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Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Hébĕi; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is 冀 (pinyin: jì), named after Ji Province (冀州 Jì Zhōu), a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the (Yellow) River". Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that Acronym and initialism be merged into this article or section. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hà nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to...
Image File history File links Made by uploader based on a large scale map of China by woodhome and hunry of the XZQH forums. ...
For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ...
A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (çœ shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…š; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”£é»¨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ...
Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ...
This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total areas. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ...
This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total populations in 2002. ...
This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China(including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total population density in 2002. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 100 Renminbi Yuan issued in 1999 The renminbi (Simplified Chinese: 人民å¸; Traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: ; literally peoples currency) is the official currency in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total gross domestic product in 2002. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 100 Renminbi Yuan issued in 1999 The renminbi (Simplified Chinese: 人民å¸; Traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: ; literally peoples currency) is the official currency in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in order of their total gross domestic product per capita in 2002. ...
The Peoples Republic of China officially describes itself as a multinational unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or MÃnzú (æ°‘æ—), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ...
Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year 2000. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉æ—; Traditional Chinese: æ¼¢æ—; pinyin: ) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ...
The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Chinese: æ»¿æ— pinyin: MÇŽnzú; often shortened to 滿, MÇŽn) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria. ...
The Hui people (Chinese: 回æ—; pinyin: ) are a Chinese ethnic group. ...
Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. ...
In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 (xià n). ...
When referring to Political Divisions of China, township is the standard English translation of the Chinese 乡 (xiāng). ...
Jump to: navigation, search December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The front page of the English Wikipedia website. ...
Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hà nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to...
Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ...
Jump to: navigation, search In the early twentieth century, China (starting with the dying Qing Empire) used Postal (Office) System Pinyin (Traditional Chinese:郵政å¼æ‹¼éŸ³ Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì PÄ«nyÄ«n) (unrelated to the modern Hanyu Pinyin), based on Wade-Giles (in particularly, Herbert Giless A Chinese-English Dictionary) for...
A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (çœ shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hà nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to...
Jump to: navigation, search Han commanderies and kingdoms AD 2. ...
The zhōu (州) was a historical political division of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ...
Zhili (Traditional Chinese: 直隸, Simplified Chinese: 直隶, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhílì, Wade-Giles: Chih-li), meaning "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)", was the name of Hebei before 1928. Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ...
Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ...
Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...
Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Hebei completely surrounds Beijing and Tianjin municipalities (which also border each other). It borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. Jump to: navigation, search Beijing [▶](audio help) (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
Tianjin (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Liaoning (Simplified Chinese: è¾½å®; Traditional Chinese: é¼å¯§; pinyin: ) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ...
Shandong (Simplified Chinese: 山东; Traditional Chinese: å±±æ±; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ...
Bohai Bay is one of the three bays forming the Bohai Gulf, the innermost gulf of the China. ...
The Yellow Sea (in North and South Korea, it is also called the West Sea (strangely not disputed like East Sea) is the northern part of the East China Sea, which in turn is a part of the Pacific Ocean. ...
Jump to: navigation, search D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ...
A common alternate name for Hebei is Yānzhào (燕赵), after the state of Yan and state of Zhao that existed here during the Warring States Period. State of Yan (small seal script, 220 BC) Yan (pinyin: yan1, simplified Chinese/traditional Chinese: 燕) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ...
State of Zhao (small seal script, 220 BC) Zhao (pinyin: zhao4, simplified Chinese: 赵, traditional Chinese: 趙) was a Chinese state during the Warring States Period. ...
Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhà nguó ShÃdà i) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the...
History Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. Trinomial name Homo erectus pekinensis Peking Man (sometimes now called Beijing Man), also called Sinanthropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis), is an example of Homo erectus. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Homo erectus Dubois, 1894 Subspecies Homo erectus palaeojavanicus Homo erectus soloensis Homo erectus (upright man) is a hominin species that is believed to be an ancestor of modern humans (with Homo heidelbergensis usually treated as an intermediary step). ...
