The Heysel Stadium disaster occurred due to football hooliganism in which a retaining wall of the Heysel Stadium in Brussels collapsed on May 29, 1985 during a football match between Liverpool F.C. from England and Juventus F.C. from Italy. 39 people were killed, mostly Italian Juventus fans. The match was the final of the 1985 European Cup tournament. Football hooliganism (sometimes described as the English Disease) is hooliganism by football club supporters. ... King Baudouin Stadium (Heysel Stadium) The Heysel Stadium was a sports ground in north-west Brussels, Belgium. ... For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Soccer redirects here. ... Liverpool Football Club are an English professional football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, who play in the Premier League; they are historically the most successful club in the history of English football, having won more trophies than any other English club. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Juventus redirects here. ... This article is about the year. ... European Cup redirects here. ...

About an hour before the scheduled kick-off time, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged. Juventus fans were forced to retreat, putting pressure on a dilapidated wall, which collapsed away from them with the resulting crush leading to the deaths. The game was played despite the disaster.

In the aftermath, English football clubs were given an indefinite ban by UEFA from all European competitions (lifted after five years) with Liverpool F.C. being excluded for an additional three years.

The disaster has been called "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions."^[1]

Background

In May 1985 Liverpool were the premier football team in Europe, having been European Cup champions in four of the previous eight seasons. However, their Merseyside rivals Everton were the English domestic champions in 1985 and were looking forward to representing England in the following season's European Cup. This article is about the year. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Champions League Logo The UEFA Champions League is an annual international inter-club football competition between Europes most successful clubs, regarded as the most prestigious club trophy in the sport. ... Everton Football Club is an English football club located in the city of Liverpool. ...

Liverpool reached the final again in 1985, and were looking to defend the title that they won by defeating Roma the previous year. Again they would face Italian opposition, Juventus, who were the reigning Cup Winners' Cup holders and had a team comprising many of Italy's 1982 World Cup winning team, plus the mercurial Michel Platini of France, winner of the Ballon d'Or (awarded to European footballer of the year) in 1983, 1984 and 1985. These were the two finest teams in Europe. A.S. Roma (Associazione Sportiva Roma) is a Italian football club. ... The Cup Winners Cup was a football club competition between the winners of the European domestic cup competitions. ... The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th staging of the World Cup, was held in Spain from June 13 to July 11. ... Michel François Platini (born June 21, 1955) is a French former football manager and midfielder, and current president of the UEFA (Union of European Football Associations). ... Andriy Shevchenko with Golden Ball The Ballon dor (from French, English translation is Golden Ball) is a football award, created in 1956 by the French football magazine France Football. ...

Earlier, in January, Liverpool had visited Turin to play Juventus in the European Super Cup. Juve won the game 2–0. There should have been a second match at Anfield, but Liverpool couldn't find time in their schedule for the return leg, so it was postponed until after Heysel, and was never played. For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ... The European Super Cup (UEFA Super Cup) is at stake in an annual football game between the reigning champions of the UEFA Cup(formally UEFA Cup Winners Cup) and the Champions League. ... This article is about the football stadium. ...

1984 - Liverpool vs. Roma

The previous year against Roma the final had coincidentally taken place at Roma's Stadio Olimpico in Rome. Liverpool won the cup on penalties. After the match, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters who were making their way back to their hotels. Many fans were attacked, stabbed and slashed. The appalled Roman press reported that this was not simply a reaction to the defeat, but that Roma fans had stowed weapons in their cars before the game, and had rushed to get them upon the final whistle.^[2] Stadio Olimpico is the major stadium of Rome, Italy. ...

Liverpool's local radio station Radio City also experienced this violence first hand. Many Liverpool supporters were attacked by gangs of Roma fans when they approached the local bus station. Drivers refused to take Liverpool fans on their buses in case they were attacked and many English fans who had been refused travel sought refuge in the British Embassy. Eventually, a volunteer driver agreed to take Liverpool fans on a bus through the city, dropping people off at their respective hotels. Police outriders were required at the front and rear of the bus to protect it. Radio City had a news crew on the bus and interviewed fans who had been stabbed and beaten. None of this violence received any news coverage in the UK national press, but it did in Italy. The only UK paper to publicise this violence was the local Liverpool daily paper The Liverpool Echo, under the headline "The Ecstasy and the Agony". Radio City studios tower Radio City studios tower by night // Radio City 96. ... The Liverpool Echo and Liverpool Daily Post are two newspapers published by Trinity Mirror on Merseyside in the United Kingdom. ...

