Henry IV
King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	1084 – 1105
Born	11 November 1050(1050-11-11)
Birthplace	Royal palace at Goslar
Died	7 August 1106 (aged 55)
Buried	Speyer Cathedral
Predecessor	Henry III
Successor	Henry V
Father	Henry III
Mother	Agnes de Poitou

Henry IV (November 11, 1050–August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany. The following list of German Kings and Emperors is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Image File history File links Heinrich_4_g. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardraade of Norway during the course of a conflict with King Svein Estridsson of Denmark. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 28 - Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Cardiff Castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner. ... The Speyer Cathedral (officially: Mariendom (Cathedral of St. ... Henry III, from a miniature of 1040. ... Henry IV (left) and son Henry V (right). ... Henry III, from a miniature of 1040. ... Agnes of Poitou or Empress Agnes (c. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardraade of Norway during the course of a conflict with King Svein Estridsson of Denmark. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 28 - Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Cardiff Castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner. ... The following list of German Kings and Emperors is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... Events Creation of the Crab Nebula observed by a Chinese astronomer Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. ... Salian family tree The Salian dynasty was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings (1024-1125), also known as the Frankish dynasty after the familys origin and role as dukes of Franconia. ... The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ...

[edit] Biography

[edit] Regency

Henry was the eldest son of the Emperor Henry III, by his second wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the royal palace at Goslar. His christening was delayed until the following Easter so that Abbot Hugh of Cluny could be one of his godparents. But even before that, at his Christmas court Henry III induced the attending nobles to promise fidelity to his son. Three years later, still anxious to ensure the succession, Henry III had a larger assembly of nobles elect the young Henry as his successor, and then, on July 17, 1054, had him elected as king by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne at Trebur. The coronation was held in Aachen in 1054. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the accession of the six-year-old Henry IV was not opposed by his vassals. The dowager Empress Agnes acted as regent, and, according to the will of the dead emperor, the German pope Victor II was named as her counsellor. The latter's death in 1057 soon showed the political ineptitude of Agnes, and the powerful influence held over her by German magnates and Imperial functionaries. Henry III, from a miniature of 1040. ... Agnes of Poitou or Empress Agnes (c. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Goslar City subdivisions: 12 districts Lord Mayor: Henning Binnewies (SPD) Basic Statistics Area: 92. ... Hugh of Cluny (1024 - 1109) was an Abbot of Cluny. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... Herman II (995 – 11 February 1056), of the Ezzonian dynasty, a son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia, was the Archbishop of Cologne from 1036 until his death. ... The Archbishopric of Cologne was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Trebur is a community in Groß-Gerau district in Hesse, Germany. ... Oche redirects here; in darts the oche is the line from which players must throw. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... Events Creation of the Crab Nebula observed by a Chinese astronomer Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy. ... Victor II, né Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein and Hirschnerg ( 1018 - Arezzo July 28, 1057), pope (1055-1057), kinsman of Emperor Henry III One of the series of German popes during Hildebrands reform movement, he was consecrated in St. ...

Agnes assigned the Duchy of Bavaria, given by her husband to Henry IV, to Otto of Nordheim. This deprived the young king of a solid base of power. Likewise, her decision to assign the Duchies of Swabia and Carinthia to Rudolf of Rheinfelden (who married her daughter) and Berthold of Zähringen, respectively, would prove mistakes, as both later rebelled against the king. Unlike Henry III, Agnes proved incapable of influencing the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. The Papal alliance with the Normans of southern Italy, formed to counter the communal resistance in Rome, resulted in the deterioration of relations with the German King, as well as Nicholas' interference in the election of German bishops. Agnes also granted local magnates extensive territorial privileges that eroded the King's material power. The following is a list of rulers of Bavaria: Dukes of Bavaria, 889-1623 Liutpolding Dynasty Liutpold 889-907 Arnulf the Bad 907-937 Eberhard 937 Berthold 938-947 Liudolfing ( Ottonian) Dynasty Henry I 947-955 Henry II the Quarrelsome 955-976 Otto I 976-982 Liutpolding Dynasty Henry III... Otto of Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria (died 1083), belonged to the rich and influential Saxon family of the counts of Nordheim, and having distinguished himself in war and peace alike, received the duchy of Bavaria from Agnes, widow of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1061. ... The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany. ... Carinthia within Austria-Hungary (number 3) Coat of arms of the Dukes of Carinthia, today state arms The Duchy of Carinthia (German: ; Slovenian: ) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. ... Rudolph of Rheinfelden (in German, Rudolf von Rheinfeld, and in Italian Rodolfo di Svevia), died October 15, 1080, was Duke of Swabia (1057–1077) and German antiking (1077–1080). ... Pope Stephen IX was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October, 942. ... Nicholas II (died July 27, 1061), born Gérard de Bourgogne, Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election the Bishop of Florence. ... Palazzo dei Normanni, the palace of the Norman kings in Palermo. ...

