This article is about health issues and the effects of cannabis. For the main articles, see cannabis and cannabis (drug). Although there are many conflicting studies involving health issues and the effects of cannabis, some conclusions concerning the effects on physical and mental health have been reached. Today, there is still a substantial amount of propaganda and misinformation from both cannabis advocates and opponents due to the legal issues of cannabis, including legal and political constraints on cannabis research. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Look up Cannabis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Cannabis (also known as marijuana[1] or ganja[2] in its herbal form and hashish in its resinous form[3]) is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ...
Image File history File links Marijuana. ...
Image File history File links Marijuana. ...
Look up Cannabis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants...
With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual. ...
For other uses, see Mind (disambiguation). ...
Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ...
Misinformation is information that is incorrect, but not because of a deliberate attempt to mislead. ...
World laws on cannabis possession (small amount). ...
[edit] Effects Erowid lists the following effects:[10] Erowid. ...
Positive
- mood lift, euphoria
- laughter
- relaxation, stress reduction
- creative, philosophical or deep thinking : ideas flow more easily
- increased appreciation of music. More aware of, deeper connection to music.
- increased awareness of senses. (eating, drinking, smell)
- change in experience of muscle fatigue. Pleasant body feel. Increase in body/mind connection.
- pain relief (headaches, cramps)
- reduced nausea, increased appetite (used medically for this)
- boring tasks or entertainment can become more interesting or amusing
Neutral - general change in consciousness (as with many psychoactives)
- increased appetite
- slowness (slow driving, talking)
- change in vision such as sharpened colors or lights
- closed-eye visuals (somewhat uncommon)
- tiredness, sleepiness, lethargy
- stimulation, inability to sleep (less common)
- blood shot eyes (more common with certain varieties of cannabis and inexperienced users)
- mouth dryness, sticky-mouth (varies with strain)
- interrupts linear memory. Difficulty following a train of thought.
- cheek, jaw, facial tension / numbness (less commonly reported)
- racing thoughts (especially at high doses)
- increased emotional impact of music
- Time sense altered: cars seem like they are moving too fast, time dilation and compression are common at higher doses
Negative - nausea, especially in combination with alcohol, some pharmaceuticals, or other psychoactives
- coughing, asthma, upper respiratory problems
- difficulty with short term memory during effects and during periods of frequent use (Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC, Psychopharmacology, 2006)
- racing heart, agitation, feeling tense
- mild to severe anxiety
- panic attacks in sensitive users or with very high doses (oral use increases risk of getting too much)
- headaches
- dizziness, confusion
- lightheadedness or fainting (in cases of lowered blood pressure)
- paranoid & anxious thoughts more frequent
- possible psychological dependence on cannabis
- clumsiness, loss of coordination at high doses
- can precipitate or exacerbate latent or existing mental disorders
[edit] Withdrawal Symptoms - A distinctive marijuana withdrawal syndrome has been identified, but it is very mild and short lived. The syndrome includes restlessness, irritability, mild agitation, insomnia, sleep disturbance, nausea, and cramping.[1]
[edit] Hunger The "Munchies" is a term that is often used to describe the increased appetite that some claim comes from using cannabis. Research performed by the National Institutes of Health claimed that cannabis increases food enjoyment and the number of times a person eats each day.[citation needed] Recently, scientists have claimed to be able to explain what causes the increase in appetite, concluding that "endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake."[2] National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical research. ...
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
[edit] Toxicity According to the Merck Index,[3] the LD50 (dosage lethal to 50% of rats tested) of Δ9-THC by inhalation is 42 mg/kg of body weight. That is the equivalent of a man weighing 75 kg (165 lb) inhaling the THC found in 21 grams of extremely high-potency (15% THC) marijuana all in one sitting, assuming no THC is lost through smoke loss or absorption by the lungs. For oral consumption, the LD50 for male rats is 1270 mg/kg, and 730 mg/kg for females—equivalent to the THC in about a pound of 15% THC marijuana.[4] The ratio of cannabis material required to saturate cannabinoid receptors to the amount required for a fatal overdose is 1:40,000.[5] There have been no reported deaths or permanent injuries sustained as a result of a marijuana overdose. It is practically impossible to overdose on marijuana, excluding oral ingestion, as the user would certainly either fall asleep or otherwise become incapacitated from the effects of the drug before being able to consume enough THC to be mortally toxic. According to a United Kingdom government report, using cannabis is less dangerous than tobacco, prescription drugs, and alcohol in social harms, physical harm and addiction.[6] The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds. ...