It has been alleged that after the events of Rome 1984, English hooligans put aside their differences for when Liverpool met Juventus in the 1985 final, and sought to exact revenge. These claims included rumours that many of the most notorious English hooligan firms were there, including MIGS from Luton, Bushwackers from Millwall, the ICF from West Ham and the Gremlins from Newcastle. It is now generally accepted that these rumours were untrue. A hooligan firm (or a simply a firm) is an organised gang that supports a football team, formed with the intent to engage in fights with members of firms from other clubs. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Luton Town F.C. are an English football team based in the town of Luton in Bedfordshire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Millwall Football Club is a professional football team based at the 20,146 capacity New Den Stadium in Zampa Road, Bermondsey, South London, England. ... The Inter City Firm (ICF) was a UK football hooligan firm active in the 1970s and 1980s, affiliated with West Ham United. ... The West Ham United Crest West Ham United F.C are a professional English football club based in East London. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For the Australian club, see Newcastle United Jets. ...

May 29, 1985

Built in 1930, the Heysel Stadium was outdated and, in retrospect, not a suitable venue for a match such as the European Cup Final. Large parts of the stadium were crumbling. Even at the time many felt the ground was patently unsafe for football, with Liverpool Chief Executive Peter Robinson urging UEFA to use another venue.^[3] Chief Executive may refer to: Chief Executive of Hong Kong Chief Executive of Macau Chief Executive Officer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Union Européenne de Football Association or Union of European Football Associations in English, almost always referred to by the acronym UEFA (pronounced (you-AY-fuh) or (oo-Ay-fuh) or ), is the administrative and controlling body for European football. ...

The stadium was crammed with 58,000–60,000 supporters, with more than 25,000 for each team. The two ends behind the goals comprised all-standing terraces, each end split into three zones. The Juventus end was O, N and M. At the other end Liverpool were allocated X and Y, with the Z section (to one side) being reserved for neutral Belgian fans. The idea of this large neutral area was opposed by both Liverpool and Juventus,^[4] as it would provide an opportunity for fans of both clubs to obtain tickets from agencies or from ticket touts outside the ground and thus create a dangerous mix of fans. Tout is a semi-colloquial, mainly British term for a person who earns money by reselling tickets to popular events. ...

At the time Brussels, like the rest of Belgium, had a large Italian community, and many expatriate Juventus fans bought the section Z tickets.^[5] Added to this, many tickets were bought up and sold by travel agents, mainly to Juventus fans. A small percentage of the tickets ended up in the hands of Liverpool fans.

To add to the tension, the Liverpool X and Y sections were overcrowded after many fans managed to get in without tickets, and most of the fans had been drinking all day.^[6] The situation was volatile.

Confrontation

At approximately 7pm local time, an hour before kick-off, the trouble started.^[7] The Liverpool and Juventus supporters in sections Y and Z stood merely yards apart. The boundary between the two was marked by temporary chicken-wire fencing and a central thinly-policed no-man's land.^[8] It is not clear who started throwing missiles; but as a result missiles began to be exchanged across the divide. One often-quoted source of the missiles was the crumbling stadium itself; fans could literally pick up stones from the terraces beneath them. A Chain link fence is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized steel wire. ...

As kick-off approached, the throwing became more intense. A group of Liverpool fans charged across the terraces, through and over the wire fence into section Z causing the Juventus fans to retreat. Having no way out, the Juventus fans moved towards the side perimeter wall, near to the corner flag. Some tried to climb over the wall to escape. The aging wall could not withstand the weight and collapsed.

It was at this point that the majority of the deaths occurred - 39 people died, and a further 600 were injured.^[8][9] Bodies were carried away on sections of iron fencing and laid in piles outside, covered with giant football flags. As police and medical helicopters flew in, the down-draught blew away the modest coverings. The situation became chaotic. For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ...

In retaliation for the events in section Z, Juventus fans then rioted at their end of the stadium. They advanced down the stadium running track towards the Liverpool supporters seeking confrontation, but police intervention stopped the advance. The Juventus fans fought the police with rocks, bottles and missiles for two hours. One even fired a pistol^[10] (later verified as being a starting pistol). When the game eventually kicked off, riot police were still fighting a pitched battle with Juventus supporters, and they maintained a presence around the entire pitch for the duration of the game. A starting pistol is a handgun (typically a revolver) that is fired to start track and field events. ...

