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Encyclopedia > Heterochromia
For the tightly packed form of DNA, see Heterochromatin.
Heterochromia
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 H21.24
ICD-9 364.53
Complete heterochromia in human eyes: one brown and one hazel
Complete heterochromia in human eyes: one brown and one hazel

In anatomy, heterochromia refers to a difference in coloration, usually of the irides but also of hair or skin. Heterochromia is a result of the relative excess or lack of melanin (a pigment). It may be inherited, or due to genetic mosaicism, or due to disease or injury.[1] For differently-colored eyes, see Heterochromia. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... Image File history File links Heterochromia. ... Image File history File links Heterochromia. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ... This article is about the body feature. ... This article is about the organ. ... Broadly, melanin is any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole blacks and browns or their mixed copolymers. ... Natural Ultramarine pigment in powdered form. ... Biological inheritance is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to characteristics of its parent cell or organism. ... Mosaicism In medicine (genetics), a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one patient, where usually one of the two is affected by a genetic disorder. ... This article is about the medical term. ... Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical. ...


Eye color, specifically the color of the irides, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin.[2][3][4] The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).[5] In humans, usually, an excess of melanin indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indictes hypoplasia. Hazel Eyes redirects here. ... Hyperplasia (or hypergenesis) is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen in e. ...


Heterochromia of the eye (heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridium) is of two kinds. In complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color from the other. In partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia, part of one iris is a different color from its remainder. For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ...

Sectoral heterochromia: a blue iris with a brown section.
Sectoral heterochromia: a blue iris with a brown section.

Partial or sectoral heterochromia is much less common than complete heterochromia and is typically found in autosomally inherited disorders such as Hirschsprung's disease and Waardenburg syndrome. Famous comedian Dan Aykroyd has heterochromia, as do singer/songwriter Carly Simon, actresses Kate Bosworth, Elizabeth Berkley, Mila Kunis, Jane Seymour, actor Christopher Walken, American mixed martial artist Jens Pulver, and Major League Baseball pitcher Max Scherzer. Musician David Bowie is often thought to have heterochromia, but this is not the case as Bowie's eyes are both blue (his left pupil is permanently dilated due to a childhood injury). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (842x517, 154 KB) Summary I took this picture to replace Media:Heterochromia_iridis_01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (842x517, 154 KB) Summary I took this picture to replace Media:Heterochromia_iridis_01. ... An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. ... Hirschsprungs disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by bowel obstruction resulting from an aganglionic section of bowel (the normal enteric nerves are absent) that starts at the anus and progresses upwards. ... Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder most often characterized by varying degrees of deafness, minor defects in structures arising from the neural crest, and pigmentation anomalies. ... Daniel Edward Aykroyd CM (born July 1, 1952) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning Canadian/American comedian, actor, screenwriter, and musician. ... Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945 in New York City) is an Academy Award, Golden Globe and two-time Grammy Award winning American musician who emerged as one of the leading lights of the early 1970s singer-songwriter movement. ... Kate Bosworth (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. ... Elizabeth Berkley (born July 28, 1972[1]) is an American television, film, and stage actress. ... Milena Markovna Kunis (Милена Маркoвна Кунис) (born August 14, 1983), better known as Mila Kunis, is a Ukrainian-American actress. ... Jane Seymour, OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on February 15, 1951) is an English born actress best known as the Bond girl in the James Bond film Live and Let Die and as the star of the American television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman and its telefilm sequels. ... Christopher Walken (born March 31, 1943) is an Academy Award-winning American film and theatre actor. ... Ryan Purwick (top) works the guard of Joaquin Velasco. ... Jens Johnnie Lil Evil Pulver (born December 6, 1974 in Sunnyside, Washington) is an American mixed martial artist (MMA). ... Maxwell M. Scherzer (born July 27, 1984 in St. ... David Bowie (pronounced ) (born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947) is an English musician, actor, producer, arranger, and audio engineer. ...

