD Detective Robert Williamson
• Felicia Dunn-Jones, attorney (she was added to the official 9/11 list of fatalities)
• NYPD Officer Kevin Hawkins
• NYPD Officer Frank Macri

First responders

In particular, first responders, New York Police Department and Fire Department of New York members that reported to Ground Zero, have asserted that they are victims of diseases associated with the toxic cloud from the pulverized buildings and equipment. See article, Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks. NYPD Detective Zadroga, 34, was the first 9/11 responder whose 2006 death was directly linked with toxic Ground Zero substances. ^[56] Gerard Breton, a pathologist of the Ocean County, New Jersey, medical examiner's office (which conducted an autopsy), reported that "It is felt with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the cause of death in this case was directly related to the 9/11 incident." ^[57] [17] A bucket brigade works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001 The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ...

Cesar Borja, a veteran of the NYPD, died, falling ill from lung disease. He had spent 16 hour days at the smoldering wreckage of Ground Zero. ^[58] Detective Robert Williamson, 46, died from pancreatic and lung cancer on May 13, 2007. He worked for 16 hour days, without taking days off, in performing recovery work at the Ground Zero site. After the clean up effort, he was among individuals that lobbied Governor George Pataki to sign a bill permitting retireees suffering from Ground Zero illnesses to have their illnesses reclassified and to receive additional pension benefits. His family and union believe that his cancers were directly caused by exposure to Ground Zero dust at the World Trade Center site. ^{[59] [60]}

20 year veteran of the NYPD, Officer Kevin Hawkins, 41, died in May 2007 from kidney cancer, soon after filing for a Ground Zero disability pension. He had worked two months at the Ground Zero site. [18] NYPD Officer Frank Macri died of lung cancer that spread throughout his body on September 3, 2007. Macri's lungs were filled with dust when the towers collapsed and he later spent two months working on the site. The long hours on the site gave him vomiting spells and he was diagnosed with an already rapidly progressing stage four cancer only one year after the attack, despite being a non-smoker and cancer free before the attacks. ^[61]

Surviving first responders and their advocates are asserting that their illnesses have resulted from exposure to toxins at Ground Zero. The Patrolmen's Benevolent Association of the City of New York (PBA) filed a lawsuit to secure benefits for Officer Christopher Hynes, 36. In March 2004 he was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. However, the NYPD has refused to bestow line-of-duty injury status to him. Hynes had worked for 111 hours at Ground Zero and its vicinity. He claims that he was never given a proper respirator for his work at Ground Zero. He has had difficulty in paying medical bills because of the denial of line-of-duty status. One medical provider sued him for $3,094 for medical bills. The provider eventually settled out of court for $1,625. The PBA noted that firefighters, by contrast, have been given line-of-duty status for their injuries. ^{[62] [63]} The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York is one of the labor unions representing police officers of the New York City Police Department. ...

Various volunteers

Hundreds of volunteer firefighters, construction workers, health professionals, clergy, and other individuals descended upon the scene in the days immediately following the attacks. These individuals volunteered directly at the Ground Zero site or cared for traumatized responders. Among individuals in the latter group, newspaper accounts have cited South Carolinian Episcopal nun, Sister Cindy Mahoney’s death as a fatality of Ground Zero illness. Mahoney spent several months attending to first responders’ spiritual needs. Two weeks prior to her death, she was cut off from her insurance. She choked to death, November 1, 2006, following five years of lung troubles. ^{[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72]} is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sen. Hillary Clinton on Sister Mahoney and Ground Zero illness: “We know that so many are now suffering health effects from breathing the toxic air at Ground Zero . . . . Yet there are still some who doubt the link. By raising attention to her own devastating illness, Sister Mahoney will continue as she did in life, to help those affected by 9/11.”^[73] REDIRECT Hillary Rodham Clinton   This is a redirect from a title with another method of capitalisation. ...

