The noble gases are the elements in group 8 (also sometimes Group 0 IUPAC Style, or Group 18) of the periodic table. It is also called helium family or neon family. Chemically, they are very stable due to having the maximum number of valence electrons their outer shell can hold. A thorough explanation requires an understanding of electronic configuration, with references to quantum mechanics. Noble gases rarely react with other elements since they are already stable. Under normal conditions, they occur as odourless, colourless, monatomic gases. Noble gases have numerous important applications in lighting, welding and space technology. A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table. ... A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 4. ... A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number neon, Ne, 10 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 20. ... A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number krypton, Kr, 36 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 4, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 83. ... A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ... A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number radon, Rn, 86 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 6, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass (222) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Physical properties Phase gas Density (0 °C, 101. ... A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number ununoctium, Uuo, 118 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 7, p Appearance unknown, probably colorless Atomic mass predicted, (314) g/mol Electron configuration perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 (guess based on radon) Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 Phase... IUPAC logo The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (Pronounced as eye-you-pack) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1919 devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. ... In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons contained in the valence shell of an atom, and which are likely to participate in a chemical reaction through bonding with other atoms or molecules. ... Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... Fig. ...

Etymology

“Noble gas” is the translation of the German “edelgas”, which was in use as early as 1898^[1]. The noble gases have also been referred to as inert gases, but this term is not strictly accurate because several of them do take part in chemical reactions. Another old term is rare gases, although in fact argon forms a considerable part (0.93% by volume, 1.29% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere.^[2] An inert gas is any gas that is not reactive under normal circumstances. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... Adjectives: Terrestrial, Terran, Telluric, Tellurian, Earthly Atmosphere Surface pressure: 101. ... Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)[2] Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ...

History

The existence of noble gases was not known until after the advent of the periodic table. In the late nineteenth century, Lord Rayleigh discovered that some samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different density than nitrogen resulting from chemical reactions. He and William Ramsay theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was associated with another gas, argon. With this discovery, they realized that a whole class of gases was missing from the periodic table. Eventually all the known noble gases except for helium were discovered in the air, with argon being much more common than the others, and the table was completed. Helium was detected spectrographically in the Sun in 1868. The isolation of helium on Earth had to wait until 1895. Under standard conditions, the noble gases all occur as monatomic gases.^[3] In 1897 there was evidence that argon and helium were part of a new column on the periodic table. This column was completed in the early 1900s with the discovery of the final elements. ^[4] The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Atomic mass 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Atomic mass 14. ... Chemical reactions are also known as chemical changes. ... Sir William Ramsay (October 2, 1852 – July 23, 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 (along with Lord Rayleigh who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for the discovery of argon). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. ... For Acoustic uses in spectrographs of sound waves, see below. ... The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Temperature and air pressure can vary from one place to another on the Earth, and can also vary in the same place with time. ... In physics and chemistry, monatomic is a combination of the words mono and atomic, and means single atom. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 4. ...

Chemical makeup

Neon, like all noble gases, has a "full" valence (outermost) electron shell.

Noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons which can participate in chemical bonding. According to atomic theory derived from quantum mechanics and experimental trends, atoms with full valence electron shells are extraordinarily stable and therefore do not form chemical bonds.^[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ... Properties In chemistry and physics, an atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning indivisible) is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ... In chemistry, a chemical bond is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals. ... This article focuses on historical models of the atom. ... Fig. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ... In chemistry, a chemical bond is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals. ...

All of them exhibit an extremely low chemical reactivity; in fact no conventional compounds of helium or neon have yet been prepared. Xenon and krypton are known to show some reactivity in the laboratory. Recently argon compounds have also been successfully characterised.The noble gases' lack of reactivity can be explained in terms of them having a "complete valence shell". They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. The noble gases have high ionization energies and negligible electro negativities. The noble gases have very weak inter-atomic forces of attraction, and consequently very low melting points and boiling points. This is why they are all monatomic gases under normal conditions, even those with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements. Reactivity refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... In physics and chemistry, monatomic is a combination of the words mono and atomic, and means single atom. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The atomic mass of a chemical element is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ...

Applications

One of the most commonly encountered uses of the noble gases in everyday life is in lighting. Argon is often used as a suitable safe and inert atmosphere for the inside of filament light bulbs, and is also used as an inert atmosphere in the synthesis of air and moisture sensitive compounds (as an alternative for nitrogen). Some of the noble gases glow distinctive colors when used inside lighting tubes (neon lights). Helium, due to its nonreactivity (compared with flammable hydrogen) and lightness, is often used in blimps and balloons. Krypton is also used in lasers, and are used by doctors for eye surgery.^[6] The light bulb is one of the most significant inventions in the history of the human race, illuminating the darkness of the evening and bringing light indoors at all times in order focus on the task at hand. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Atomic mass 14. ... A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing neon gas at low pressure. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Blimp can refer to: a non-rigid airship as opposed to a rigid airship (e. ... Balloons, like greeting cards or flowers, are given for special occasions. ...

Physical Properties

General Name, Symbol, Number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 4. ... General Name, Symbol, Number neon, Ne, 10 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 20. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number krypton, Kr, 36 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 4, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 83. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ... General Name, Symbol, Number radon, Rn, 86 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 6, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass (222) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Physical properties Phase gas Density (0 °C, 101. ...

References

1. ^ Erdmann, H “Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie“ (1898), page 84, cited in Science 15 February 1901 13: 268-270, by Edward Renouf.
2. ^ Periodic Table: Noble Gases. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
3. ^ Cosmic Chemistry: An Elemental Question (English) 7. NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
4. ^ Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2001). Noble Gas Geochemistry (English) 2. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
5. ^ Carpi, Anthony. Chemical Reactions (English). Visionlearning. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
6. ^ Inspiring Gases: Noble Gases. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.

2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in leap years). ...

External links

• Ohio State University press release for uranium compounds with noble gases.
• Rare Gases - Neon, Krypton, Xenon Properties, Uses, Applications
• Argon Ar Properties, Uses, Applications