 |
 | | Heroin | | Systematic (IUPAC) name | (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-
17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate | | Identifiers | | CAS number | 561-27-3 | | ATC code | N02AA09 | | PubChem | 5462328 | | Chemical data | | Formula | C21H23NO5 | | Mol. mass | 369.41 | | Pharmacokinetic data | | Bioavailability | <35% (oral), 44–61% (inhaled)[1] | | Protein binding | 0% (morphine metabolite 35%) | | Metabolism | hepatic | | Half life | 3–5 min (IV, inhaled)[2] | | Excretion | 90% renal as glucuronides, rest biliary | | Therapeutic considerations | | Pregnancy cat. | Category X Heroin may have a number of meanings: Heroin, an opiod drug Heroin (band), a hardcore emo band Heroin (song), a song by The Velvet Underground See also Heroine, a female hero This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x947, 60 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heroin ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x1091, 239 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heroin ...
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ...
A chemical formula is an easy way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ...
A drugs efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. ...
This article is about the drug. ...
Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. ...
The kidneys are important excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
Glucuronide is a substance produced by attaching glucuronic acid to another substance with glycosidic bonds. ...
X-Ray of the bile duct during a laprascopic cholecystectomy A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ...
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The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons, abbreviated SUSDP, is a document used in the regulation of drugs and poisons in Australia. ...
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The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is an Act of Parliament, by which the United Kingdom aims to control the possession and supply of numerous drugs and drug-like substances, as listed under the Act, and to enable international co-operation against illegal drug trafficking. ...
This box: The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ...
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| | Dependence Liability | Extremely High | | Routes | Inhalation, Transmucosal, Intravenous, Oral, Intranasal, Rectal, Intramuscular | Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3, 6-diacetyl ester of morphine (hence diacetylmorphine). The white crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride salt diacetylmorphine hydrochloride. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ...
An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ...
A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). ...
An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...
This article is about the drug. ...
Binomial name L. The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the type of poppy from which opium and all refined opiates such as morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine are extracted. ...
For other uses, see Acetate (disambiguation). ...
As with other opiates, heroin is used both as a pain-killer and a recreational drug. An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ...
An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ...
Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...
One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous injection. When taken orally, heroin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism via deacetylation, making it a prodrug for the systemic delivery of morphine.[1] When the drug is injected, however, it avoids this first-pass effect, very rapidly crossing the blood-brain barrier due to the presence of the acetyl groups, which render it much more lipid-soluble than morphine itself.[2] Once in the brain, it is deacetylated into 3- and 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, which bind to μ-opioid receptors resulting in intense euphoria with the feeling centered in the gut. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. ...
The first pass effect (or first pass metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism. ...
Acetylation describes a reaction, usually with acetic acid, that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. ...
A prodrug is a pharmacological substance (drug) which is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form. ...
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. ...
6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is one of 2 active metabolites of heroin (diacetylmorphine), the other being the much less active 3-monoacetylmorphine (3-MAM). ...
The μ opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. ...
Frequent administration has a high potential for causing addiction and may quickly lead to tolerance. If a continual, sustained use of heroin for as little as three days is stopped abruptly, withdrawal symptoms can appear. This is much shorter than the withdrawal effects experienced from other common painkillers such as oxycodone and hydrocodone.[3][4] This article is about the concept of addiction. ...
Not to be confused with oxytocin. ...
Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring opiates, codeine and thebaine. ...
Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.[5] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, or sell heroin in the United States and the UK. However, under the name diamorphine, heroin is a legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom. Popular street names for heroin include black tar, smack, junk, skag, horse, brain, chaw, chiva, and others. These are specific references to heroin and not used to describe any other drug. Dope could be used to refer to heroin, but may also indicate other drugs, from laudanum a century ago to nearly any contemporary recreational drug. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs Opened for signature March 30, 1961 at New York Entered into force December 13, 1964[1] Conditions for entry into force 40 ratifications Parties 180[2] The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is the international treaty against illicit drug manufacture and trafficking that forms the...
Black tar heroin Black tar heroin is a variety of heroin produced primarily in Mexico, but similar in appearance and texture to so called Home Bake Heroin from New Zealand. ...
This article is about the medicine. ...