Communications recovery worker Mark DeBiase, aged 41, died on April 9, 2006 from a Ground Zero illness. He worked without protective gear for restoring communications at the site. "DeBiase's work was so crucial in emergency workers to communicate that he was shuttled between locations in a military helicopter," according to his father, Angelo DeBiase. ^[74] is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Janitorial workers

Manuel Checo is one of many janitors that performed cleanup work who now suffer from World Trade Center cough. He spent six months at the site. Compounding janitorial workers’ troubles, three-quarters of them lack health insurance.[19]

Financial district personnel

Civil rights attorney Felicia Dunn-Jones, 42, died February 10, 2002, from sarcoidosis. The city's chief medical examiner belatedly attributed her death to her being engulfed in the dust cloud from the collapse of the Twin Towers, one block from her office. ^[75][76]

Mayor Rudy Giuliani acted quickly to "reopen Wall Street." The Wall Street area reopened for business on September 17. Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III, (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ...

Educators and students

Students and staff at Stuyvesant High School returned to the school which lies within one-third of a mile north of the World Trade Center site, while fires were still burning at Ground Zero. Alumni are circulating a petition for greater attention to health problems related to the Ground Zero air.[20] [21] There is a debate over whether the 2002 Class President Amit Friedlander's developing cancer is related to Ground Zero air. Stuyvesant High School, commonly referred to as Stuy, is a New York City public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. ...

Further information: Stuyvesant High School

In addition, the students and staff members at the Murry Bergtraum High School for Business Careers returned to the building a couple of days after the attack, with the air system in the school severely affected and damaged from the debris and dust from the World Trade Center site. (Murry Bergtraum High School is three-fourths of a mile east of the site.) Several teachers, particularly from the business department, and students have developed Asthma and other breathing problems because of the lack of unpolluted air and the failure of cleaning the school's central air system thoroughly after years of the attack. Stuyvesant High School, commonly referred to as Stuy, is a New York City public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. ... View of the eastern wing of the building, which oversees Pearl Street. ...

Ground Zero workers' and area residents' protests

On January 30, 2007 Ground Zero workers and groups such as Sierra Club and Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes met at the Ground Zero site and urged President George W. Bush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground Zero workers. They said that the $25 million dollars that Bush promised for the ill workers was inadequate. A Long Island iron-worker, John Sferazo, at the protest rally said, "Why has it taken you 5 1/2 years to meet with us, Mr. President?" ^[77] is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Sierra Club is an American environmental organization founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Area residents joined the protest. Mariama James, who lives within blocks of the Ground Zero site, said that she became ill after cleaning the Ground Zero debris and dust from her apartment. She said, "Recovery workers aren't the only people that were affected by this disaster," James said. "There are other people in need of treatment and monitoring." ^[78]

Ground Zero workers' lawsuit

Families of Ground Zero workers have filed a mass lawsuit against the city. Andrew Carboy of the firm, Sulivan, Pappain, Block, McGrath and Cannovo said of the deaths of Cesar Borja, James Zadroga, and Mark DeBiase, "If Borja, Zadroga and now DeBiase isn't a wakeup call for the city, I don't know what will wake them." ^[79]

By June 2007, the number of people filing claims against the city, regarding exposure to Ground Zero toxins, reached 10,000. ^[80] Attorney David Worby is leading a class action lawsuit representing 8,000 people. ^[81] By September, 2007, the number of plaintiffs in the case reached 10,000. "I started this suit on behalf of one cop that got sick." He continued, "Nobody would touch the case with a 10 foot pole because it was considered unpatriotic to say anything against the cleanup or the EPA.^[82] David E. Worby, JD is a New York City veteran trial lawyer who made his fortune from personal injury cases, such as victims of drunk drivers and unjustified police shootings. ... In law, a class action is an equitable procedural device used in litigation for determining the rights of and remedies, if any, for large numbers of people whose cases involve common questions of law and fact. ... A plaintiff, also known as a claimant or complainer, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. ... EPA redirects here. ...

Pending legislation

Various bills are sitting before Congress: The Remember 9/11 Health Act and the James Zadroga Act. The sponsor of the Remember 9/11 Health Act is Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney. [22] The sponsors of the Zadroga Act are Senator Bob Menendez and Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney. [23] [24] [25] Carolyn Bosher Maloney (b. ... Robert Bob Menendez (born January 1, 1954) is a Democratic Senator from New Jersey. ... Carolyn Bosher Maloney (born February 19, 1948) is a New York Democrat serving in the United States House of Representatives for New Yorks 14th congressional district (map) since 1993. ...