During the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan (燕 yān) in the north and Zhao (赵 zhào) in the south, before both succumbed to the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) ruled the area under two provinces (zhou), Youzhou Province (幽州 Yōuzhōu) in the north and Jizhou Province (冀州 Jìzhōu) in the south. At the end of the Han Dynasty, most of Hebei came under the control of warlords Gongsun Zan in the north and Yuan Shao further south; Yuan Shao emerged victorious out of the two, but he was soon defeated by rival Cao Cao (based further south, in modern-day Henan) in the Battle of Guandu in 200. Hebei then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Wei (one of the Three Kingdoms), established by the descendants of Cao Cao. Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhà nguó ShÃdà i) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the...
State of Yan (small seal script, 220 BC) Yan (pinyin: yan1, simplified Chinese/traditional Chinese: 燕) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ...
State of Zhao (small seal script, 220 BC) Zhao (pinyin: zhao4, simplified Chinese: 赵, traditional Chinese: 趙) was a Chinese state during the Warring States Period. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Qin Dynasty (ç§¦æœ Pinyin QÃn, Wade-Giles Chin; 221 BC - 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Han commanderies and kingdoms AD 2. ...
Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 211 BC 210 BC 209 BC 208 BC 207 BC - 206 BC - 205 BC 204 BC...
Events Han Xiandi abdicates his throne to Cao Pi, symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. ...
The zhōu (州) was a historical political division of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Han commanderies and kingdoms AD 2. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Gongsun Zan (å…¬å«ç“š gong1 sun1 zan4), courtesy name Bogui, was a warlord of northern China active toward the end of the second century AD. He was commander of a cavalry force and served on the northern and eastern frontiers of the Han Dynasty empire fighting against various non-Chinese peoples. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Yuan Shao (? – 202) was a major warlord occupying the north of ancient China during the massive civil war towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Yuan Shao (? – 202) was a major warlord occupying the north of ancient China during the massive civil war towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Cao Cao (155 – 220), whose name is also often transliterated and should be correctly pronounced as Tsao Tsao, was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty...
Jump to: navigation, search Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ...
The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰) was a battle in Chinese history. ...
For other uses, see number 200. ...
The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ...
The Three Kingdoms period (Simplified Chinese: 三国; Traditional Chinese: 三國; Pinyin SÄnguó) is a period in the history of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Cao Cao (155 – 220), whose name is also often transliterated and should be correctly pronounced as Tsao Tsao, was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty...
After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the chaos of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties ensued. Hebei, firmly in North China and right at the northern frontier, was a battleground throughout this period. This continued until the Sui Dynasty reestablished China's unity in 589. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links IronLion. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links IronLion. ...
Cangzhou (Chinese: 沧州; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei Province, China. ...
The Jin Dynasty (晉 pinyin jìn, 265-420) followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ...
The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ...
This article is about China. ...
The Sui Dynasty (éš‹æœ Hanyu Pinyin: suà cháo, 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...
Events October 17 - The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. ...
During the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) the area was formally designated "Hebei" (Yellow River's north) for the first time. During the earlier part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hebei was home to rebel provincial governor Li Cunxu, who eventually overthrew the Later Liang Dynasty (907 - 923) to establish the Later Tang Dynasty (923 - 936). The next dynasty to come, the Later Jin Dynasty under Shi Jingtang, ceded much of modern-day northern Hebei to the Khitan Liao Dynasty in the north; this territory, called The Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, became a major problem for China's defense against the Khitans for the next century, since it lay within the Great Wall. Jump to: navigation, search Also the name of a rock band. ...
Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ...
Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ...
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: 五代å國 Simplified Chinese: 五代å国 Hanyu pinyin: WÇ”dà ishÃguó) (907-960) was a period of political upheaval in China, between the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. ...
Li Cunxu was King of Jin, China (908-923) and later became Emperor of Later Tang (923-926). ...
The Later Liang (Simplified Chinese character: 后梁, Traditional Chinese character: 後梁, Hanyu pinyin Hòu Liáng) (907-923) was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China. ...
Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ...
Events June 15 - Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed, King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy. ...
The Later Tang Dynasty was one of the five dynasties during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. ...
Events June 15 - Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed, King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Events King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon) defeats Hubaekje. ...
The Later Jin (936-947) was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China. ...