[edit] History
 Old advertisement for Bayer Heroin. The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as 3400 BC.[6] The chemical analysis of opium in the 19th century revealed that most of its activity could be ascribed to two ingredients, codeine and morphine. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Bayer AG (IPA pronunciation //) (ISIN: DE0005752000, NYSE: BAY, TYO: 4863 ) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen, Germany in 1863. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (539x790, 120 KB) Summary Self-made photo of pre-war Heroin bottle, originally containing 5 grams of Heroin substance Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (539x790, 120 KB) Summary Self-made photo of pre-war Heroin bottle, originally containing 5 grams of Heroin substance Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Binomial name L. The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the type of poppy from which opium and all refined opiates such as morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine are extracted. ...
Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...
For the band, see Codeine (band). ...
This article is about the drug. ...
Heroin was first processed in 1874 by C.R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London, England. He had been experimenting with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride over a stove for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine, now called diacetylmorphine. The compound was sent to F.M. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis, who reported the following to Wright: St Marys Hospital QEQM building (above) and old section (below) (Photographs by username Hegster) Although there must be many hospitals named St Marys Hospital, the most famous is probably located in Paddington, West London, England. ...
- Doses ... were subcutaneously injected into young dogs and rabbits ... with the following general results ... great prostration, fear, and sleepiness speedily following the administration, the eyes being sensitive, and pupils constrict, considerable salivation being produced in dogs, and slight tendency to vomiting in some cases, but no actual emesis. Respiration was at first quickened, but subsequently reduced, and the heart's action was diminished, and rendered irregular. Marked want of coordinating power over the muscular movements, and loss of power in the pelvis and hind limbs, together with a diminution of temperature in the rectum of about 4° (rectal failure).[7]
Wright's invention, however, did not lead to any further developments, and heroin only became popular after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by another chemist, Felix Hoffmann. Hoffmann, working at the Bayer pharmaceutical company in Elberfeld, Germany, was instructed by his supervisor Heinrich Dreser to acetylate morphine with the objective of producing codeine, a natural derivative of the opium poppy, similar to morphine but less potent and less addictive. But instead of producing codeine, the experiment produced an acetylated form of morphine that was actually 1.5-2 times more potent than morphine itself. Bayer would name the substance "heroin", probably from the word heroisch, German for heroic, because in field studies people using the medicine felt "heroic".[8] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ...
For the band, see Saliva (band). ...
Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ...
In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ...
Felix Hoffmann (January 21, 1868 – February 8, 1946) was a German chemist, who first synthesized medically useful forms of Heroin and Aspirin. ...
Bayer AG (IPA pronunciation //) (ISIN: DE0005752000, NYSE: BAY, TYO: 4863 ) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen, Germany in 1863. ...
Elberfeld is a district of the German town Wuppertal; it was an independent town until 1929. ...
For the band, see Codeine (band). ...
From 1898 through to 1910 heroin was marketed as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough medicine for children. Bayer marketed heroin as a cure for morphine addiction before it was discovered that heroin is converted to morphine when metabolized in the liver, and as such, "heroin" was basically only a quicker acting form of morphine. The company was somewhat embarrassed by this new finding and it became a historical blunder for Bayer.[9]
As with aspirin, Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin following the German defeat in World War I.[10] This article is about the drug. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
In the United States the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in 1914 to control the sale and distribution of heroin. The law did allow heroin to be prescribed and sold for medical purposes. In particular, recreational users could often still be legally supplied with heroin and use it. In 1924, the United States Congress passed additional legislation banning the sale, importation or manufacture of heroin in the United States. It is now a Schedule I substance, and is thus illegal in the United States. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was an American law that regulated and taxed the production, importation, distribution and use of opiates. ...
[edit] Usage and effects  Data from The Lancet shows Heroin to be the most dependence causing and most harmful of 20 drugs. [11] Indicated for:
Recreational uses:
The Lancet is one of the oldest and most respected peer-reviewed medical journals in the world, published weekly by Elsevier, part of Reed Elsevier. ...
Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...
Other uses:
Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...
Look up relaxation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
| Contraindications:
| Side effects[citation needed] Severe:[3] Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A cough medicine or antitussive is a medication given to people to help them stop coughing. ...
In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), refers to frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. ...
In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that increases the risk involved in using a particular drug, carrying out a medical procedure or engaging in a particular activity. ...
Grain alcohol redirects here. ...
Barbituric acid, the basic structure of all barbiturates Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. ...
An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...
An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) or adverse drug event (abbreviated ADE) is an expression that describes the unwanted, negative consequences associated with the use of given medications. ...
Central nervous system: Respiratory arrest is the cessation of the normal tidal flow of the lungs due to paralysis of the diaphragm, collapse of the lung or any number of respiratory failures. ...