In 1062 the young king was kidnapped during a conspiracy of German nobles led by archbishop Anno II of Cologne. Henry, who was at Kaiserwerth, was persuaded to board a boat lying in the Rhine; it was immediately unmoored and the king sprang into the stream, but was rescued by one of the conspirators and carried to Cologne. Agnes retired to a convent, the government subsequently placed in the hands of Anno. His first move was to recognize the Pope Alexander II in his conflict with the antipope Honorius II, who had been initially recognized by Agnes but was subsequently left without support. Events Founding of Marrakech The Almoravids overrun Morocco and establish a kingdom from Spain to Senegal. ... Saint Anno II (c. ... A number of historical people were named Alexander II: Alexander II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 370 to 368 B.C. Alexander II of Epirus was the King of Epirus in 272 B.C. Pope Alexander II was Pope from 1061 to 1073. ... Honorius II (d. ...

Anno's rule proved unpopular. The education and training of Henry were supervised by Anno, who was called his magister, while Adalbert of Hamburg, archbishop of Bremen, was styled Henry's patronus. Henry's education seems to have been neglected, and his willful and headstrong nature developed under the conditions of these early years. The malleable Adalbert of Hamburg soon became the confidant of the ruthless Henry. Eventually, during an absence of Anno from Germany, Henry managed to obtain the control of his civil duties, leaving Anno only with the ecclesiastical ones. Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg-Bremen was born about 1000 and died March 16, 1072, at Goslar. ... The Archbishopric of Bremen was an ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. ...

[edit] First years of rule and Saxon War

In March 1065 Henry was declared of age. The whole of his future reign was apparently marked by efforts to consolidate Imperial power. In reality, however, it was a careful balancing act between maintaining the loyalty of the nobility and the support of the pope.

In 1066, one year after his enthroning at the age of fifteen, he expelled Adalbert of Hamburg, who had profited off his position for personal enrichment, from the Crown Council. Henry also adopted urgent military measures against the Slav pagans, who had recently invaded Germany and besieged Hamburg. For the book, see 1066 And All That. ...

In June 1066 Henry married Bertha of Maurienne, daughter of Count Otto of Savoy, to whom he had been betrothed in 1055. In the same year he assembled an army to fight, at the request of the Pope, the Italo-Normans of southern Italy. Henry's troops had reached Augsburg when he received news that Godfrey of Tuscany, husband of the powerful Matilda of Canossa, marchioness of Tuscany, had already attacked the Normans. Therefore the expedition was halted. For the book, see 1066 And All That. ... Bertha of Savoy, also called Bertha of Turin (21 September 1051–27 December 1087 in Mainz) was the first wife of Emperor Henry IV, and was German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. ... Otto of Savoy Otto or Oddone in Italian, (1010 or 1020 – c. ... Events January 11 - Theodora becomes Reigning Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... For other meanings for Augsburg: See Augsburg (disambiguation) , Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... Godfrey IV (died 27 or 26 February 1076), called the Hunchback, was a son of Godfrey the Bearded, whom he succeeded as duke of Lower Lorraine in 1069. ... Matilda of Tuscany from (1115) Matilda, countess of Tuscany (1046 – July 24, 1115), called La Gran Contessa, was the principal Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the investiture controversy, and is one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments. ... For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ...