Contents

Heterochromia in animals

Main article: Odd-eyed cat
Complete heterochromia in a cat: one blue and one green eye
Complete heterochromia in a cat: one blue and one green eye

Although seen in humans, complete heterochromia is more frequently observed in other species, where it almost always involves one blue eye. The blue eye occurs within a white spot, where melanin is absent from the skin and hair. These species include the cat, particularly breeds such as Japanese Bobtail, Turkish Van, and Turkish Angora. These so-called odd-eyed cats are white, or mostly white, with one normal eye (copper, orange, yellow, green), and one blue eye. Among dogs, complete heterochromia is seen often in the Siberian Husky. Horses with complete heterochromia have one brown and one white, gray, or blue eye. Complete heterochromia occurs also in cattle and even water buffalo.[6] An odd-eyed white cat An odd-eyed cat is a cat with one blue eye and one green, orange or yellow eye. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... A Calico (called Mi-ke) Japanese Bobtail cat The Japanese Bobtail is a breed of cat with an unusual bobbed tail more closely resembling the tail of a rabbit than that of an ordinary feline. ... The Turkish Van is a rare, naturally occurring breed of cat from the Lake Van region of present-day Turkey. ... The Turkish Angora (Turkish: Ankara Kedisi) is a breed of domestic cat. ... An odd-eyed white cat An odd-eyed cat is a cat with one blue eye and one green, orange or yellow eye. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... The Siberian Husky (Russian: , Sibirskiy Haski) is a medium-size, dense-coat working dog breed that originated in eastern Siberia. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... For the controversy at the University of Pennsylvania, see Water buffalo incident. ...

Sectoral hypochromia in a blue merle Border Collie
Sectoral hypochromia in a blue merle Border Collie

Sectoral heterochromia, usually sectoral hypochromia, is often seen in dogs, specifically in breeds with merle coats. These breeds include Australian Shepherd and Border Collie. Image File history File linksMetadata DogEye2color_cr_wb. ... Image File history File linksMetadata DogEye2color_cr_wb. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... Blue merle Border Collie puppy Merle is a colour combination in dogs’ coats. ... The Australian Shepherd is a breed of working dog that was developed on ranches in the Western United States. ... The Border Collie is a breed of herding dog that originated in the border country of England and Scotland. ...


Classification based on etiology

Heterochromia is classified primarily by onset: as either genetic or acquired. Although a distinction is frequently made between heterochromia that affects an eye completely or only partially (sectoral heterochromia), it is often classified as either genetic (due to mosaicism or congenital) or acquired, with mention as to whether the affected iris or portion of the iris is darker or lighter.[7] Look up Genetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Genetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mosaicism In medicine (genetics), a mosaic or mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes in one patient, where usually one of the two is affected by a genetic disorder. ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ...

Congenital heterochromia: inherited in autosomal dominant fashion (from men or women).
Congenital heterochromia: inherited in autosomal dominant fashion (from men or women).

Image File history File links Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart. ... Image File history File links Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dominance relationship. ...

Congenital heterochromia

Heterochromia that is congenital is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dominance relationship. ...


Abnormal iris darker

  • Lisch nodules — iris hamartomas seen in neurofibromatosis.
  • Ocular melanosis — a condition characterized by increased pigmentation of the uveal tract, episclera, and anterior chamber angle.
  • Oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota)[5]
  • Pigment dispersion syndrome — a condition characterized by loss of pigmentation from the posterior iris surface which is disseminated intraocularly and deposited on various intraocular structures, including the anterior surface of the iris.
  • Sturge-Weber syndrome — a syndrome characterized by a port-wine stain nevus in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, homolateral meningeal angioma with intracranial calcification and neurologic signs, and angioma of the choroid, often with secondary glaucoma[8][9].
Abnormal iris lighter
  • Simple heterochromia — a rare condition characterized by the absence of other ocular or systemic problems. The lighter eye is typically regarded as the affected eye as it usually shows iris hypoplasia. It may affect an iris completely or only partially.
  • Congenital Horner's syndrome[10] — sometimes inherited, although usually acquired
  • Waardenburg's syndrome[10] — a syndrome in which heterochromia presents as a bilateral iris hypochromia in some cases. A Japanese review of 11 albino children with the disorder found that all had sectoral/partial heterochromia.[11]
  • Piebaldism — similar to Waardenburg's syndrome, a rare disorder of melanocyte development characterized by a white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented macules.
  • Hirschsprung's disease — a bowel disorder associated with heterochromia in the form of a sector hypochromia. The affected sectors have been shown to have reduced numbers of melanocytes and decreased stromal pigmentation.[12]
  • Incontinentia pigmenti[5]
  • Parry-Romberg syndrome[5]