An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ...
Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Δ9-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant; and additionally so in a variety of other plants. ...
Although there are many conflicting studies involving health issues and the effects of cannabis, certain physical and mental health effects conclusions have been reached. Today, there is still a substantial amount of propaganda and misinformation from both cannabis advocates and opponents due to the legal issues of cannabis, including legal and political constraints on cannabis research. With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual. ...
For other uses, see Mind (disambiguation). ...
Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ...
Misinformation is information that is incorrect, but not because of a deliberate attempt to mislead. ...
World laws on cannabis possession (small amount). ...
Cannabis is currently recognized as a psychologically addictive drug. There is no cannabis withdrawal disorder in the DSM-IV, but studies have demonstrated that cannabis use can induce mild withdrawal symptoms similar to other drugs with recognized psychological dependence. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. ...
[edit] Confounding combination The most obvious confounding factor in cannabis research is the prevalent usage of other recreational drugs, including alcohol and tobacco.[7] Marijuana use can increase risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. [8] Such complications demonstrate the need for studies on cannabis that have stronger controls, and investigations into the symptoms of cannabis use that may also be caused by tobacco. Most cannabis research within the USA is funded by government agencies who in turn publish position papers citing research studies that spotlight the negative consequences of cannabis use.[9][10] In light of this, some people question whether these agencies make an honest effort to present an accurate, unbiased summary of the evidence, or whether they "cherry-pick" their data, and others caution that the raw data, and not the final conclusions, are what should be examined.[11] Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ...
Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ...
Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ...
However, contrasting studies have linked the smoking of cannabis to lung cancer and the growth of cancerous tumors.[12][13][14][15] A 2002 report by the British Lung Foundation estimated that three to four cannabis cigarettes a day were associated with the same amount of damage to the lungs as 20 or more tobacco cigarettes a day.[16] British Lung Foundation is a British medical research charity dedicated to the curing of lung diseases. ...
Cannabis also has a synergistic toxic effect with the food additive Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and possibly the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The study concluded, "Exposure to marijuana smoke in conjunction with BHA, a common food additive, may promote deleterious health effects in the lung." BHA & BHT are man-made fat preservatives, and are found from in many packaged foods including: plastics in boxed Cereal, Jello, Slim Jims, and more. [17]
[edit] Memory Cannabis is known to act on the hippocampus (an area of the brain associated with memory and learning), and impair short term memory and attention for the duration of its effects and in some cases for the next day[18]. In the long term, some studies point to enhancement of particular types of memory.[19] Cannabis was found to be neuroprotective against excitotoxicity and is therefore beneficial for the prevention of progressive degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.[20] A 1998 report commissioned in France by Health Secretary of State Bernard Kouchner and directed by Dr. Pierre-Bernard Roques determined that, "former results suggesting anatomic changes in the brain of chronic cannabis users, measured by tomography, were not confirmed by the accurate modern neuro-imaging techniques," (like MRI). "Moreover, morphological impairment of the hippocampus [which plays a part in memory and navigation] of rat after administration of very high doses of THC (Langfield et al., 1988) was not shown (Slikker et al., 1992)" (translated). He concluded that cannabis does not have any neurotoxicity as defined in the report, unlike alcohol and cocaine.[21][22][23] The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ...
In psychology, memory is an organisms ability to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. ...
The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...
The term neuroprotection means mechanisms within the nervous system which protect neurons from apoptosis or degeneration, for example following a braininjury or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. ...
Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by glutamate and similar substances. ...
This article deals with the social-philosophical meaning of degeneration. ...
A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ...
Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ...
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning. ...
Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the brain. ...
Magnetic Resonance Image showing a median sagittal cross section through a human head. ...
The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ...
[edit] Adulterated cannabis Contaminants may be found in hashish when consumed from soap bar-type sources[24]. The dried flowers of the plant may be contaminated by the plant taking up heavy metals and other toxins from its growing environment[25]. Recently, there have been reports of herbal cannabis being adulterated with minute (silica [usually glass or sand], or sugar} crystals in the UK and Ireland. These crystals resemble THC in appearance, yet are much heavier, and so serve again to increase the weight, and hence value, of the cannabis on the street[26]. Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ...