In 1068, driven by his impetuous character and his infidelities, Henry attempted to divorce Bertha^[1]. His peroration at a council in Mainz was however rejected by the Papal legate Pier Damiani, who hinted that any further insistence towards divorce would lead the new pope, Alexander II, to deny his coronation. Henry obeyed and his wife returned to Court, but he was convinced that the Papal opposition aimed only at overthrowing lay power within the Empire, in favour of an ecclesiastical hierarchy. Events Emperor Go-Sanjo ascends the throne of Japan William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege Births Henry I of England (d. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Petrus Damiani (Saint Peter Damian, also Pietro Damiani or Pier Damiani -- c. ... A number of historical people were named Alexander II: Alexander II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 370 to 368 B.C. Alexander II of Epirus was the King of Epirus in 272 B.C. Pope Alexander II was Pope from 1061 to 1073. ...

In the late 1060s Henry set up with strong determination to reduce any opposition and to enlarge the national boundaries. He led expeditions against the Liutici and the margrave of a district east of Saxony; and soon afterwards he had to quench the rebellions with Rudolf of Swabia and Berthold of Carinthia. Much more serious was Henry's struggle with Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria. This prince, who occupied an influential position in Germany and was one of the protagonists of Henry's early kidnapping, was accused in 1070 by a certain Egino of being privy to a plot to murder the king. It was decided that a trial by battle should take place at Goslar, but when the demand of Otto for a safe conduct for himself and his followers, to and from the place of meeting, was refused, he declined to appear. He was thereupon declared deposed in Bavaria, and his Saxon estates were plundered. He obtained sufficient support, however, to carry on a struggle with the king in Saxony and Thuringia until 1071, when he submitted at Halberstadt. Henry aroused the hostility of the Thuringians by supporting Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, in his efforts to exact tithes from them; but still more formidable was the enmity of the Saxons, who had several causes of complaint against the king. He was the son of one enemy, Henry III, and the friend of another, Adalbert of Bremen. He had ordered a restoration of all crown lands in Saxony and had built forts among this people, while the country was ravaged to supply the needs of his courtiers, and its duke Magnus was a prisoner in his hands. All classes were united against him, and when the struggle broke out in 1073 the Thuringians joined the Saxons. The war, which lasted with slight intermissions until 1088, exercised a most potent influence upon Henry's fortunes elsewhere. The Veleti (German: ; Polish: ), also known as the Liutizians (also Liutizi, Lyutitzi, or Liutitians; German: Liutizen or Lutizen) or Wilzi(ans) (also Wiltzes; German: Wilzen), were a group of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern northeastern Germany (see Polabian Slavs). ... Events Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Goslar City subdivisions: 12 districts Lord Mayor: Henning Binnewies (SPD) Basic Statistics Area: 92. ... Events Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. ... Liebfrauenkirche Halberstadt is a city in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Siegfried I (died 16 February 1084) was the Abbot of Fulda from 25 December 1058 until he became Archbishop of Mainz in 6 January 1060. ... Magnus (died 23 August 1106) was duke of Saxony from 1072 to 1106. ... Events Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux. ...

[edit] Investiture Controversy

Main article: Investiture Controversy

Initially in need of support for his expeditions in Saxony and Thuringia, Henry adhered to the Papal decrees in religious matters. His apparent weakness, however, had the side effect of spurring the ambitions of Gregory VII, a reformist monk elected as pontiff in 1073, for Papal hegemony. The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ...

The tension between Empire and Church culminated in the councils of 1074–1075, which constituted a substantial attempt to delegitimate Henry III's policy. Among other measures, they denied to secular rulers the right to place members of the clergy in office; this had dramatic effects in Germany, where bishops were often powerful feudatories who, in this way, were able to free themselves from imperial authority. Aside from the reacquisition of all lost privileges by the ecclesiasticals, the council's decision deprived the imperial crown of rights to almost half its lands, with grievous consequences for national unity, especially in peripheral areas like the Kingdom of Italy. The medieval Kingdom of Italy was a state originally comprising the northern two thirds of Italy, which formed from the break-up of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century. ...

Suddenly hostile to Gregory, Henry did not relent from his positions: after his defeat of Otto of Nordheim, he continued to interfere in Italian and German episcopal life, naming bishops at his will and declaring papal provisions illegitimate. In 1075 Gregory excommunicated some members of the Imperial Court, and threatened to do the same with Henry himself. Further, in a synod held in February of that year, Gregory clearly established the supreme power of the Catholic Church, with the Empire subjected to it. Henry replied with a counter-synod of his own. Events Revolt of the Earls. ...

