NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Henri Grégoire

Henri Grégoire (December 4, 1750-May 20, 1831) was a French Revolutionary leader and constitutional bishop of Blois. December 4 is the 338th day (339th on leap years) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex to... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... The law of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Fr. ... Blois is a city in France, the préfecture (capital) city of the Loir_et_Cher département, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours. ...

Early life

He was born at Vého near Lunéville, the son of a peasant. Educated at the Jesuit college at Nancy, he became curé of Emberménil and a teacher at the Jesuit school at Pont-à-Mousson. In 1783 he was crowned by the academy of Nancy for his Eloge de la poésie, and in 1788 by that of Metz for an Essai sur la régénération physique et morale des Juifs. He was elected in 1789 by the clergy of the bailliage of Nancy to the Estates-General, where he soon made his name as one of the group of clerical and lay deputies of Jansenist or Gallican sympathies who supported the Revolution. He was one of the first of the clergy to join the third estate, and contributed notably to the union of the three orders; he presided at the session which lasted sixty-two hours while the Bastille was being attacked by the people, and spoke vehemently against the enemies of the nation. He later took a leading role in the abolition of the privileges of the nobles and the Church. Lunéville - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... This article is about the city in France named Nancy. ... Pont-à-Mousson is a commune of northeastern France, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Location within France Rhine watershed Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57). ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff. ... The Estates-General of 1789 was the first meeting of the French Estates-General, a general assembly consisting of representatives from all but the poorest segment of the French citizenry, since 1614. ... Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate). ... The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 was an important development in, and later a symbol of, the French Revolution. ... The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ...

Constitutional bishop

Under the new Civil Constitution of the Clergy, to which he was the first priest to take the oath (December 27, 1790), he was elected bishop by two départments. He selected that of Loire-et-Cher, taking the old title of bishop of Blois, and for ten years (1791-1801) ruled his diocese with exemplary zeal. An ardent republican, it was he who in the first session of the National Convention (September 21, 1792) proposed the motion for the abolition of the kingship, in a speech in which occurred the memorable phrase that "kings are in the moral order what monsters are in the natural." On November 15 he delivered a speech in which he demanded that the king should be brought to trial, and immediately afterwards was elected president of the Convention, over which he presided in his episcopal dress. During the trial of King Louis XVI, being absent with other three colleagues on a mission for the union of Savoy to France, he along with them wrote a letter urging the condemnation of the king, but attempted to save the life of the king by proposing that the death penalty should be suspended. The law of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Fr. ... Roman Catholic priest LCDR Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS Enterprise A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. ... Loir-et-Cher is a département in north-central France named after its two principal rivers. ... 1791 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about a legislative body and constitutional convention during the French Revolution. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Saint George versus the Dragon, by Gustave Moreau (1880) Monster (lat. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. ... This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ...

When, on November 7, 1793, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, bishop of Paris, was intimidated into resigning his episcopal office at the bar of the Convention, Grégoire, who was temporarily absent, hearing what had happened, hurried to the hall, and in the face of a howling mob of deputies refused to give up either his religion or his office. He was prepared to face death; but his display of courage won the day. Throughout the Reign of Terror, in spite of attacks in the Convention, in the press, and on placards posted at the street corners, he appeared in the streets in his episcopal dress and daily read mass in his house. After Robespierre's fall he was the first to advocate the reopening of the churches (speech of December 21, 1794). He also tried to get measures put in place for restraining the vandalistic attacks on works of art, extended his protection to artists and writers, and devoted attention to the reorganization of the public libraries, the establishment of botanic gardens, and the improvement of technical education. He had taken during the Constituent Assembly a great interest in Negro emancipation, and it was on his motion that men of colour in the French colonies were admitted to the same rights as whites. November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel (September 1, 1727 - April 12, 1794), French ecclesiastic and politician, was born at Thann, in Alsace. ... The archbishop of Paris is one of twenty-three archbishops in France. ... The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ... This article discusses the Mass as part of Christian liturgy, in particular the form it has taken in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church. ... Portrait of Maximilien Robespierre by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, painted 1786. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Inside the United States Botanic Garden Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of plants both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors. ... The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. ... Negro means the color black in both Spanish and Portuguese languages, being derived from the Latin word niger of the same meaning. ... This poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influencial in mobilizing public opinion against slavery in Great Britain and the United States. ...

On the establishment of the new constitution, Grégoire was elected to the Council of 500, and after 18 Brumaire he became a member of the Corps Législatif, then of the Senate (1801). He took the lead in the national church councils of 1797 and 1801; but he was strenuously opposed to Napoleon's policy of reconciliation with the Holy See, and after the signature of the concordat he resigned his bishopric (October 8, 1801). He was one of the minority of five in the Senate who voted against the proclamation of the empire, and he opposed the creation of a new nobility and Napoleon's divorce from Josephine; notwithstanding this, he was created a count of the empire and officer of the Legion of Honour. During the later years of Napoleon's reign he travelled in England and Germany, but in 1814 he returned to France and opposed the empire. The Constitution of 1795, Constitution of 22 August 1795, Constitution of the Year III, or Constitution of 5 Fructidor was a national constitution of France ratified by the National Convention on August 22, 1795 (5 Fructidor of the Year III under the French Revolutionary Calendar) during the French Revolution. ... The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cent), or simply the Five Hundred was the lower house of the Directory (Directoire), the legislature of France from August 22, 1795 until November 9, 1799, roughly the second half of the period generally referred to as the French Revolution. ... 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup détat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. ... The Senate (in French : le Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire, the Napoleonic Empire or simply as The Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ... Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress Joséphine Joséphine de Beauharnais (June 23, 1763 _ May 29, 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte, and became Empress of France. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (in Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