Soap bar or Soapbar may refer to: A bar of soap, surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. ...
The acronym THC has several possible meanings: Teens Hate Chains, a Japanese singing group Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active ingredient in Cannabis Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, extracted from Turmeric as an active ingredient in cosmetics Texas Historical Commission Therapeutic Humane Cannabis Act Thermohaline circulation The History Channel Terminal Handling Charges This page concerning a...
[edit] Pregnancy Studies have found that children of marijuana-smoking mothers more frequently suffer from permanent cognitive deficits, concentration disorders, hyperactivity, and impaired social interactions than non-exposed children of the same age and social background.[27][28] A recent study with participation of scientists from Europe and the United States, have now identified that endogenous cannabinoids, molecules naturally produced by our brains and functionally similar to THC from cannabis, play unexpectedly significant roles in establishing how certain nerve cells connect to each other. The formation of connections among nerve cells occurs during a relatively short period in the fetal brain. The study tries to give a closer understanding of if and when cannabis damages the fetal brain[29][30].[31]
Other studies on Jamaica have suggested that cannabis use by expectant mothers does not appear to cause birth defects or developmental delays in their newborn children.[32][33] In a study in 1994 of Twenty-four Jamaican neonates exposed to marijuana prenatally and 20 non exposed neonates comparisons were made at 3 days and 1 month old, using the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, including supplementary items to capture possible subtle effects. Results showed there were no significant differences between exposed and nonexposed neonates on day 3. At 1 month, the exposed neonates showed better physiological stability and required less examiner facilitation to reach organized states. The neonates of heavy-marijuana-using mothers had better scores on autonomic stability, quality of alertness, irritability, and self-regulation and were judged to be more rewarding for caregivers. This work was supported by the March of Dimes Foundation.[34] March of Dimes official logo March of Dimes is the name of health charities in both the United States and Canada. ...
[edit] Lung cancer On 23 May 2006, Donald Tashkin, M.D., Professor of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in Los Angeles announced that the use of Marijuana does not appear to increase the risk of developing lung cancer, or increase the risk of head and neck cancers, such as cancer of the tongue, mouth, throat, or esophagus.[35]The study involved 2252 participants, with some of the most chronic marijuana smokers having smoked over 22,000 marijuana cigarettes.[35][36][37][38] The finding of Donald Tashkin, M.D., and his team of researchers in 2006 refines their earlier studies published in a Dec. 17 2000 edition of the peer-reviewed journal Cancer Epidemiology Biomarker and Prevention.[11] Many opponents of marijuana incorrectly cite the original finding of UCLA Medical Center from 2000 as "proof" that marijuana use leaves the users at higher risk for cancer of the lung, and cancerous tumors,[12] even though the researchers at the UCLA Medical Center have revised their finding with a more in-depth study on the effects of the use of marijuana. This seemed to contradict assumptions made after some studies, like those from Dale Geirringer et al., which found that 118 carcinogens were produced when marijuana underwent combustion, and two carcinogens {2-Methyl-2, 4(2H-1-benzopyran-5-ol) & 5-[Acetyl benz[e]azulene-3,8-dione} formed when marijuana underwent vaporization with the Volcano Vaporizer.[39] To help explain this seemingly chemical proof of carcinogenity inherent in the process of combustion, Tashkin noted that "one possible explanation for the new findings, he said, is that THC, a chemical in marijuana smoke, may encourage aging cells to die earlier and therefore be less likely to undergo cancerous transformation."[35] ?
[edit] Legal and political constraints on open research
 Drug bottle containing cannabis In many countries, experimental science regarding cannabis is legally restricted because cannabis is illegal. Thus, cannabis as a drug is often hard to fit into the structural confines of medical research because appropriate, research-grade samples are difficult to obtain legally for research purposes, unless granted under authority of national governments. Image File history File links Drug_bottle_containing_cannbis. ...
Image File history File links Drug_bottle_containing_cannbis. ...
From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ...
World laws on cannabis possession (small amount). ...