The beginning of the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy can be assigned to Christmas night of 1075: Gregory was kidnapped and imprisoned by Cencio I Frangipane, a Roman noble, while officiating at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Later freed by Roman people, Gregory accused Henry of having been behind the attempt. In the same year, the emperor had defeated a rebellion of Saxons in the First Battle of Langensalza, and was therefore free to accept the challenge. The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... Cencio I Frangipane (also Cencius or Centius and Frajapane or Fragiapane) was a Roman nobleman of the Frangipani family of the latter half of the tenth century. ... Saint Mary Major, in Italian, Santa Maria Maggiore, is one of the five great ancient basilicas of Rome, Italy. ... The First Battle of Langensalza was fought on June 9, 1075 between forces of German King Henry IV and several rebellous Saxon individuals on the River Unstrut. ...

At Worms, on January 24, 1076, a synod of bishops and princes summoned by Henry declared Gregory VII deposed. Hildebrand replied by excommunicating the emperor and all the bishops named by him on February 22, 1076. In October of that year a diet of the German princes in Tribur attempted to find a settlement for the conflict, conceding Henry a year to repent from his actions, before the ratification of the excommunication that the pope was to sign in Swabia some months later. Henry did not repent, and, counting on the hostility showed by the Lombard clergy against Gregory, decided to move to Italy. He spent Christmas of that year in Besançon and, together with his wife and his son, he crossed the Alps with help of the Bishop of Turin and reached Pavia. is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... The Synod of Worms was an ecclesiastical synod (and German national council or Reichstag) convened by the Emperor Henry IV in January 1076, at Worms, Germany. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Trebur is a community in Groß-Gerau district in Hesse, Germany. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Utinam (Latin: If God wills) Citadel Vauban of Besançon Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Franche-Comté Department Doubs (25) Intercommunality Grand Besançon Mayor Jean-Louis Fousseret (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Turin is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ...

Gregory, on his way to the diet of Augsburg, and hearing that Henry was approaching, took refuge in the castle of Canossa (near Reggio Emilia), belonging to Matilda. Henry's troops were nearby. For other meanings for Augsburg: See Augsburg (disambiguation) , Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... The ruins of the Castle of Canossa. ... Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Reggio Emilia (RE) Mayor Graziano Delrio (from July 1, 2004) Elevation 58 m Area 231 km² Population  - Total 141,383  - Density 612/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Reggiani Dialing code 0522 Postal code 42100 Frazioni see list Patron San Prospero  - Day...

Henry's intent, however, was apparently to perform the penance required to lift his excommunication and ensure his continued rule. The choice of an Italian location for the act of repentance, instead of Augsburg, was not accidental: it aimed to consolidate the Imperial power in an area partly hostile to the Pope; to lead in person the prosecution of events; and to oppose the pact signed by German feudataries and the Pope in Tribur with the strong German party that had deposed Gregory at Worms, through the concrete presence of his army.

Henry IV begging Matilda of Canossa.

He stood in the snow outside the gates of the castle of Canossa for three days, from January 25 to January 27, 1077, begging the pope to rescind the sentence (popularly portrayed as without shoes, taking no food or shelter, and wearing a hairshirt - see Walk of Canossa). The Pope lifted the excommunication, imposing a vow to comply with certain conditions, which Henry soon violated. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 26 - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into cilice. ... Henry IV and Gregory VII in Canossa 1077, as depicted by Carlo Emanuelle The Walk to Canossa (sometimes called the Way to Canossa; German, Gang nach Canossa; Italian, lumiliazione di Canossa) refers to both the trek itself of Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire to the fortress at...

[edit] Civil war and recovery

Rudolf of Rheinfeld, a two-time brother-in-law of Henry, took advantage of the momentary weakness of the Emperor by having himself declared antiking by a council of Saxon, Bavarian, and Carinthian princes in March of 1077 in Forchheim. Rudolf promised to respect the electoral concept of the monarchy and declared his willingness to be subservient to the pope. Rudolph of Rheinfelden (German: Rudolf von Rheinfelden; c. ... An Antiking (German: ) is a would-be king who, due to succession disputes or simple political opposition, declares himself king in opposition to a reigning monarch. ... Events January 26 - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of... Forchheim is a large district city in Franconia in northern Bavaria, and also the seat of the administrative region of Upper Franconia (Oberfranken in German). ...