For other uses, see Coma (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Cardiovascular & Respiratory: Somnolence (or drowsiness, or hypersomnia) is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping unusually long periods. ...
Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: (1) time, (2) place and (3) person. ...
This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ...
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ...
In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ...
Eyes, Ears, nose, and mouth: Heart rate is the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ...
In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. ...
In medicine, hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means below) to perform needed gas exchange. ...
Shallow breathing is the drawing of minimal breath into the lungs, usually by drawing air into the chest area using the intercostal muscles rather than throughout the lungs via the diaphragm. ...
This article refers to the sight organ. ...
For an alternative meaning, see ear (botany). ...
For other uses, see Nose (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). ...
Gastrointestinal: In medicine, pupil constriction (also known as the pupillary reflex) is reduction of pupil size. ...
Miosis should not be confused with meiosis, the cellular division process involved in sexual reproduction. ...
For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
Urinary System: For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ...
Heaving redirects here. ...
Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ...
The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. ...
Musculoskeletal: Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. ...
For other uses of Muscle, see Muscle (disambiguation). ...
Skeleton is also a winter sport: see skeleton (sport). ...
Neurological: For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ...
For other uses, see Ataxia (disambiguation). ...
Spasticity is a disorder of the bodys motor system in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. ...
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. ...
Psychological: For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ...
Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation. ...
Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ...
Skin: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Look up Confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Confusion can have the following meanings: Unclarity or puzzlement, e. ...
Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...
Psychological addiction, as opposed to physiological addiction, is a persons need to use a drug out of desire for the effects it produces, rather than to relieve withdrawal symptoms. ...
Somnolence (or drowsiness) is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. ...
This article is about the organ. ...
 Diamorphine ampoules for medicinal use | Heroin is used as a recreational drug for the intense euphoria it induces, which diminishes with increased tolerance. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine and other opiates, stems from its perceived different effects;[12] this is unsupported by clinical research. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1460 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heroin Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1460 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heroin Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used...
Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...
In physiology, tolerance occurs when an organism builds up a resistance to the effects of a substance after repeated exposure. ...
This article is about the drug. ...
Controlled studies comparing the physiological and subjective effects of injected heroin and morphine in post-addicts, subjects showed no preference for either drug when administered on a single-injection basis. Equipotent, injected doses had comparable action courses, with no difference in their ability to induce euphoria, ambition, nervousness, relaxation, drowsiness, or sleepiness.[13] Data acquired from short-term addiction studies did not indicate that heroin tolerance develops more rapidly than morphine. The findings have been discussed in relation to the physicochemical properties of heroin and morphine and the metabolism of heroin. When compared to other opioids — hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone, and meperidine, post-addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine lend themselves to abuse and addiction. Morphine and heroin were also much more likely to produce euphoria, and other subjective effects when compared to most opioid analgesics.[14][15] Heroin can be administered several ways, including snorting and injection, and may be smoked by inhaling its vapors when heated, i.e. "chasing the dragon". Hydromorphone is a drug developed in Germany in the 1920s and introduced to the mass market beginning in 1926. ...
Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, first synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium) in the late 1950s, with a potency many times that of morphine. ...
Not to be confused with oxytocin. ...
Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; operidine; pethanol; piridosal; Algil®; Alodan®; Centralgin®; Demerol®; Dispadol®; Dolantin®; Dolestine®; Dolosal®; Dolsin®; Mefedina®) is a fast-acting opioid analgesic drug. ...
An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...
In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ...
Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ...
An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. ...
Chasing the dragon (a slang phrase of Cantonese origin from Hong Kong) refers to inhaling the smoke from heated opium or heroin. ...
Some users mix heroin with cocaine in a "speedball" or "snowball" that usually is injected intravenously, smoked, or dissolved in water and then snorted, producing a more intense rush than heroin alone, but is more dangerous because the combination of the short-acting stimulant with the longer-acting depressant increases the risk of seizure, or overdose with one or both drugs. For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...
Speedballing is a term commonly referring to the intravenous use of heroin (or morphine) and cocaine together in the same needle. ...
Once in the brain, heroin is rapidly metabolized to morphine by removal of the acetyl groups, thus is as a prodrug. Morphine is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier as quickly as heroin, which gives heroin a subjectively stronger 'high'. In either case, a morphine molecule binds with opioid receptors, inducing the subjective, opioid high. Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ...
3D (left and center) and 2D (right) representations of the terpenoid molecule atisane. ...