[edit] United States This issue was recently highlighted in the United States by the clash between Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), an independent research group, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a federal agency charged with the application of science to the study of drug abuse. The NIDA largely operates under the general control of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a White House office responsible for the direct coordination of all legal, legislative, scientific, social and political aspects of federal drug control policy. The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is a non-profit organization that aims to assist scientists to design, fund, obtain approval for and report on studies into the risks and benefits of MDMA, psychedelic drugs and marijuana. ...
Cover of a NIDA educational booklet. ...
This article describes the government of the United States. ...
The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was established in 1988 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. ...
The Executive Office of the President (EOP or sometimes EXOP) consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. ...
The cannabis that is available for research studies in the United States is grown at the University of Mississippi and solely controlled by the NIDA, which has veto power over the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to define accepted protocols. Since 1942, when cannabis was removed from the U.S. pharmacopoeia and its medical use was prohibited, there have been no legal (under federal law) privately funded cannabis production projects. This has resulted in a limited amount of research being done and possibly NIDA's producing cannabis which has been alleged to be of very low potency and inferior quality.[40] The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. ...
hi “FDA†redirects here. ...
Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia First Edition (published in 1930) Pharmacopoeia (literally, the art of the drug compounder), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a...
MAPS, in conjunction with Professor Lyle Craker, PhD, the director of the Medicinal Plant Program of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, sought to provide independently grown cannabis of more appropriate research quality for FDA-approved research studies, and encountered opposition by NIDA, the ONDCP, and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The center of the UMass Amherst campus. ...
The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ...
[edit] United Kingdom In countries such as the United Kingdom a license for growing cannabis is required if it is to be used for botanical or scientific reasons. It is referred to as a "controlled drug". In such countries a greater depth and variety of scientific research has been performed. Recently several habitual smokers were invited to partake in various tests by British medical companies in order for the UK government to ascertain the influence of cannabis on operating a motor vehicle.
[edit] Pharmacology
[edit] Biochemical effects The most prevalent psychoactive substance in cannabis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (commonly called Δ9-THC, or simply THC). In the past two decades, the average content of THC in marijuana sold in North America has increased from about 1% to 3-4% or more. Carefully selected and cloned plants can yield as much as 15% THC (however in the Netherlands the maximum is 29% THC).[41] Another psychoactive cannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa is Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), but it is only found in small amounts.[42] In addition, there are also similar compounds contained in cannabis that do not exhibit any psychoactive response but are obligatory for functionality: Cannabidiol (CBD), an isomer of THC; Cannabinol (CBN), an oxidation product of THC; Cannabivarin (CBV), an analog of CBN with a different sidechain, Cannabidivarin (CBDV), an analog of CBD with a different sidechain, and Cannabinolic acid. How these other compounds interact with THC is not fully understood. Some clinical studies have proposed that CBD acts as a balancing force to regulate the strength of the psychoactive agent THC. Anecdotal and inconclusive reports claim that marijuana with relatively high ratios of THC:CBD is less likely to induce anxiety than marijuana with low THC:CBD ratios.[43] CBD is also believed to regulate the body’s metabolism of THC by inactivating cytochrome P450, an important class of enzymes that metabolize drugs. Experiments in which mice were treated with CBD followed by THC showed that CBD treatment was associated with a substantial increase in brain concentrations of THC and its major metabolites, most likely because it decreased the rate of clearance of THC from the body.[43] Cannabis cofactor compounds have also been linked to lowering body temperature, modulating immune functioning, and cell protection. The essential oil of cannabis contains many fragrant terpenoids which may synergize with the cannabinoids to produce their unique effects. THC is converted rapidly to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is also pharmacologically active, so the drug effect outlasts measurable THC levels in blood.[41] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2150x1273, 35 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Tetrahydrocannabinol ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2150x1273, 35 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Tetrahydrocannabinol ...
The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphical representation of the molecular structure showing how the atoms are arranged. ...
Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Δ9-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant; and additionally so in a variety of other plants. ...
Image File history File links THV_structure. ...
Image File history File links THV_structure. ...
Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3030x1799, 30 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabidiol Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3030x1799, 30 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabidiol Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Image File history File links CBN_structure. ...
Image File history File links CBN_structure. ...
Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2313x1647, 25 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabivarin Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2313x1647, 25 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabivarin Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Cannabivarin, also known as cannabivarol or CBV, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2504x1793, 29 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabidivarin Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2504x1793, 29 KB) Description: chemical structure of cannabidivarin Author: Cacycle Date of creation: 8 January 2006 (UTC) Source: selfmade Copyright: GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) Creative Commons License (attribution, sharealike, 2. ...
Cannabidivarine, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ...
Cannabis (also known as marijuana[1] or ganja[2] in its herbal form and hashish in its resinous form[3]) is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ...
Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Δ9-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant; and additionally so in a variety of other plants. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of chemical bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently (analogous to a chemical anagram). ...
Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ...
Cannabivarin, also known as cannabivarol or CBV, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
An analog is in chemistry a chemical closely related to another usually sharing the same nucleus. ...
...
Cannabidivarine, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the bodys cannabinoid receptors. ...
This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2E1) Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1. ...
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. ...
An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ...
Chemical structure of the terpenoid isopentenyl pyrophosphate. ...
11-hydroxy-THC is the primary active Δ9-THC metabolite. ...
In 1990, the discovery of cannabinoid receptors located throughout the brain and body, along with endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitters like anandamide (a lipid material derived ligand from arachidonic acid), suggested that the use of cannabis affects the brain in the same manner as a naturally occurring brain chemical. Cannabinoids usually contain a 1,1'-di-methyl-pyrane ring, a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and a variedly unsaturated cyclohexyl ring and their immediate chemical precursors, constituting a family of about 60 bi-cyclic and tri-cyclic compounds. Like most other neurological processes, the effects of cannabis on the brain follow the standard protocol of signal transduction, the electrochemical system of sending signals through neurons for a biological response. It is now understood that cannabinoid receptors appear in similar forms in most vertebrates and invertebrates and have a long evolutionary history of 500 million years. The fact that these receptors have been conserved throughout this time indicates that they must have an important basic role in animal physiology. Cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl cyclase activity, inhibit calcium N channels, and disinhibit K+A channels. There are two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. ...
In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ...
The word endogenous means arising from within. Compare exogenous. ...
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron. ...
Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ...
A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ...
In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a...
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6). ...
An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ...
In chemistry, saturation has four different meanings: In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will appear as a precipitate. ...
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. ...
Overview of signal transduction pathways In biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another, most often involving ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, that are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers resulting in...
Electrochemistry is the study of the electronic and electrical aspects of chemical reactions. ...
Neurons (also called nerve cells) are the primary cells of the nervous system. ...
Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ...
Invertebrate is a term coined by Chevalier de Lamarck to describe any animal without a backbone or vertebra, like insects, squids and worms. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...
Adenylate cyclase (EC 4. ...
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient that exists across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see cell potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. ...
In cell biology, potassium channels are the most common type of ion channel. ...
The CB1 receptor is found primarily in the brain and mediates the psychological effects of THC. The CB2 receptor is most abundantly found on cells of the immune system. Cannabinoids act as immunomodulators at CB2 receptors, meaning they increase some immune responses and decrease others. For example, nonpsychotropic cannabinoids can be used as a very effective anti-inflammatory.[43] The affinity of cannabinoids to bind to either receptor is about the same, with only a slight increase observed with the plant-derived compound CBD binding to CB2 receptors more frequently. Cannabinoids likely have a role in the brain’s control of movement and memory, as well as natural pain modulation. It is clear that cannabinoids can affect pain transmission and, specifically, that cannabinoids interact with the brain's endogenous opioid system and may affect dopamine transmission.[44] This is an important physiological pathway for the medical treatment of pain. Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...
An immunomodulator is a drug used for its effect on the immune system: drugs may be immunosuppressants or immunostimulators. ...
Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ...
In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel, applying not just to biological individuals. ...
In psychology, memory is an organisms ability to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. ...
An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...