Despite these difficulties, Henry's situation in Germany improved in the following years. When Rudolf was crowned at Mainz in May 1077, the population revolted and forced him to flee to Saxony, where he was deprived of his territories (later he was also stripped of Swabia). After the inconclusive battle of Mellrichstadt (August 7, 1077) and the defeat of Flarchheim (27 January 1080) Gregory instead launched a second anathema against Henry in March 1080. However, the evidence that Gregory's hate had such a personal connotation led much of Germany to re-embrace Henry's cause. is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 26 - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ...

On October 14, 1080 the armies of the two rival kings met at the Elster River, in the plain of Leipzig. Rudolf was mortally wounded and died soon afterwards, and the rebellion against Henry lost momentum. Another antiking, Henry of Luxembourg, was fought successfully by Frederick of Swabia, Rudolf's successor in Swabia who had married Henry's daughter Agnes. Henry convoked a synod of the highest German clergy in Bamberg and Brixen (June, 1080). Here Henry had Gregory (dubbed "The False Monk") again deposed and replaced by the primate of Ravenna, Guibert (the antipope Clement III). is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... An Antiking (German: ) is a would-be king who, due to succession disputes or simple political opposition, declares himself king in opposition to a reigning monarch. ... Henry (d. ... Frederick I von Staufen (1050 – July 21, 1105) was duke of Swabia from 1079 to his death. ... Agnes of Germany (1072 – September 24, 1143), was the daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Bertha, daughter of Otto, Count of Maurienne and Adelaide. ... For other uses, see Bamberg (disambiguation). ... Brixen (Italian: Bressanone; German: Brixen; Ladin: Porsenù or Persenon; Latin: Brixino; also known as Pressena (827 AD), Prichsna, Brixina) is a town in the Province of Bolzano in the Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. ... Province of Ravenna Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... Antipope Clement III. (middle) with Henry IV. (left), image froms Codex Jenesis Bose q. ...

[edit] Second voyage to Italy

Henry entered in Pavia and was crowned here as King of Italy, receiving the Iron Crown. He also assigned a series of privileges to the Italian cities who had supported him, and marched against the hated Matilda, declaring her deposed for lese majesty and confiscating her possessions. Then he moved to Rome, which he besieged first in 1081: he was however compelled to retire to Tuscany, where he granted privileges to various cities, and obtained monetary assistance (360,000 gold pieces)^[2] from a new ally, the eastern emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, who aimed to thwart the Norman's aims against his empire. A second and equally unsuccessful attack on Rome was followed by a war of devastation in northern Italy with the adherents of Matilda; and towards the end of 1082 the king made a third attack on Rome. After a siege of seven months the Leonine city fell into his hands. A treaty was concluded with the Romans, who agreed that the quarrel between king and pope should be decided by a synod, and secretly bound themselves to induce Gregory to crown Henry as emperor, or to choose another pope. Gregory, however, shut up in Castel Sant'Angelo, would hear of no compromise; the synod was a failure, as Henry prevented the attendance of many of the pope's supporters; and the king, in pursuance of his treaty with Alexios, marched against the Normans. The Romans soon fell away from their allegiance to the pope; and, recalled to the city, Henry entered Rome in March 1084, after which Gregory was declared deposed and Clement was recognized by the Romans. On 31 March 1084 Henry was crowned emperor by Clement, and received the patrician authority. His next step was to attack the fortresses still in the hands of Gregory. The pope was saved by the advance of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, who left the siege of Durazzo and marched towards Rome: Henry left the city and Gregory could be freed. The latter however died soon later at Salerno (1085), not before a last letter in which he exhorted the whole Christianity to a crusade against the emperor. For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... The Iron Crown of Lombardy (Corona Ferrea) is both a reliquary and one of the most ancient royal insignia of Europe. ... Lese majesty, leze majesty, or lèse majesté (from the Latin Laesa maiestatis, injury to the Majesty) is the crime of violating majesty, an offense against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state. ... Events Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Italy Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle... Emperor Alexios I Komnenos Alexios I Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (Greek: ; Latin: ; 1048 – August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassena and the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). ... For the town with the same name, see Castel SantAngelo (RI) Castel SantAngelo from the bridge. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... Robert Guiscard (i. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Normans Commanders Alexius I Comnenus George Palaeologus Gregory Pacurianus Nicephorus Melissenus Robert Guiscard Bohemund of Taranto Amicetas of Giovinazzo Strength 20,000 30,000 Casualties 5,000 Unknown (few) The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by Alexius I... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ...