The onset of heroin's effects depends upon the method of administration; orally, heroin is completely metabolized in vivo to morphine before crossing the blood-brain barrier; the effects are the same as with oral morphine. Snorting results in an onset within 3 to 5 minutes; smoking results in an almost immediate, 7 to 11 seconds, milder effect that strengthens; intravenous injection induces a rush and euphoria usually taking effect within 30 seconds; intramuscular and subcutaneous injection take effect within 3 to 5 minutes. In vivo (Latin for (with)in the living). ...
Heroin metabolizes into morphine, a μ-opioid (mu-opioid) agonist. It acts on endogenous μ-opioid receptors that are spread in discrete packets throughout the brain, spinal cord and gut in almost all mammals. Heroin, along with other opioids, are agonists to four endogenous neurotransmitters. They are β-endorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, and met-enkephalin. The body responds to heroin in the brain by reducing (and sometimes stopping) production of the endogenous opioids when heroin is present. Endorphins are regularly released in the brain and nerves, attenuating pain. Their other functions are still obscure, but are probably related to the effects produced by heroin besides analgesia (antitussin, anti-diarrheal). The reduced endorphin production in heroin users creates a dependence on the heroin, and the cessation of heroin results in extremely uncomfortable symptoms including pain (even in the absence of physical trauma). This set of symptoms is called withdrawal syndrome. It has an onset 6 to 8 hours after the last dose of heroin. The μ opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. ...
Agonists In pharmacology an agonist is a substance that binds to a specific receptor and triggers a response in the cell. ...
Look up Endogenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ...
An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ...
Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response by the cell. ...
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron. ...
For other uses, see Endorphin (disambiguation). ...
Dynorphin (Dyn) is a popular and powerful opioid ligand. ...
Leu-enkephalin is one of the two forms of enkephalin. ...
An enkephalin is a a pentapeptide ending with either leucine (leu) or methionine (met). Enkephalins play many roles in regulating pain. ...
A cough medicine is a drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. ...
An antidiarrhoeal drug is the term used for any medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhoea. ...
Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ...
Large doses of heroin can be fatal. The drug can be used for suicide or as a murder weapon. The serial killer Dr Harold Shipman used it on his victims as did Dr John Bodkin Adams (see his victim, Edith Alice Morrell). It can sometimes be difficult to determine whether a heroin death was an accident, suicide or murder. The deaths of Joseph Krecker, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Layne Staley, and Bradley Nowell.[16] Harold Frederick Fred Shipman (January 14, 1946 – January 13, 2004) was an English general practitioner who was one of the most prolific known serial killers in modern history. ...
John Bodkin Adams, (January 21, 1899–July 4, 1983) was a general practitioner in Eastbourne cleared of murdering one of his patients. ...
Edith Alice Morrell (?? ?? 1868 - 13 November 1949), was a resident of Eastbourne and patient of the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. ...
Janis Lyn Joplin (19 January 1943 – 4 October 1970) was an American singer, songwriter, and music arranger, from Port Arthur, Texas. ...
For other persons named James or Jim Morrison, see James Morrison. ...
Layne Thomas Staley (August 22, 1967 - ca. ...
Bradley James Nowell (February 22, 1968 – May 25, 1996) was an American musician who served as lead singer and guitarist of the popular ska-punk band Sublime. ...
[edit] Regulation In the United States, heroin is a schedule I drug according to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 making it illegal to possess without a DEA license. Possession of more than 100 grams of heroin or a mixture containing heroin is punishable with a minimum mandatory sentence of 5 years of imprisonment in a federal prison.
In Canada heroin is a controlled substance under Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). Every person who seeks or obtains heroin without disclosing authorization 30 days prior to obtaining another prescription from a practitioner is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years. Possession for purpose of trafficking is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for life. The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is Canadas federal drug control statute. ...
In Hong Kong, heroin is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. It can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies heroin without prescription can be fined $10,000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing heroin is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of heroin for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years of jail time. ISO 4217 Code HKD User(s) Hong Kong Inflation 2. ...
In the United Kingdom, heroin is available by prescription, though it is a restricted Class A drug. According to the British National Formulary (BNF) edition 50, diamorphine hydrochloride may be used in the treatment of acute pain, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, and chronic pain. The treatment of chronic non-malignant pain must be supervised by a specialist. The BNF notes that all opioid analgesics cause dependence and tolerance but that this is "no deterrent in the control of pain in terminal illness". When used in the palliative care of cancer patients, heroin is often injected using a syringe driver. Class A is the highest classification of illegal drugs in the United Kingdom. ...