Lisch nodules are iris hamartomas seen in neurofibromatosis. ... A hamartoma is a common benign tumor in an organ composed of tissue elements normally found at that site but that are growing in a disorganized mass. ... Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. ... Ocular Melanosis (OM) is a disease in the eyes which among dogs is almost only found in Cairn Terrier. ... For the Pacific island, see Wallis Island. ... The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera[1]. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenons capsule[1]. In episcleritis, the episclera and Tenons capsule are infiltrated with inflammatory cells [2]. References ^ a b Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye... Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) is an affliction of the eye that, if left untreated, can lead a form of glaucoma known as pigmentary glaucoma. ... // Sturge-Weber syndrome, sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is an extremely rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. ... A port-wine stain or naevus flammeus is a vascular birthmark consisting of superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin which produce a reddish to purplish discoloration of the skin. ... Hypoplasia is an incomplete or arrested development of an organ or a part [1]. It is descriptive of many medical conditions such as: Underdeveloped breasts during puberty. ... Horners syndrome is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system. ... Waardenburg syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with hearing loss and changes in skin and hair pigmentation. ... Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development. ... The macule is the simplest dermatological lesion. ... Hirschsprungs disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by bowel obstruction resulting from an aganglionic section of bowel (the normal enteric nerves are absent) that starts at the anus and progresses upwards. ... Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a disorder that affects the skin, hair, teeth, and nails. ... Parry-Romberg syndrome (sometimes called just Romberg syndrome) is a rare, incurable craniofacial disorder which is characterized by the slow atrophy of the subcutaneous (under the skin) muscle usually on half of the face (hemifacial atrophy). ...

Acquired heterochromia

Heterochromia that is acquired is usually due to injury, inflammation, the use of certain eyedrops, or tumors.

Abnormal iris darker
  • Deposition of material
    • Siderosis — iron deposition within ocular tissues due to a penetrating injury and a retained iron-containing, intraocular foreign body.
    • Hemosiderosis — long standing hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber) following blunt trauma to the eye may lead to iron deposition from blood products
  • Use of certain eyedrops — prostaglandin analogues (latanoprost, isopropyl unoprostone, travoprost, and bimatoprost) are used topically to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. A concentric heterochromia has developed in some patients applying these drugs. The stroma around the iris sphincter muscle becomes darker than the peripheral stroma. A stimulation of melanin synthesis within iris melanocytes has been postulated.
  • Neoplasm — Nevi and melanomatous tumors.
  • Iridocorneal endothelium syndrome[5]
  • Iris ectropion syndrome[5]
Abnormal iris lighter
  • Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis — a condition characterized by a low grade, asymptomatic uveitis in which the iris in the affected eye becomes hypochromic and has a washed-out, somewhat moth eaten appearance. The heterochromia can be very subtle, especially in patients with lighter colored irides. It is often most easily seen in daylight. The prevalence of heterochromia associated with Fuch's has been estimated in various studies[13][14][15] with results suggesting that there is more difficulty recognizing iris color changes in dark-eyed individuals.[15][16]
  • Acquired Horner's syndrome — usually acquired, as in neuroblastoma,[17] although sometimes inherited.
  • Neoplasm — Melanomas can also be very lightly pigmented, and a lighter colored iris may be a rare manifestation of metastatic disease to the eye.

Heterochromia has also been observed in those with Duane syndrome.[18][19] Siderosis is the deposition of iron in tissue. ... Hemosiderosis is a condition affecting the lungs which results in bleeding from tiny alveolar capillaries. ... E1 - Alprostadil I2 - Prostacyclin A prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. ... Latanoprost (pronounced la-TA-noe-prost) ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. ... Travoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye. ... Neoplasia (literally: new growth) is sudden and abnormal growth in a tissue or organ. ... Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. ... Horners syndrome is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system. ... Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in infancy and childhood. ... Neoplasia (literally: new growth) is sudden and abnormal growth in a tissue or organ. ... Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). ... Duane syndrome (DS) is a rare, congenital eye movement disorder most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to turn out. ...

Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ... Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a form of histiocytosis, classified as non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis,[1] or more specifically, type 2.[2] ^ Nakasu S, Tsuji A, Fuse I, Hirai H. Intracranial solitary juvenile xanthogranuloma successfully treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol. ... Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, white; aima αίμα, blood) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ... This article is about lymphoma in humans. ...

Central heterochromia

A grey-blue iris with a greenish-yellow ring showing Central Heterochromia
A grey-blue iris with a greenish-yellow ring showing Central Heterochromia
A grey iris featuring Central Heterochromia
A grey iris featuring Central Heterochromia

Whereas Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridium) is an eye condition in which one iris is a different colour from the other (complete heterochromia), Central Heterochromia (also known as Sectoral Heterochromia) is an eye condition in which there are two different colours in the same iris. Central Heterochromia is where the central (pupillary) zone of the iris is a different colour than the mid-peripheral (ciliary) zone, and may be linked to above average toxic burden in the body.[20] Though not studied widely, Central Heterochromia is the rarest form of Heterochromia.[citation needed] In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ...


Eye colour is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigment within the iris tissues, Anything affecting those factors may result in a difference of colour being observed.[21] This article is about the geographical distribution and social connotations of eye color in humans. ...


The human iris can be seen in a number of various colours. There are three true colors in the eyes that determine the outward appearance; brown, yellow, and grey. How much of each colour an individual has determines the appearance of his or her eye colour.[22]


Eyes displaying Central Heterochromia are often referred to as "cat eyes" because of the appearance of a multi-coloured iris. Central Heterochromia appears to be prevalent in irides containing low amounts of melanin[20][23].Central Heterochromia does not label an eye as hazel. This is because the outer ring of an eye affected by Central Heterochromia is that iris' true colour.[23] For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... Broadly, melanin is any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole blacks and browns or their mixed copolymers. ...


Heterochromiacs from popular culture

Actors

Musicians

David Bowie is often thought to have one brown eye and one blue eye. In fact, both Bowie's eyes are blue, but the pupil of one eye is permanently dilated due to a childhood injury. Elizabeth Berkley (born July 28, 1972[1]) is an American television, film, and stage actress. ... Kate Bosworth (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Milena Markovna Kunis (Милена Маркoвна Кунис) (born August 14, 1983), better known as Mila Kunis, is a Ukrainian-American actress. ... Virginia Madsen (born September 11, 1961) is an American actress. ... Tobias Vincent Maguire (born June 27, 1975) is an American actor. ... Joseph Frank Joe Pesci ( Born February 9, 1943 ) is an Academy Award-winning American actor, comedian and singer. ... Jane Seymour, OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on February 15, 1951) is an English born actress best known as the Bond girl in the James Bond film Live and Let Die and as the star of the American television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman and its telefilm sequels. ... Christopher Walken (born March 31, 1943) is an Academy Award-winning American film and theatre actor. ... Dan Aykroyd (left) with John Belushi in The Blues Brothers Daniel Edward Aykroyd (born July 1, 1952 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is a comedian, actor and screenwriter. ... For other persons named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation). ... Tim McIlrath (born November 3, 1979) is the guitarist and lead singer for the American melodic hardcore band Rise Against. ... Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945 in New York City) is an Academy Award, Golden Globe and two-time Grammy Award winning American musician who emerged as one of the leading lights of the early 1970s singer-songwriter movement. ... Patrick Stump, born Patrick Martin Stumph on April 27, 1984 in Glenview, Illinois, is an American musician, composer and producer. ... Michael James Way (born September 10, 1980) is the bass guitarist for the band My Chemical Romance and is the younger brother of the bands frontman Gerard Way. ...