Henry IV (left), count palatine Herman II of Lotharingia and Antipope Clement III (center), from Codex Jenesis Bose (1157).

Feeling secure of his success in Italy, Henry returned to Germany. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Hermann II (born 1049, † Dalhem, September 20, 1085), Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1064 when reaching majority, until 1085. ...

The Emperor spent 1084 in a show of power in Germany, where the reforming instances had still ground due to the predication of Otto of Ostia, advancing up to Magdeburg in Saxony. He also declared the Peace of God in all the Imperial territories to quench any sedition. On March 8, 1088 Otto of Ostia was elected pope as Victor III: with the Norman support, he excommunicated Henry and Clement III, who was defined "a beast sprung out from the earth to wage war against the Saints of God". He also formed a large coalition against the Holy Roman Empire, including, aside from the Normans, the Rus of Kiev, the Lombard communes of Milan, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza and Matilda of Canossa, who had she remarried to Welf II of Bavaria, therefore creating a concentration of power too formidable to be neglected by the emperor. Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... This article is about the German city. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km... ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux. ... The Blessed Victor III, né Dauferius (b. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... Cremona is a city in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). ... Lodi (pronounced LOW-die) is the name of several places and a dynasty in India: in the United States of America: Lodi, California Lodi, New Jersey Lodi (village), New York Lodi (town), New York Lodi, Ohio Lodi, New Jersey Lodi, Wisconsin Lodi (town), Wisconsin Lodi Township, Michigan Lodi Township, Minnesota... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... Welf II (1072 – 24 September 1120, Kaufering), or Welfhard, called Welf the Fat, was duke of Bavaria from 1101 until his death. ...

[edit] Internecine wars and death

In 1088 Henry of Luxembourg died and Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen, a longtime enemy of the emperor's, proclaimed himself the antiking's successor. Henry had him condemned by a Saxon diet and then a national one at Quedlinburg and Regensburg respectively, but was defeated by Egbert when a relief army came to the margrave's rescue during the siege of Gleichen. Egbert was murdered two years later (1090) and his ineffectual insurrection and royal pretensions fell apart. Events Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux. ... Egbert II (German: ) (ca. ... Quedlinburg is a town located near the Harz mountains, in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. ... Regensburg (also Ratisbon, Latin Ratisbona) is a city (population 151. ... Gleichen is the name of two groups of castles in Germany, thus named from their resemblance to each other (German: gleich = like, or resembling). ... Events Granada captured by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravides Beginnings of troubadours in Provence Bejaia becomes the capital of the Algeria Births William of Malmsbury Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Saint Famianus Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz Deaths Saint Malcoldia of Asti Saint Adalbero Categories: 1090 ...

Henry then launched his third punitive expedition in Italy. After some initial success against the lands of Canossa, his defeat in 1092 caused the rebellion of the Lombard communes. The insurrection extended when Matilda managed to turn against him his elder son, Conrad, who was crowned King of Italy at Monza in 1093. The Emperor therefore found himself cut off from Germany. He could return there only in 1097: in Germany his power wall still at its height, as Welf V of Bavaria separated from Matilda and Bavaria gave back to Welf IV. Conrad II (12 February 1074 – 27 July 1101) was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. As such, he was King of Germany from 1087 to 1098 and also King of Italy from 1093 to 1098. ... The Lambro River runs through Monza. ... // Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... Events Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland. ...

Henry reacted by deposing Conrad at the diet of Mainz in April 1098, and designating his younger son Henry (future Henry V) as successor, under the oath sworn that he would never follow his brother's example. Henry IV (left) and son Henry V (right). ...

The abdication of Henry IV in favour of Henry V from the Cronichle of Ekkehard von Aura.