The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: QìdÄn), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (æ±èƒ¡æ— dÅng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the...
The Liao Dynasty (T: 遼朝 S: 辽朝 pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, sometimes also known as the Kingdom or Empire of the Khitan, was founded by the Yelü (耶律 Yēlǜ) family of the Khitan tribes in the final years of the Tang Dynasty, although Yelü Abaoji did not declare an...
The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: QìdÄn), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (æ±èƒ¡æ— dÅng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the...
Great Wall can refer to several things: Great Wall of China Great Wall of Galaxies, part of the Coma Cluster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
During the Northern Song Dynasty (960 - 1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of hot contention between Song China and the Liao Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty that came after abandoned all of North China to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in 1127, including Hebei. Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ...
Events Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothar II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ...
The Liao Dynasty (T: 遼朝 S: 辽朝 pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, sometimes also known as the Kingdom or Empire of the Khitan, was founded by the Yelü (耶律 Yēlǜ) family of the Khitan tribes in the final years of the Tang Dynasty, although Yelü Abaoji did not declare an...
Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
North China (北方 Hanyu pinyin: Běifāng) and South China (南方 Hanyu pinyin: Nánfāng) are two approximate regions within China. ...
The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ...
The Jin Dynasty (金 pinyin: JÄ«n 1115-1234; Anchu in Jurchen), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (å®Œé¡ Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ...
Events Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothar II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ...
The Mongol Yuan Dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. The Ming Dynasty ruled Hebei as "Beizhili" (北直隸, pinyin: Běizhílì), meaning "Northern Directly Ruled", because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital, Beijing; the "Northern" designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day Jiangsu and Anhui. When the Manchu Qing Dynasty came to power in 1644, they abolished the southern counterpart, and Hebei became known as "Zhili", or simply "Directly Ruled". Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: å…ƒæœ or 大元å¸åœ‹) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Ming Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hà nyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to...
Jump to: navigation, search Beijing [▶](audio help) (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
Jump to: navigation, search Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江è‹; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: An-hui; Postal System Pinyin: Ngan-hui, Anhwei or An-hwei) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Chinese: æ»¿æ— pinyin: MÇŽnzú; often shortened to 滿, MÇŽn) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories...
// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...
The Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1912 and was replaced by the Republic of China. Within a few years, China descended into civil war, with regional warlords vying for power. Since Zhili was so close to Peking (Beijing), the capital, it was the site of frequent wars, including the Zhiwan War, the First Zhifeng War and the Second Zhifeng War. With the success of the Northern Expedition, a successful campaign by the Kuomintang to end the rule of the warlords, the capital was moved from Peking (Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing). As a result, the name of Zhili was changed to Hebei to reflect that fact that it had a standard provincial administration, and that the capital had been relocated elsewhere. Jump to: navigation, search The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories...
1912 was a leap year starting on Monday. ...
Jump to: navigation, search National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Premier Frank Hsieh Area - Total - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Beijing [▶](audio help) (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Northern Expedition (北ä¼) was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China from 1926 to 1927. ...
The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘黨; Simplified: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Beijing [▶](audio help) (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
Nanjing (Chinese: å—京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking), is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ...
The founding of the People's Republic of China saw several changes: the region around Chengde, previously part of Rehe Province (historically part of Manchuria), and the region around Zhangjiakou, previously part of Chahar Province (historically part of Inner Mongolia), were merged into Hebei, extending its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. The capital was also moved from Baoding to the upstart city of Shijiazhuang, and for a short period, to Tianjin. Chengde (承德, Pinyin: Chéngdé) is a city approximately one hundred miles northeast of Beijing in northeastern Hebei province, situated near the Luan River. ...
Rehe (Simplified Chinese: 热河; Traditional Chinese: 熱河; pinyin: Rèhé; lit. ...
Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; pinyin: ) is name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ...
Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ...
Chakhar is a group of the Mongols. ...
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Tianjin (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
On July 28, 1976, Tangshan was struck by a powerful earthquake, the Tangshan earthquake, the deadliest of the 20th century with over 240,000 killed. A series of smaller earthquakes struck the city in the following decade. Jump to: navigation, search July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Tangshan (Chinese: å”山市; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earths surface. ...