Others

Gracie Allen (July 26, 1895[1] – August 27, 1964) was an American comedian who became internationally famous as the zany partner and comic foil of husband George Burns. ... Shawn Horcoff (born 17 September 1978) is a professional ice hockey center who was born in Trail, British Columbia. ... Glen Thomas Jacobs (born April 26, 1967) better known by his ring name Kane, is an American professional wrestler. ... Jens Johnnie Lil Evil Pulver (born December 6, 1974 in Sunnyside, Washington) is an American mixed martial artist (MMA). ... Maxwell M. Scherzer (born July 27, 1984 in St. ... Pope Anastasius I -- Pope from 399-401 Anastasius I of the Byzantine Empire -- (c. ... The Clique Series is a young adult book series, written by Lisi Harrison. ...

See also

It has been suggested that Chimarism be merged into this article or section. ... A Calico (called Mi-ke) Japanese Bobtail cat The Japanese Bobtail is a breed of cat with an unusual bobbed tail more closely resembling the tail of a rabbit than that of an ordinary feline. ... This is a list of notable people who have been documented as having heterochromia. ... This is a list of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations. ... An odd-eyed white cat An odd-eyed cat is a cat with one blue eye and one green, orange or yellow eye. ...

References

  1. ^ Imesch PD, Wallow IH, Albert DM. "The color of the human eye: a review of morphologic correlates and of some conditions that affect iridial pigmentation." Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 Suppl 2:S117-23. PMID 9154287.
  2. ^ Wielgus AR, Sarna T. "Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors." Pigment Cell Res. 2005 Dec;18(6):454-64. PMID 16280011.
  3. ^ Prota G, Hu DN, Vincensi MR, McCormick SA, Napolitano A. "Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors." Exp Eye Res. 1998 Sep;67(3):293-9. PMID 9778410.
  4. ^ "All About Eye Color" from Larry Bickford
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Loewenstein, John; Scott Lee (2004). Ophthalmology: Just the Facts. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-140332-9.
  6. ^ Misk NA, Semieka MA, Fathy A. "Heterochromia iridis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)." Vet Ophthalmol. 1998;1(4):195-201. PMID 11397231.
  7. ^ Swann P. "Heterochromia." Optometry Today. January 29, 1999. Accessed November 1, 2006.
  8. ^ van Emelen C, Goethals M, Dralands L, Casteels I. "Treatment of glaucoma in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome." J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2000 Jan-Feb;37(1):29-34. PMID 10714693.
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ a b Wallis DH, Granet DB, Levi L. "When the darker eye has the smaller pupil." J AAPOS. 2003 Jun;7(3):215-6. PMID 12825064.
  11. ^ Ohno N, Kiyosawa M, Mori H, Wang WF, Takase H, Mochizuki M. "Clinical findings in Japanese patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 2." Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jan-Feb;47(1):77-84. PMID: 12586183.
  12. ^ Brazel SM, Sullivan TJ, Thorner PS, Clarke MP, Hunter WS, Morin JD. "Iris sector heterochromia as a marker for neural crest disease." Arch Ophthalmol. 1992 Feb;110(2):233-5. PMID 1736874
  13. ^ Yang P, Fang W, Jin H, Li B, Chen X, Kijlstra A. "Clinical features of Chinese patients with Fuchs' syndrome." Ophthalmology. 2006 Mar;113(3):473-80. Epub 2006 Feb 3. PMID 16458965.
  14. ^ Arellanes-Garcia L, del Carmen Preciado-Delgadillo M, Recillas-Gispert C. "Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis: clinical manifestations in dark-eyed Mexican patients." Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2002 Jun;10(2):125-31. PMID 12778348.
  15. ^ a b Tabbut BR, Tessler HH, Williams D. "Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis in blacks." Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Dec;106(12):1688-90. PMID 3196209.
  16. ^ Bloch-Michel E. "[Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis: current concepts.]" J Fr Ophtalmol. 1983;6(10):853-8. PMID 6368659.
  17. ^ Mehta K, Haller JO, Legasto AC. "Imaging neuroblastoma in children." Crit Rev Comput Tomogr. 2003;44(1):47-61. PMID 12627783.
  18. ^ Khan AO, Aldamesh M. "Bilateral Duane syndrome and bilateral aniridia." J AAPOS. 2006 Jun;10(3):273-4. PMID 16814183.
  19. ^ Shauly Y, Weissman A, Meyer E. "Ocular and systemic characteristics of Duane syndrome." J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993 May-Jun;30(3):178-83. PMID 8350229.
  20. ^ a b Key Ocular Signs for Screening
  21. ^ Wielgus AR, Sarna T. "Melanin in human irides of different colour and age of donors." Pigment Cell Res. 2005 Dec;18(6):454-64
  22. ^ Seddon JM, Sahagian CR, Glynn RJ, Sperduto RD, Gragoudas ES. "Evaluation of an iris colour classification system." The Eye Disorders Case-Control Study Group. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990 Aug;31(8):1592-8. PMID: 2201662
  23. ^ a b Iris Color & Iris Pigmentation
  24. ^ [2]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Heterochromia
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Odd-eyed cats
  • Windows of the Soul / Ron Padova
v • d • e
Sensory system – Visual system – Eye
Fibrous tunic (outer)
Uvea (middle)
Retina (inner)
Anterior segment
Posterior segment
Intraocular muscles
Appearance phenomena of the eye
Eyeshine • Leukocoria • Red-eye effect • Red reflex