On September 13, 2006 Sen. Clinton brought an amendment to a piece of ports security legislation, aiming to create a five-year, $1.9 billion treatment program for sufferers of Ground Zero dust and fumes after-effects.[26] is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Lawsuit by area residents

Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn residents brought a 111-page lawsuit against the EPA for purported deception of the public about hazards of Ground Zero air and dust. A major force behind this effort is Brooklyn resident Jenna Orkin of the World Trade Center Environmental Organization. On February 2, 2006 Federal Court Judge Deborah Batts issued an 83 page statement, indicating that there are sufficient grounds for the case to proceed. She also rejected granting Whitman immunity from the lawsuit. [27] This article is about the borough of New York City. ... The Honorable Deborah A. Batts (born 13 April 1947) is a U.S. federal judge, currently serving on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. ...

See also

Ground Zero environmental advocacy organizations

• http://www.asthmamoms.com/ has a thorough World Trade Center site covering articles and resources since September 11, 2001. It is written by a downtown mother who lives a block from the former WTC towers.
• 9/11 Environmental Action
• World Trade Center Environmental Organization

Worker organizations

• Ceasar Borja, Jr., son of NYPD officer, fallen to Ground Zero illness [28]

^{[83] [84]}

• Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes [29]
• Feal Good Foundation, a non-profit organization, whose aim is to disseminate information about the health problems of September 11 responders

Books

• Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 (2006), ISBN-10: 0060536616
• Juan Gonzalez, Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse (2002), ISBN 1565847547

Wayne Barrett is a writer for the Village Voice. ... Juan Gonzalez is an American investigative journalist. ...

Documentaries

• Fallout: The Health Impact of 9/11, produced by Linda Sills - British Broadcasting Corporation, aired in May, 2006 on BBC World
• Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11, by Heidi Dehncke -Fisher, produced by Bruce Kennedy.
• 911: Dust and Deceit at the WTC [30], by Penny Little, produced by People to People TV.
• Toxic Legacy, by Susan Teskey, produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, aired in September, 2006 on Discovery Times.

Toxic Legacy is a documentary by Susan Teskey and it was produced for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ... Radio-Canada redirects here. ... The Discovery Times Channel is a digital cable channel that was a joint venture of Discovery Communications and The New York Times. ...

Related links

• Health organizations monitoring the health of first responders and lower Manhattan residents:
• a Center for Disease Control webpage
• Centers for Disease Control press release, First Reports of Health Effects in World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers Find High Rates of Respiratory and Mental Health Problems
• Mount Sinai Hospital's screening program
• http://healthandenergy.com/ground_zero_air_pollution.htm
• CBC website accompanying documentary, Toxic Dreams. Includes graphics of 9/11 dust and video interview with the New York Times reporter, Anthony DePalma.
• Transcript of Rep. Jerrold Nadler's opening statement for the first Congressional hearings on the health effects of September 11
• Natural Resources Defense Council site on the Environmental Impacts of the of the World Trade Center Attacks
• http://clinton.senate.gov/issues/911/
• http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0823-03.htm
• http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/
• http://www.thenation.com/blogs/actnow?pid=120368
• Katie Couric's September 2006 60 Minutes report on Ground Zero illness
• Transcript of Living on Earth radio program on health effects of the cleanup
• http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/03/11/1538253
• Juan Gonzalez story with archive of older articles
• http://healthresources.caremark.com/topic/wtc
• WTC environmental health news, archive by Asthma Moms
• Dust to Dust excerpt

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ... Anthony F. DePalma (1905–April 6, 2005) was an orthopedic surgeon, humanitarian, and teacher at Thomas Jefferson University, as well as the founder of the orthopedic department at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. ...

Related Articles

• September 11, 2001 attacks
• Collapse of the World Trade Center
• Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11
• Fallout: The Health Impact of 9/11
• Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks
• Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks
• Toxic Legacy

A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. ... A bucket brigade works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001 The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... According to the 9/11 Commission, between 16,400 and 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ... Toxic Legacy is a documentary by Susan Teskey and it was produced for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ...

References