The Tangshan earthquake (å”山大地震) of July 28, 1976 is one of the largest earthquakes in loss of life to hit the modern world. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
In 2005, Chinese archaeologists unearthed what is being called the Chinese equivalent of Italy's Pompeii. The find in question, located near Liumengchun Village (柳孟春村) in Cang County in east-central Hebei, is a buried settlement destroyed nearly 700 years ago by a major earthquake. Another possible explanation may be the four successive floods which hit the area around the time when the settlement met its sudden end. The settlement appears to have been a booming commercial center during the Song Dynasty. [1] Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Ruins in Pompeii The city of Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many smaller places around the Bay of Naples, was a Roman municipality destroyed during an eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The eruption was described by Pliny the Younger (see below), whose...
Jump to: navigation, search The Song Dynasty (Chinese: 宋æœ) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
 Langyashan (Wolf tooth mount) Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2700 KB) Description: Langya mountain (狼牙山) Source: Date: On June 30 2005 Author: Taken by Fanghong Permission: Other versions of this file: File links The following pages link to this file: Hebei ...
Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2700 KB) Description: Langya mountain (狼牙山) Source: Date: On June 30 2005 Author: Taken by Fanghong Permission: Other versions of this file: File links The following pages link to this file: Hebei ...
Geography Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the North China Plain. The province is bordered by the Yan Mountains (Yan Shan) in the north and Taihang Mountains (Taihang Shan) in the west, while the southeast forms part of the North China Plain. The highest peak is Mount Xiaowutai with an altitude of 2882 m. Hebei borders Bohai Sea on the east. The Hai He watershed covers most of the province's central and southern parts, and the Luan He watershed covers the northeast. The North China Plain (Chinese: åŽåŒ—平原; Pinyin: ) also called the Middle Plain (Chinese: ä¸åŽŸ; Pinyin: ), is made of the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ...
The North China Plain (Chinese: åŽåŒ—平原; Pinyin: ) also called the Middle Plain (Chinese: ä¸åŽŸ; Pinyin: ), is made of the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ...
The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ...
Bo Hai (Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: B hăi; Wade-Giles: Po-hai lit. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Chinese rivers ...
A watershed is either (1) a region of land where water flows into a specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean or (2) a topographical boundary between catchment basins. ...
The Luan River (Luan He, formerly known as Lei Shui, or Ru Shui) is a river in China. ...
A watershed is either (1) a region of land where water flows into a specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean or (2) a topographical boundary between catchment basins. ...
Hebei has a continental monsoon climate, with annual rainfall of 400 to 800 mm. It often rains heavily in summer. Spring may be a time for sandstorms. A continental climate is the climate typical of the middle-latitude interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the zone of westerly winds; similar climates exist along the east coasts (but not the west coasts) of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other...
Jump to: navigation, search For the band Monsoon see Sheila Chandra Monsoon in the Vindhya, a mountain chain in central India A monsoon is a periodic wind, especially in the Indian Ocean and southern Asia. ...
In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Summer is a season, defined by convention in meteorology as the whole months of June, July, and August, in the Northern hemisphere, and the whole months of December, January, and February, in the Southern hemisphere. ...
Major cities:
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Tangshan (Chinese: å”山市; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Handan (Simplified Chinese: 邯郸; Traditional Chinese: 邯鄲; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of Hebei Province of China. ...
Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ...
Administrative divisions Hebei is made up of 11 prefecture-level divisions, which are all prefecture-level cities: A prefecture-level city (地级市 Pinyin: dìjí shì, literally region-level city) or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
These are subdivided into 172 county-level divisions (22 county-level cities, 108 counties, 6 autonomous counties and 36 districts). Those are, in turn, divided into 2207 township-level divisions (1 district public office, 937 towns, 979 townships, 55 ethnic townships, and 235 subdistricts). Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Tangshan (Chinese: å”山市; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Handan (Simplified Chinese: 邯郸; Traditional Chinese: 邯鄲; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of Hebei Province of China. ...