The cannabinoid receptor is a typical member of the largest known family of receptors called a G protein-coupled receptor. A signature of this type of receptor is the distinct pattern of how the receptor molecule spans the cell membrane seven times. The location of cannabinoid receptors exists on the cell membrane, and both outside (extracellularly) and inside (intracellularly) the cell membrane. CB1 receptors, the bigger of the two, are extraordinarily abundant in the brain: 10 times more plentiful than μ-opioid receptors, the receptors responsible for the effects of morphine. CB2 receptors are structurally different (the homology between the two subtypes of receptors is 44%), found only on cells of the immune system, and seems to function similarly to its CB1 counterpart. CB2 receptors are most commonly prevalent on B-cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes, but can also be found on polymorphonuclear neurtrophil cells, T8 cells, and T4 cells. In the tonsils the CB2 receptors appear to be restricted to B-lymphocyte-enriched areas. A Mu-opioid G protein-coupled receptor with its agonist Figure 1. ...
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or phospholipid bilayer) is a semipermeable lipid bilayer common to all living cells. ...
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular means outside the cell. It is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell). ...
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means inside the cell. It is used in contrast to extracellular (outside the cell). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. ...
In biology, homology is any similarity between structures that is due to their shared ancestry. ...
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ...
Natural killer cells (NK) are a type of lymphocyte (a white blood cell) and a component of nonspecific immune defense. ...
MONOCYTES: Plural of monocyte. ...
A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, CTL or killer T cell) belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) which are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Palatine tonsils. ...
The abbreviation B comes from bursa of Fabricius that is an organ in birds in which avian B cells mature. ...
THC and endogenous anandamide additionally interact with glycine receptors. The Glycine receptor is one of the most widely distributed inhibitory receptors in the Central nervous system. ...
Cannabis also contains a related class of compound: the Cannaflavins. These compounds have been suggested to contribute certain effects of cannabis, such as analgesia and anti-inflammatory properties, and are considerably more effective than aspirin. Cannaflavins usually contain a 1,4-pyrone ring fused to a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and linked to a 2nd variedly derivatized aromatic ring and include for example the non-psychoactive Cannflavin A and B. An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ...
Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (IPA: ), (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (to relieve minor aches and pains), antipyretic (to reduce fever), and as an anti-inflammatory. ...
The nature of cannabis, its lipophilic (fat soluble) properties, yields a long elimination half-life relative to other recreational drugs. The THC molecule, and related compounds, are usually detectable in drug tests for up to approximately one month after using cannabis (see drug test). This detection is possible because non-psychoactive THC metabolites are stored for long periods of time in fat cells, and THC has an extremely low water solubility. It is this slow and steady removal from the body that is linked with usually mild or nonexistent withdrawal symptoms after single or occasional use of the drug. The rate of elimination of metabolites is slightly greater for more frequent users due to tolerance, and indicates greater possibility for withdrawal symptoms after termination of chronic or habitual use. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
A drug test is a process using some kind of biological matter taken from an individual to determine previous drug use. ...
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. ...
The LD50 of THC is 1270 mg/kg (male rats), 730 mg/kg (female rats) oral in sesame oil, and 42 mg/kg (rats) from inhalation.[45] An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ...
[edit] Physiological effects Some of the effects of cannabis use include increased heart rate, dryness of the mouth, reddening of the eyes (congestion of the conjunctival blood vessels), a reduction in intra-ocular pressure, mild impairment of motor skills and concentration, and increased hunger. Electroencephalography shows somewhat more persistent alpha waves of slightly lower frequency than usual.[41] Cannabis also produces many subjective effects, such as greater enjoyment of food's taste and aroma and an enhanced enjoyment of music and comedy. At higher doses, cannabis can cause marked distortions in time and space perception, altered body image, auditory and/or visual (more like daydreams) hallucinations, ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes, and depersonalization. Cannabis generally relieves tension and provides a sense of euphoria. There is a more complete list of effects at cannabis (drug). Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ...
A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ...
The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ...
f you all The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
A motor skill is a skill required for proper usage of skeletal muscles. ...
In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. ...
Hunger is a feeling experienced when the glycogen level of the liver falls below a threshold, usually followed by a desire to eat. ...
Girl wearing electrodes for electroencephalography Person wearing electrodes for electroencephalography Portable recording device for electroencephalography Electroencephalography is the neurophysiologic measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp or, in special cases, subdurally or in the cerebral cortex. ...
Alpha waves recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) are synchronous and coherent (regular like sawtooth) and in the frequency range of 8 - 12 Hz. ...