Appearance phenomena by the eye
Color appearance (Abney effect • Bezold-Brücke shift • Chromatic adaptation • Purkinje effect)
The human eye is the first element of a sensory system: in this case, vision, for the visual system. ... The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. ... Image of a human eye clearly showing the blood vessels of the conjuntiva. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye. ... Schlemms canal, also known as canal of Schlemm or the scleral venous sinus, is a circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream. ... This is an area of tissue located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humour from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). ... The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera. ... The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ... The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) covers the front of the cornea and consists of several layers of cells. ... The Bowmans membrane is a smooth layer in the eye. ... The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. ... Descemets membrane is the basement membrane that lies between the corneal proper substance, also called stroma, and the endothelial layer of the cornea. ... Corneal endothelium is the inner most layer of the cornea, the corneal endothelium is actually a monolayer of squamate epithelial cells lining the anterior chamber of the eye. ... For the Pacific island, see Wallis Island. ... The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ... The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i. ... The choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruchs membrane in the choroid. ... Bruchs membrane is the innermost layer of the choroid. ... In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ... The stroma of the iris consists of fibers and cells. ... The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ... Schematic diagram of the human eye The ciliary body is the part of the eye containing the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye, with the fovea at the bottom. ... The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. ... Tapetum lucidum in a calf eye, with the retina hanging down. ... anterior segment ... The anterior chamber if the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the corneas innermost surface, the endothelium . ... Schematic diagram of the human eye. ... The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes. ... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. ... Vitreous humour is the clear aqueous solution that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the vertebrate eyeball. ... The zonule of Zinn is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. ... Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems, in red and blue, respectively The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ... The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle of the head that is responsible for accommodation of the eye // The ciliary muscle affects zonular fibers in the eye (fibers that suspend the lens in position during accommodation), enabling changes in lens shape for light focusing. ... The Iris sphincter muscle is a muscle of the human body. ... The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system. ... The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a muscle of the eye. ... Leukocoria refers to an abnormal white hue of the retina when viewed through routine medical ophthalmoscopy. ... The red-eye effect The red-eye effect is seen in many animals as well. ... The red reflex refers to the reddish-orange reflection from the eyes retina that is observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope. ... The Abney Effect is one of many documented phenomena related to color perception. ... The Bezold-Brücke shift is a change in hue perception as intensity changes. ... Color vision is a psychophysical phenomenon that exists only in our minds. ... The Purkinje effect (sometimes called the Purkinje shift, or dark adaptation) is the tendency for the peak sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum at low illumination levels. ...

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heterochromia (101 words)
This is the condition in which one eye differs in color from the other (technically, heterochromia iridum).
Heterochromia may also develop later in childhood or adulthood as a result of injury to the eye, bleeding within the eye, inflammation within the eye, eye tumors, or other conditions.
Heterochromia also can refer to the condition in which a portion of an iris differs in color from the remainder (heterochromia iridis).
Heterochromia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1002 words)
Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridium) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other (complete heterochromia), or where part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia).
Although a distinction is frequently made between heterochromia that affects an eye completely or only partially, it is often classified as either congenital or acquired with mention as to whether the affected iris or portion of the iris is darker or lighter.
Heterochromia that is congenital is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
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