During the Restoration

To the clerical and ultra-royalist faction which dominated the Lower Chamber and court circles after the second Restoration, Grégoire, as a revolutionist and a schismatic bishop, was an object of hatred. He was expelled from the Institut de France and forced into retirement, but his influence was still felt and feared. In 1814 he published, De la constitution française de l'an 1814, in which be commented on the Charter from a Liberal point of view, and this reached its fourth edition in 1819, in which year he was elected to the Lower Chamber by the départment of Isère. By the powers of the Quadruple Alliance this event was regarded as a bad omen, and the question was raised of a fresh armed intervention in France under the terms of the secret Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. To prevent this, Louis XVIII decided on a modification of the franchise; the Dessolles ministry resigned; and the first act of Decazes, the new premier, was to annul the election of Grégoire. From this time onward the ex-bishop lived in retirement, occupying himself in literary pursuits and in correspondence with most of the eminent savants of Europe; he was compelled to sell his library to obtain means of support. The word schism, from the Greek σχισμα, schisma (from σχιζο, schizo, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization. ... The Institut de France (French Institute) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is probably the Académie française. ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism —an ideology espousing liberty. ... 1819 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Isère is a département in the east of France named after the Isère River. ... The term Quadruple Alliance refers to several historical military alliances; none of which remain in effect. ... There were two Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle. ... Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. ... Categories: Stub | 1767 births | 1828 deaths ... Élie, duc Decazes, French statesman Elie, Comte (later Duc) Decazes (1788 - October 24, 1860), was a French statesman. ...

Religious views

Grégoire remained a devout Catholic, fulfilling all his obligations as a Christian and a priest; but he refused to budge from his revolutionary principles. During his last illness he confessed to his parish curé, a priest of Jansenist sympathies, expressing his desire for the last sacraments of the Church. These the Archbishop of Paris would only concede on condition that he retract his oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which he refused to do. The term Christian means belonging to Christ and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of the Hebrew word Moshiach (Hebrew: משיח, also written Messiah), (and in Arabic it is pronounced Maseeh مسيح). ... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ...

In defiance of the archbishop, the abbé Baradère gave him the viaticum, while the rite of extreme unction was administered by the abbé Guillon, an opponent of the Civil Constitution, without consulting the archbishop or the parish curé. The attitude of the archbishop caused great excitement in Paris, and the government had to take precautions to avoid a repetition of the riots which in the preceding February had led to the sacking of the church of St Germain l'Auxerrois and the archiepiscopal palace. Grégoire's funeral was celebrated at the church of the Abbaye-aux-Bois; the clergy absented themselves in obedience to the archbishop's orders, but mass was sung by the abbé Grieu assisted by two clergy, the catafalque being decorated with the episcopal insignia. After the hearse set out from the church the horses were unyoked, and it was dragged by students to the cemetery of Montparnasse, the cortege being followed by a sympathetic crowd of some 20,000 people. Viaticum, a Latin word originally meaning travelling provisions, is used in Roman Catholicism for the Eucharist (the consecrated host and wine) administered to a dying person. ... The Anointing of the Sick is one of the sacraments of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and some Protestant churches. ... Marie Nicolas Sylvestre Guillon (January 1, 1760 - 1847), French ecclesiastic, was born in Paris. ... A catafalque is a raised bier or (often movable) platform of sorts used to support the casket or coffin of a person during a funeral or memorial service. ... The Montparnasse Tower, which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built. ...

Grégoire's name lives on mainly because of his efforts to prove that Catholic Christianity is not irreconcilable with political liberty. In this he was defeated, mainly because the Revolution changed into a military despotism which allied itself with the spiritual despotism of Rome, and partly because, when the Revolution was overthrown. the parties of reaction sought salvation in the "union of altar and throne." Possibly Grégoire's Gallicanism was fundamentally irreconcilable with the Catholic idea of authority. At least it made their traditional religion possible for those many French Catholics who clung passionately to the benefits the Revolution had brought them; and had it prevailed, it might have spared France and the world that fatal gulf between Liberalism and Catholicism which Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of 1864 sought to make impassable. This article needs to be wikified. ... Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... The Blessed Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), was pope for a record pontificate of over 31 years, from June 16, 1846 until his death. ...

Works

Grégoireana, ou résumé général de la conduite, des actions, et des écrits de M. le comte Henri Grégoire, preceded by a biographical notice by Cousin d'Avalon, was published in 1821; and the Mémoires ... de Grégoire, with a biographical notice by H Carnot, appeared in 1837 (2 vols.). Lazare Hippolyte Carnot (October 6, 1801 - March 16, 1888) was a French statesman. ...

Reference

Categories: 1750 births | 1831 deaths | First French Empire | French Revolution figures | French history (Redirected from 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica) The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...