Henry Ashby Turner, Jr. (born 1932) is an American historian of Germany. A historian is someone who writes history, and history is a written accounting of the past. ...

Life and Career

Turner was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and attended public schools in Maryland. He received his B.A. from Washington and Lee University in 1954 and spent the 1954-1955 academic year as a Fulbright scholar at the University of Munich and the Free University of Berlin. In the fall of 1955 he began graduate study at Princeton University. He completed his M.A. in 1957 and his Ph.D. in 1960 under the supervision of Gordon A. Craig. Turner was hired by Yale University as an instructor in history in 1958. He was elevated to assistant professor in 1961, associate professor in 1964 and professor in 1971. From 1976 to 1979 he was chairman of the Yale History Department. During his career he held a number of endowed chairs in history at Yale and trained numerous graduate students in modern German history. From 1981 to 1991 Turner also served as Master of Davenport College, one of 12 residential colleges at Yale. He retired in 2002 as the Stillé Professor of History. His papers are housed in the Manuscripts and Archives Division of Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University. Washington and Lee University is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, located adjacent to (but not affiliated with) Virginia Military Institute. ... The Fulbright Program is a program of educational grants (Fulbright Fellowships and Fulbright Scholarships), founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright, and sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State and by governments in other countries. ... With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ... Satellite photo of Berlin. ... Princeton University is a coeducational private university located in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States of America. ... Gordon Alexander Craig (November 13, 1913 - November 2, 2005) was a Scottish-born U.S historian of German, Swiss and of diplomatic history. ... Yale redirects here. ...

Scholarship

Turner is best known for his book German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, published in 1985. In it he rebuted the claim that it was German big business which primarily financed and otherwise promoted the attainment of power by Adolf Hitler. He argued that the extent of business support for Hitler and his Nazi Party had been much exaggerated. On the basis of careful examination of unpublished records of major German corporations and of Hitler's party, Turner concluded that the bulk of the Nazis' funds during their rise came from ordinary Germans and that the principal political recipients of big business funding were the traditonal right-of-center parties, the German People's Party and the German National People's Party. The only election campaign in which big business contributed significant amounts of money to the Nazis was that of March 5, 1933, after they were already in power Hitler redirects here. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: , or NSDAP), generally known in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ...

In Turner's view, the Third Reich was a possible but by no means inevitable result of German history. He has contended that the acquisition of power by Adolf Hitler was heavily influenced by contingency and that military rule was a viable alternative to the Third Reich. In his 1996 book Hitler's Thirty Days To Power: January 1933, he maintained that it was the actions of a few individuals, such as German president Paul von Hindenburg and chancellors Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher, which enabled Hitler to come to power through semi-legal means. Political incompetence and personal rivalry between Papen and Schleicher ultimately led to Hitler's being appointed chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg on January 30, 1933, without ever having won a majority in a national election. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German Field Marshal and statesman. ... Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German Catholic politician and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932. ... Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882–30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ...

Turner's book of 2005, "General Motors and the Nazis", examined the history during the Third Reich of Adam Opel AG, the German subsidiary of General Motors. The research for his project was funded primarily by General Motors, which did not, however, either commission the work or view it prior to publication. General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ...

Works

• Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
• Nazism and the Third Reich, New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972
• Faschismus und Kapitalismus in Deutschland, Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1972
• Reappraisals of Fascism (editor), New York: New Viewpoints, 1975.
• Hitler aus nächster Nähe: Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten 1929-1932 (editor), Frankfurt/M, Berlin, Wien: Ullstein, 1978.
• German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, translated as Die Grossunternehmer und der Aufstieg Hitlers, Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1985.
• Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant (editor), New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
• The Two Germanies since 1945, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, revised as
• Germany from Partition to Reunification, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
• Geissel des Jahrhunderts: Hitler und seine Hinterlassenschaft, Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1989.
• Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1996.
• General Motors and the Nazis: The Struggle for Control of Opel, Europe's Biggest Carmaker, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.

External links

• Hitler Could Have Been Stopped Review of Hitler's Thirty Days to Power by David Frum
• Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 by John J. Reilly