FreQuency is a music video game developed by Harmonix and published by SCEI. It was released in November 2001. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
// Music is an art form consisting of sound and silence expressed through time. ...
A pocket watch, a device used to tell time Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Space has been an interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. ...
Body image is a persons perception of his or her own physical appearance. ...
A daydream is a fantasy that a person has while awake, often about spontaneous and fanciful thoughts not connected to the persons immediate situation. ...
A hallucination is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ...
For other uses, see Ataxia (disambiguation). ...
Depersonalization (or derealization) is the feeling that nothing is real; there is no or little sense of reality. ...
“Happy†redirects here. ...
Cannabis (also known as marijuana[1] or ganja[2] in its herbal form and hashish in its resinous form[3]) is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ...
The areas of the brain where cannabinoid receptors are most prevalently located are consistent with the behavioral effects produced by cannabinoids. Brain regions in which cannabinoid receptors are very abundant are the basal ganglia, associated with movement control; the cerebellum, associated with body movement coordination; the hippocampus, associated with learning, memory, and stress control; the cerebral cortex, associated with higher cognitive functions; and the nucleus accumbens, regarded as the reward center of the brain. Other regions where cannabinoid receptors are moderately concentrated are the hypothalamus, mediating body housekeeping functions; the amygdala, associated with emotional responses and fears; the spinal cord, associated with peripheral sensations like pain; the brain stem, associated with sleep, arousal, and motor control; and the nucleus of the solitary tract, associated with visceral sensations like nausea and vomiting.[46] In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ...
Human behavior is the collection of activities performed by human beings and influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. ...
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. ...
The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ...
The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ...
The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...
In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ...
Location of the cerebral cortex Slice of the cerebral cortex, ca. ...
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus leaning against the septum), is a collection of neurons located where the head of the caudate and the anterior portion of the putamen meet just lateral to the septum pellucidum. ...
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...
Look up Amygdala in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Fear is a powerful biological feeling of unpleasant risk or danger, either real or imagined. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
Mostly enveloped by the cerebrum and cerebellum (blue), the visible part of brainstem is shown in black. ...
For other uses, see Sleep (disambiguation). ...
Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake. ...
The solitary nucleus and tract are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) cranial nerves, as well as the cranial part of the accessory nerve (XI). ...
For the Beck song, see Nausea (song). ...
Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ...
Most notably, the two areas of motor control and memory are where the effects of cannabis are directly and irrefutably evident. Cannabinoids, depending on the dose, inhibit the transmission of neural signals through the basal ganglia and cerebellum. At lower doses, canabinoids seem to stimulate locomotion while greater doses inhibit it, most commonly manifested by lack of steadiness (body sway and hand steadiness) in motor tasks that require a lot of attention. Other brain regions, like the cortex, the cerebellum, and the neural pathway from cortex to striatum, are also involved in the control of movement and contain abundant cannabinoid receptors, indicating their possible involvement as well. Dose can refer to: Dose (album), an album by the jam band Govt Mule Dose (song), a song by the band Filter Dose (magazine), a free daily Canadian magazine In medicine: Effective dose, the smallest amount of a substance required to produce a measurable effect on a living organism...
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, the striatum and pallidum globus pallidus: external segment (GPe), subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus: internal segment (GPi), and substantia nigra (SN). ...
Experiments on animals and human tissue have shown the potential for the disruption of short-term memory,[43] which is consistent with the abundance of CB1 receptors on the hippocampus. The effects of THC at these receptor sites produce what resembles a "temporary hippocampal lesion."[43] As a result of this, several neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and glutamate, are released that trigger a major decrease in neuronal activity in the hippocampus and its inputs. In the end, this procedure could lead to the blocking of cellular processes that are associated with memory formation. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that these effects are permanent, and normal neurological functionality is eventually regained, usually as the drug is metabolized. Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as primary, working, or active memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a few seconds. ...
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ...
Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ...
Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ...