Otherwise known as the doctors prescribing Bible the British National Formulary (BNF) contains a wide spectrum of information on prescribing and pharmacology, among others indications, side effects and costs of the prescription of all medication drugs available on the National Health Service. ...
In chemistry, hydrochlorides are salts resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly amines). ...
Heart attack redirects here. ...
Pulmonary edema is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs. ...
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A syringe driver is a small infusion pump, used to gradually administer small amounts of fluid (with or without medication) to a patient. ...
[edit] Production and trafficking: The Golden Triangle
 Primary worldwide producers of heroin. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
[edit] Manufacturing Heroin is produced for the black market through opium refinement process - first, morphine is isolated from opium. This crude morphine is then acetylated by heating with acetic anhydride. Purification of the obtained crude heroin as a hydrochloride salt provides a water-soluble salt form of white or yellowish powder. This article is about the drug. ...
Crude opium is carefully dissolved in hot water but the resulting hot soup is not boiled. Mechanical impurities - twigs - are scooped together with the foam. The mixture is then made alkaline by gradual addition of lime. Lime causes a number of unwelcome components present in opium to precipitate out of the solution. (The impurities include the useless alkaloids, resins, proteins). The precipitate is removed by filtration through a cloth, washed with additional water and discarded. The filtrates containing water-soluble calcium salt of morphine are then acidified by careful addition of ammonium chloride. This causes the morphine to precipitate. The morphine precipitate is collected by filtration and dried before the next step. The crude morphine (which makes only about 10% of the weight of the used opium) is then heated together with acetic anhydride at 85 °C (185 °F) for six hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled, diluted with water, alkalized with sodium carbonate and the precipitated crude heroin is filtered and washed with water. This crude water-insoluble free-base product (which by itself is usable, for smoking) is further purified and decolourised by dissolution in hot alcohol, filtration with activated charcoal and concentration of the filtrates. The concentrated solution is then acidified with hydrochloric acid, diluted with ether and the precipitated white hydrochloride salt of heroin is collected by filtration. This precipitate is the so-called "no. 4 heroin", the standard product exported to the Western markets. (Side-product residues from purification or the crude free base product are also available on the markets, as the "tar heroin" - a cheap substitute of inferior quality.) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac, sal armoniac, salmiakki, salmiak and salt armoniack) is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt of ammonia with a biting, slightly sour taste. ...
Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ...
The initial stage of opium refining - the isolation of morphine - is relatively easy to perform in rudimentary settings - even by substituting suitable fertilizers for pure chemical reagents. However, the later steps (acetylation, purification, precipitation as hydrochloride) are more involved - they use large quantities of dangerous chemicals and solvents and they require both skill and patience. The final step is particularly tricky as the highly flammable ether can easily ignite during the positive-pressure filtration (the explosion of vapor-air mixture can obliterate the refinery). If the heroin does ignite, the result is a catastrophic explosion.
[edit] History of heroin traffic The origins of the present international illegal heroin trade can be traced back to laws passed in many countries in the early 1900s that closely regulated the production and sale of opium and its derivatives including heroin. At first, heroin flowed from countries where it was still legal into countries where it was no longer legal. By the mid-1920s, heroin production had been made illegal in many parts of the world. An illegal trade developed at that time between heroin labs in China (mostly in Shanghai and Tianjin) and other nations. The weakness of government in China and conditions of civil war enabled heroin production to take root there. Chinese triad gangs eventually came to play a major role in the heroin trade. Triad (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Triad Society) or (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Black Society, a general term for criminal organizations) is a term that describes many branches of Chinese underground society and/or organizations based in Hong Kong and Macau and also operating in Taiwan, mainland...
Heroin trafficking was virtually eliminated in the U.S. during World War II due to temporary trade disruptions caused by the war. Japan's war with China had cut the normal distribution routes for heroin and the war had generally disrupted the movement of opium. After the second world war, the Mafia took advantage of the weakness of the postwar Italian government and set up heroin labs in Sicily. The Mafia took advantage of Sicily's location along the historic route opium took from Iran[citation needed] westward into Europe and the United States. Large scale international heroin production effectively ended in China with the victory of the communists in the civil war in the late 1940s. The elimination of Chinese production happened at the same time that Sicily's role in the trade developed. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Although it remained legal in some countries until after World War II, health risks, addiction, and widespread abuse led most western countries to declare heroin a controlled substance by the latter half of the 20th century.