The situation in the Empire remained chaotic, worsened by the further excommunication against Henry launched by the new pope Paschal II, a follower of Gregory VII's reformation ideals elected in the August of 1099. But this time the emperor, meeting with some success in his efforts to restore order, could afford to ignore the papal bana. A successful campaign in Flanders was followed in 1103 by a diet at Mainz, where serious efforts were made to restore peace, and Henry IV himself promised to go on crusade. But this plan was shattered by the revolt of his son Henry in 1104, who, encouraged by the adherents of the pope, declared he owed no allegiance to an excommunicated father. Saxony and Thuringia were soon in arms, the bishops held mainly to the younger Henry, while the emperor was supported by the towns. A desultory warfare was unfavourable, however, to the emperor, who was taken as prisoner at an alleged reconciliation meeting at Koblenz. At a diet held in Mainz in December, Henry IV was forced to resign to his crown, being subsequently imprisoned in the castle of Böckelheim. Here he was also obliged that he had unjustly persecuted Gregory VII and to have illegally named Clement III. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 366 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (459 × 752 pixel, file size: 118 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Quelle: Chronik des Ekkehard von Aura +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 366 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (459 × 752 pixel, file size: 118 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Quelle: Chronik des Ekkehard von Aura +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Ekkehard of Aura (died 1126) was the Abbot of Aura (a monastery founded by Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, on the Franconian Saale river, near Bad Kissingen, Bavaria) from 1108. ... Paschal II, né Ranierius (d. ... Events September 3 - St. ... For other places with the same name, see Koblenz (disambiguation) Koblenz (also Coblenz in pre-1926 German spellings; French Coblence) is a city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle, where the Deutsches Eck (German Corner) and its monument (Emperor William I on horseback...

When these conditions became known in Germany, a vivid movement of dissension spread. In 1106 the loyal party set up a large army to fight Henry V and Paschal. Henry IV managed to escape to Cologne from his jail, finding a considerable support in the lower Rhineland. He also entered into negotiations with England, France and Denmark. Events September 28 - Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Cardiff Castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

Henry was also able to defeat his son's army near Visé, in Lorraine, on March 2, 1106. He however died soon afterwards after nine days of illness, while he was guest of his friend Othbert, Bishop of Liège. He was 56. is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 28 - Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Cardiff Castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner. ... Otbert of Liège (died 1119) was bishop of Liège at the end of the eleventh century (in office 1091-1119)[1].. He was a major figure in the financing of the First Crusade, and an expansionist. ...

His body was buried by the bishop of Liege with suitable ceremony, but by command of the papal legate it was unearthed, taken to Speyer and placed in the at that time unconsecrated chapel of Saint Afra that was build on the side of the Imperial Cathedral. After being released from the sentence of excommunication, the remains were buried in the Speyer cathedral in August 1111. Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a city in Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx. ... Imperial Cathedral in its original context means a cathedral built under the reign of an emperor. ... The Speyer Cathedral (officially: Mariendom (Cathedral of St. ... Events The Synod of Rathbreasail marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan one Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders Births Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (died 1171) Andrei Bogolyubsky, prince of Vladimir...

[edit] Evaluation

Henry IV was known for licentious behaviour in his early years, being described as careless and self-willed. In his later life, he displayed much diplomatic ability. His abasement at Canossa can be regarded as a move of policy to weaken the pope's position at the cost of a personal humiliation to himself. He was always regarded as a friend of the lower orders, was capable of generosity and gratitude, and showed considerable military skill.

[edit] Marriages

Henry's wife Bertha died on December 27, 1087. She was also buried at the Speyer Cathedral. Their children were: Bertha of Savoy, also called Bertha of Turin (21 September 1051–27 December 1087 in Mainz) was the first wife of Emperor Henry IV, and was German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Events May 9 - The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari. ... The Speyer Cathedral (officially: Mariendom (Cathedral of St. ...