The total duration of cannabis intoxication when smoked is about 1 to 4 hours. A study of ten healthy male volunteers who resided in a residential research facility sought to examine both acute and residual subjective, physiologic, and performance effects of smoking marijuana cigarettes. On three separate days, subjects smoked one NIDA marijuana cigarette containing either 0%, 1.8%, or 3.6% THC, documenting subjective, physiologic, and performance measures prior to smoking, five times following smoking on that day, and three times on the following morning. Subjects reported robust subjective effects following both active doses of marijuana, which returned to baseline levels within 3.5 hours. Heart rate increased and the puplilary light reflex decreased following active dose administration with return to baseline on that day. Additionally, marijuana smoking acutely produced decrements in smooth pursuit eye tracking. Although robust acute effects of marijuana were found on subjective and physiological measures, no effects were evident the day following administration, indicating that the residual effects of smoking a single marijuana cigarette are minimal.[47] In in-vitro experiments THC at extremely high concentrations, which could not be reached with commonly consumed doses, caused competitive inhibition of the AChE enzyme and inhibition of β-amyloid peptide aggregation, the cause of Alzheimer's disease[48] The hour (symbol: h) is a unit of time. ...
The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ...
Wiktionary has a definition of: In vitro In vitro (Latin: within glass) means within a test tube, or, more generally, outside a living organism or cell. ...
Aceh (pronounced Ah-chay) is a special territory (daerah istimewa, or special autonomy) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Dutch colonists and the current Indonesian government. ...
[edit] Addiction Animal research has shown that the potential for cannabinoid psychological dependence does exist, and includes mild withdrawal symptoms. Although not as severe as that for alcohol, heroin, or cocaine dependence, marijuana withdrawal is usually characterized by insomnia, restlessness, loss of appetite, depression, irritability, anger, increased muscle activity (jerkiness), and aggression after sudden cessation of chronic use as a result of physiological tolerance. Prolonged marijuana use produces both pharmacokinetic changes (how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted) and pharmacodynamic changes (how the drug interacts with target cells) to the body. These changes require the user to consume higher doses of the drug to achieve a common desirable effect, and reinforce the body’s metabolic systems for synthesizing and eliminating the drug more efficiently.[43] Filmed by PETA, Covance primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5. ...
Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ...
Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is an opioid synthesized directly from the extracts of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. ...
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...
Dependency has a number of meanings: In project management, a dependency is a link amongst a projects terminal elements. ...
Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ...
This article is about the sleeping disorder. ...
The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. ...
Look up depression in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. ...
Anger may be a (physiological and psychological) response to a perceived threat to self or important others, present, past, or future. ...
In physiology, tolerance occurs when an organism builds up a resistance to the effects of a substance after repeated exposure. ...
Pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the study of the time course of substances and their relationship with an organism or system. ...
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. ...
Preliminary research, published in the April 2006 issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, indicates that cannabis addiction can be offset by a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational incentives. Participants in the study (previously diagnosed with marijuana dependence) received either vouchers as incentives to stay drug free, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or both over a 14-week period. At the end of 3 months, 43 percent of those who received both treatments were no longer using marijuana, compared with 40 percent of the voucher group, and 30 percent of the therapy group. At the end of a 12-month follow-up, 37 percent of those who got both treatments remained abstinent, compared with 17 percent of the voucher group, and 23 percent of the therapy group.[49] Cognitive therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of mental disorder. ...
A 1998 French governmental report commissioned by Health Secretary of State Bernard Kouchner, and directed by Dr. Pierre-Bernard Roques, classed drugs according to addictiveness and neurotoxicity. It placed heroin, cocaine and alcohol in the most addictive and lethal categories; benzodiazepine, hallucinogens and tobacco in the medium category, and cannabis in the last category. The report stated that "Addiction to cannabis does not involve neurotoxicity such as it was defined in chapter 3 by neuroanatomical, neurochemical and behavioral criteria. Thus, former results suggesting anatomic changes in the brain of chronic cannabis users, measured by tomography, were not confirmed by the accurate modern neuro-imaging techniques. Moreover, morphological impairment of the hippocampus [which plays a part in memory and navigation] of rat after administration of very high doses of THC (Langfield et al., 1988) was not shown (Slikker et al., 1992)." Health Secretary Bernard Kouchner concluded that : "Scientific facts show that, for cannabis, no neurotoxicity is demonstrated, to the contrary of alcohol and cocaine."[50] Bernard Kouchner (born November 1, 1939 in Avignon) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. ...
Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances ,which are called neurotoxins, alters the normal activity of the nervous system. ...
Alprazolam 2mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered as minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which ar
|