Xingtai (Simplified Chinese: é‚¢å°; Pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in southern Hebei province, China. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Zhangjiakou (Simplified Chinese: 张家口; Traditional Chinese: 張家口; pinyin: ) is a city in Hebei Province, China. ...
Chengde (承德, Pinyin: Chéngdé) is a city approximately one hundred miles northeast of Beijing in northeastern Hebei province, situated near the Luan River. ...
Cangzhou (Chinese: 沧州; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei Province, China. ...
Langfang (廊åŠ), Hebei province, China, is a prefecture-level city located approximately midway between Beijing and Tianjin with a population of 3. ...
Hengshui is a city in Hebei province, China. ...
A county-level city (县级市 Pinyin: xiànjí shì) is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. ...
In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 (xià n). ...
In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 (xià n). ...
District, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. ...
District, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. ...
When referring to Political Divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 镇 (zhèn). ...
When referring to Political Divisions of China, township is the standard English translation of the Chinese 乡 (xiāng). ...
The Peoples Republic of China has created, following Soviet nationality policy, a number of administrative divisions designated as autonomous, although many disagree of their actual autonomy. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Subdistrict is one of the smallest Political_divisions_of_China. ...
For a complete list of the county-level divisions of Hebei, see List of administrative divisions of Hebei. The administrative divisions of Hebei, a province of the Peoples Republic of China, consists of prefecture-level divisions subdivided into county-level divisions then subdivided into township-level divisions. ...
Economy Hebei's main agricultural products are cotton and cereal crops including wheat, maize, millet, and sorghum. Hebei is responsible for most of the cotton produced in China. Other industrial crops like peanut, soya bean and sesame are also produced. Download high resolution version (1220x863, 113 KB)Taken by uploader in summer of 2003. ...
Download high resolution version (1220x863, 113 KB)Taken by uploader in summer of 2003. ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Cereal crops are mostly grasses cultivated for their edible seeds (actually a fruit called a caryopsis). ...
Species T. boeoticum T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ...
Pearl millet in the field Ripe head of proso millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. ...
Species About 20 species, including: Sorghum almum Sorghum bicolor Sorghum caffrorum Sorghum caudatum Sorghum cernuum Sorghum halepense Sorghum nervosum Sorghum nigricans Sorghum nitidum Sorghum propinquum Sorghum roxburghii Hybrids Sorghum × almum Sorghum × drummondii Sorghum is a genus of about 20 species of grasses, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the...
Jump to: navigation, search Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Arachis hypogaea L. The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the pea family Fabaceae native to South America. ...
Binomial name Glycine max Soybeans (US) or soya beans (UK) (Glycine max) are a high-protein legume (Family Fabaceae) grown as food for both humans and livestock. ...
Binomial name Sesamum indicum L. Thai workers harvesting sesame Sesame is a plant grown primarily for its oil-rich seeds. ...
Large quantities of coal and iron can be found in Hebei. Jump to: navigation, search Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by deep mining, coal mining (open-pit mining or strip mining). ...
Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
Hebei's industries mainly include textiles, coal, steel, iron, engineering industry, chemical production, petroleum, electricity, ceramics and food. This article is about the type of fabric. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by deep mining, coal mining (open-pit mining or strip mining). ...
Jump to: navigation, search The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ...
Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
Jump to: navigation, search The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word ΚεÏαμεικος (-keramos- the name of a suburb of Athens), and in its strictest sense refers to clay in all its forms. ...
In 2003:
GDP: 709.54 billion Renminbi
GDP per capita: 10508 Renminbi
GDP growth rate: 11.6%
Employment by industry (primary/secondary/tertiary) (2001): 49.6% / 25.4% / 25.0% Jump to: navigation, search 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 100 Renminbi Yuan issued in 1999 The renminbi (Simplified Chinese: 人民å¸; Traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: ; literally peoples currency) is the official currency in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 100 Renminbi Yuan issued in 1999 The renminbi (Simplified Chinese: 人民å¸; Traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: ; literally peoples currency) is the official currency in the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
Demographics The population is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Mongol, Manchu, Korean, and Hui Chinese. Jump to: navigation, search Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉æ—; Traditional Chinese: æ¼¢æ—; pinyin: ) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ...