1. Agnes of Germany (born 1072), married Frederick I von Staufen, Duke of Swabia.
2. Conrad (February 12, 1074-July 27, 1101)
3. Adelaide, died in infancy
4. Henry, died in infancy
5. Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

In 1089 Henry married Eupraxia of Kiev, a daughter of Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, and sister to his son Vladimir II Monomakh, prince of Kievan Rus. She assumed the name "Adelaide" upon her coronation. In 1094 she joined the rebellion against Henry, accusing him of holding her prisoner, forcing her to participate in orgies, and attempting a black mass on her naked body. Agnes of Germany (1072 – September 24, 1143), was the daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Bertha, daughter of Otto, Count of Maurienne and Adelaide. ... Events William I of England invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake. ... Frederick I von Staufen (1050 – July 21, 1105) was duke of Swabia from 1079 to his death. ... The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia, including the several holders of the title who were also Holy Roman Emperors. ... Conrad II (12 February 1074 – 27 July 1101) was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. As such, he was King of Germany from 1087 to 1098 and also King of Italy from 1093 to 1098. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Births February 12 - Conrad, King of Germany and Italy (d. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. ... Henry IV (left) and son Henry V (right). ... Events Northumbria divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire August 11, powerful Britain Coronation of Rama Varma Kulasekhara in Kerala Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II imposes slavery on the wives of priests Palmyra destroyed by earthquake Byzantine conquest of Crete... Eupraxia of Kiev (1071-9. ... Kievan court in the times of Vsevolod I Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (1030 – 13 April 1093) ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev from 1076 until his death. ... Vladimir Monomakh (Russian: Владимир Мономах; Ukrainian: Володимир Мономах; Christian name Vasiliy, or Basil) (1053 -- May 19, 1125) was undoubtedly the best loved Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus. ... Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the city of Kiev (ru: Ки́ев, Kiev; uk: Ки́їв, Kyiv), from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... // the people of hte black mass religion should ill go worship god insted. ...

[edit] Henry IV in fiction

The title character in the tragedy Enrico IV by Luigi Pirandello is a madman who believes himself to be Henry IV. Enrico IV (Henry IV) is a play by Luigi Pirandello. ... Luigi Pirandello (June 28, 1867 – December 10, 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, and short story writer awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1934. ...

[edit] Notes

[edit] Sources

• Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1988). History of Rome in the Middle Ages. Rome: Newton Compton. 
• Robinson, I.S. (2000). Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. 

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Holy Roman Empire	Otto I • Otto II • Otto III • Henry II • Conrad II • Henry III • Henry IV • Henry V • Lothair II • Frederick I • Henry VI • Otto IV • Frederick II • Henry VII • Louis IV • Charles IV • Sigismund • Frederick III • Maximilian I • Charles V • Ferdinand I • Maximilian II • Rudolph II • Matthias • Ferdinand II • Ferdinand III • Leopold I • Joseph I • Charles VI • Charles VII • Francis I • Joseph II • Leopold II • Francis II

v • d • e Monarchs of Germany

Carolingians: Louis II • Carloman • Louis III • Charles III • Arnulf • Louis the Child • Conradines: Conrad I • Ottonians: Henry I • Otto I • Otto II • Otto III • Henry II Salians: Conrad II • Henry III • Henry IV • Henry V • Supplinburger: Lothair III • Hohenstaufen: Conrad III • Frederick I • Henry VI • Philip • Welf: Otto IV; Hohenstaufen: Frederick II • Conrad IV Habsburg: Rudolf I • Nassau: Adolf • Habsburg: Albert I • Luxemburg: Henry VII • Wittelsbach: Louis IV • Luxemburg: Charles IV • Wenceslaus • Wittelsbach: Rupert • Luxemburg: Sigismund Habsburg: Albert II • Frederick III • Maximilian I • Charles V • Ferdinand I • Maximilian II • Rudolph II • Matthias • Ferdinand II • Ferdinand III • Leopold I • Joseph I • Charles VI Wittelsbach: Charles VII • Lorraine: Francis I • Habsburg-Lorraine: Joseph II • Leopold II • Francis II • Hohenzollern: William I • Frederick III • William II

Ferdinand Gregorovius (January 19, 1821–May 1, 1891) was a German historian who specialized in the medieval history of Rome. ... Henry III, from a miniature of 1040. ... The following list of German Kings and Emperors is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum) was a title used by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire before their coronation by the Pope, and later also by the heir designate of the Empire. ... Conrad II (12 February 1074 – 27 July 1101) was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. As such, he was King of Germany from 1087 to 1098 and also King of Italy from 1093 to 1098. ... King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Henry IV (left) and son Henry V (right). ... Conrad I, also known as Cuno or Kuno (c. ... The following is a list of ru