Between the end of World War II and the 1970s, much of the opium consumed in the west was grown in Iran[citation needed], but in the late 1960s, under pressure from the U.S. and the United Nations, Iran[citation needed] engaged in anti-opium policies. While opium production never ended in Iran[citation needed], the decline in production in those countries led to the development of a major new cultivation base in the so-called "Golden Triangle" region in South East Asia. In 1970-71, high-grade heroin laboratories opened in the Golden Triangle. This changed the dynamics of the heroin trade by expanding and decentralizing the trade. Opium production also increased in Afghanistan due to the efforts of Turkey and Iran[citation needed] to reduce production in their respective countries. Lebanon, a traditional opium supplier, also increased its role in the trade during years of civil war.[citation needed] UN redirects here. ...
The Golden Triangle is one of Asia’s two main illicit opium-producing areas. ...
Soviet-Afghan war led to increased production in the Pakistani-Afghani border regions. It increased international production of heroin at lower prices in the 1980s. The trade shifted away from Sicily in the late 1970s as various criminal organizations violently fought with each other over the trade. The fighting also led to a stepped up government law enforcement presence in Sicily. All of this combined to greatly diminish the role of the country in the international heroin trade.[citation needed]
[edit] Trafficking - See also: Opium production
Traffic is heavy worldwide, with the biggest producer being Afghanistan.[17] According to U.N. sponsored survey,[18] as of 2004, Afghanistan accounted for production of 87 percent of the world's heroin.[19] Opium production in that country has increased rapidly since, reaching an all-time high in 2006. War once again appeared as a facilitator of the trade.[20] This article is about the drug. ...
At present, opium poppies are mostly grown in Afghanistan, and in Southeast Asia, especially in the region known as the Golden Triangle straddling Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Yunnan province in the People's Republic of China. There is also cultivation of opium poppies in the Sinaloa region of Mexico[citation needed] and in Colombia. The majority of the heroin consumed in the United States comes from Mexico and Colombia[citation needed]. Up until 2004, Pakistan was considered one of the biggest opium-growing countries. However, the efforts of Pakistan's Anti-Narcotics Force have since reduced the opium growing area by 59% as of 2001[citation needed]. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
Anthem Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw Largest city Yangon Official languages Burmese Demonym Burmese Government Military junta - Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe - Prime Minister Soe Win - Acting Prime Minister Thein Sein Establishment - Bagan 849–1287 - Taungoo Dynasty 1486–1752 - Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885 - Colonial rule...
For the tea from this region, see Yunnan tea. ...
Location within Mexico Municipalities of Sinaloa Country Mexico Capital Municipalities 18 Government - Governor Jesús Alberto Aguilar Padilla - Federal Deputies PRI: 6 PAN: 2 - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PAN: 1 Area Ranked 18th - Total 58,238 km² (22,485. ...
The Anti Narcotics Force (ANF) is a government controlled organization in Pakistan which targets the eradication of drug supply, drug dealing and organizing rehabilitation programmes. ...
2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous...
Conviction for trafficking in heroin carries the death penalty in most South-east Asia and some East Asia and Middle Eastern countries (see Use of death penalty worldwide for details), among which Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are the most strict. The penalty applies even to citizens of countries where the penalty is not in place, sometimes causing controversy when foreign visitors are arrested for trafficking, for example the arrest of nine Australians in Bali or the hanging of Australian citizen Van Tuong Nguyen in Singapore, both in 2005. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
This article is about the geographical region. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
At one time the death penalty was used in almost every part of the globe; but over the last few decades many countries have abolished it. ...
Michael Czugaj, shown during an interview on the Nine Networks current affairs television program, A Current Affair. ...
Van Tuong Nguyen (Vietnamese: Nguyá»…n TÆ°á»ng Vân , baptised Caleb[1]) (17 August 1980 – 2 December 2005) was an Australian from Melbourne, Victoria convicted of drug trafficking in Singapore. ...
Sandra Gregory has written an autobiography covering her experience of getting caught with Heroin at a Thai airport. Sandra Gregory is the author of Forget You Had a Daughter, which is an autobiographical book about how she managed to end up being caught trying to smuggle heroin out of Thailand. ...
[edit] Risks of non-medical use
 Heroin being cooked in an aluminum can - For intravenous users of heroin (and any other substance), the use of non-steri
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