The Peoples Republic of China officially describes itself as a multinational unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or Mínzú (民族), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ...
Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Chinese: æ»¿æ— pinyin: MÇŽnzú; often shortened to 滿, MÇŽn) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria. ...
The Hui people (Chinese: 回æ—; pinyin: ) are a Chinese ethnic group. ...
In 2001:
Birth rate: 11.16 births/1000 population
Death rate: 6.18 births/1000 population
Sex ratio: 103.63 males/100 females
Average family size: 3.59
Illiteracy rate (total/male/female): 8.59% / 6.47% / 10.76% Jump to: navigation, search 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. ...
Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ...
Culture Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over most of the province, except along the western border, where dialects of Jin-yu, another subdivision of Chinese, are spoken instead.
(Jin-yu is sometimes classified as a subdivision of Mandarin. For more information, see Chinese spoken language.) Jump to: navigation, search Mandarin listen [â–¶](Traditional: 北方話, Simplified: 北方è¯, Hanyu Pinyin: BÄ›ifÄnghuà , lit. ...
Jin (simplified: 晋语; traditional: 晉語; pinyin: jìnyǔ), or Jin-yu, is a subdivision of spoken Chinese. ...
Spoken Chinese The Chinese spoken language(s) comprise(s) many regional variants. ...
Traditional forms of musical performing arts in Hebei include Pingju, Hebei Bangzi, and Cangzhou Kuaiban Dagu. Traditional arts and crafts include Dingzhou porcelain.
Transportation Having the most number of national highways, Hebei's total highway length is more than 40 thousand kilometers. Hebei also has the highest coverage of railways in the country. There are railways to Guangzhou, Harbin, Baotou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Jiujiang, Jinan and others. Shijiazhuang and Shanhaiguan are two main railway transportation centers. Qinhuangdao is one of the busiest port in northern China. Shijiazhuang is also the center of air transportation. Location within China Guangzhou (Simplified Chinese: 广州; Traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuang-chou; Jyutping: Gwong2zau1; Yale: Gwóngjaū) is the capital of the Guangdong Province in southern China. ...
This article discusses the city of Harbin in Manchuria. ...
Baotou (包头) is the largest city in Inner Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Nanjing (Chinese: å—京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking), is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Location within China Jinan (Simplified Chinese: 济å—; Traditional Chinese: æ¿Ÿå—; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chi-nan) is the capital and a sub-provincial city of Shandong province in China. ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Shijiazhuang (Simplified Chinese: 石家庄; Traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: , literally, The Shi Family Village) is a prefecture-level city about 320 kilometers south of Beijing and the capital of Hebei province. ...
Tourism The east end of the Ming Great Wall is located on the coast at Shanhaiguan, near Qinhuangdao. The Ming Great Wall crosses the northern part of the province. Beidaihe, located nearby, is a popular beach resort. Jump to: navigation, search .:This article discusses the man-made structure. ...
First Gate Under Heaven, under repairs in 2003. ...
Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...
Beidaihe is a seaside resort in Qinhuangdao municipality, Hebei province, China. ...
The Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples are a World Heritage Site. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Qing Dynasty emperors. Jump to: navigation, search World Heritage Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ...
Jump to: navigation, search The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories...
Also, there are Qing Dynasty imperial tombs at Zunhua (East Qing Tombs) and Yixian (West Qing Tombs). These are also part of a World Heritage Site. Jump to: navigation, search The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories...
A tomb is a small building (or vault) for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. ...
Jump to: navigation, search World Heritage Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ...
The Zhaozhou Anji Bridge, built during the Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in China, and one of the most significant examples of pre-modern Chinese civil engineering. Zhaozhou Congshen (趙州從諗) (778?-897?), known as Chao-chou Tsung-shen in Wade-Giles and JÅshÅ« JÅ«shin in Japanese, was one of the renowned Chan (Zen) masters of ancient China. ...
The Sui Dynasty (éš‹æœ Hanyu Pinyin: suà cháo, 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...
Jump to: navigation, search In Italy In England An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. ...
Jump to: navigation, search In modern usage, civil engineering is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes. ...
Baoding, the old provincial capital, c
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