A much overlooked part of the tragedy is that, before the real match, a friendly game was played by very young Belgian selection players. By pure coincidence, the teenagers were playing in colours identical to the cup contestants. In their first half, the red Belgian team built a 3-0 lead, to the great pleasure of Liverpool fans who started acting as if the Cup game had already started. When the white selection team scored in the second half, around 19.10, the British and Italian fans were starting to brawl. With several minutes to go, the game was called off and the young players were taken away. [1]

39 victims

39 football fans died in the incident, 32 Italian fans of Juventus FC, 4 Belgians, 2 French and an Irishman. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. ...

Juventus 1-0 Liverpool

Despite the scale of the disaster, it was felt that abandoning the game would have risked inciting further trouble, and the match eventually kicked off after the captains of both sides spoke to the crowd and appealed for calm. Although accounts vary, it appears that most players from both teams were unaware that there had been deaths. Indeed, some supporters have said that it wasn't until after the game that they found out that people had died.

Juventus won the match 1-0 thanks to a controversial penalty scored by Michel Platini. The penalty was awarded by Swiss referee Daina for a foul against Zbigniew Boniek, but the foul was clearly committed outside the penalty area.^[11] This created some conjectures about the intent of favouring Juventus in order to avoid extra time. Players taking up positions prior to a penalty kick; note that the goalkeeper is not yet in the required position A penalty kick is a type of free kick in association football (soccer), taken from twelve yards (eleven metres) out from goal and with only the goalkeeper of the defending... Michel François Platini (born June 21, 1955) is a French former football manager and midfielder, and current president of the UEFA (Union of European Football Associations). ... Zbigniew Boniek (IPA: ) (born March 3, 1956 in Bydgoszcz) is a famous Polish football player. ...

At the end of the game, the Juventus players celebrated their victory in the middle of the pitch and outside. It is debated whether they were aware of the dead. In 1995 Stefano Tacconi - Juventus goalkeeper said: "We knew that in the Heysel some people had died down in the sector Z. We were told by the plenty, plenty fans that had arrived to our changeroom to receive medical attention.".^[12] On the other hand, the former Juventus president Giampiero Boniperti recently maintained in his biography to "have ordered the changerooms to be locked and no information should have been leaked inside" since he feared the players could have been assaulted.^[13] Consistent statements have been released by Juventus striker Paolo Rossi^[14] Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Stefano Tacconi (born 13 May 1957 in Perugia) is a Italian former professional football player, well rememberd for his skill as a goalkeeper as well for his lively, outspoken person. ... A football goalkeeper leaves the ground to parry a shot on goal In many team sports, a goalkeeper (termed goaltender, netminder, goalie, or keeper in some sports) is a designated player that is charged with directly preventing the opposite team from scoring by defending the goal. ... Giampiero Boniperti (born July 4, 1928) was an Italian football player who played for Juventus between 1946 and 1961. ... Strikers, also known as forwards and attackers, and formerly inside forwards, are the players on a team in football in the row nearest to the opposing teams goal, who are therefore principally responsible for scoring goals. ... Paolo Rossi (born September 23, 1956) is an Italian former football (soccer) player. ...

Aftermath

Officially the entire blame for the incident was laid on the fans of Liverpool FC. On May 30 official UEFA observer Gunter Schneider said "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt." UEFA, the organiser of the event, the owners of Heysel Stadium and the Belgian police were never investigated for culpability. There was no official inquiry into the causes of the disaster.^[5] is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Union Européenne de Football Association or Union of European Football Associations in English, almost always referred to by the acronym UEFA (pronounced (you-AY-fuh) or (oo-Ay-fuh) or ), is the administrative and controlling body for European football. ...

On May 31, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher put pressure upon the FA to withdraw English clubs from European competition,^[15] and then two days later UEFA banned English clubs for "an indeterminate period of time". On June 6 FIFA extended the ban to all worldwide matches, but this was modified one week later to allow friendly matches to take place. The ban did not apply to the English national team. English clubs were banned indefinitely from European club competitions with a proviso being added that Liverpool would serve a further three year ban after the ban on other English clubs had been lifted.^[16] In the event English clubs were banned for five years. Liverpool in the end only served one year of the extra three year ban. is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in...

The British police undertook a thorough investigation to bring to justice the perpetrators. Some 17 minutes of film and many still photographs were examined. TV Eye produced an hour-long programme featuring the footage and the British press also published the photographs.

There were 27 arrests on suspicion of manslaughter – the only extraditable offence applicable to events at Heysel. Approximately 60 per cent were from Liverpool and the remainder from places that ranged from Aberdeen to Ipswich. Some of these people had previous convictions for football-related violence. In 1989, after a 5-month trial in Belgium, fourteen Liverpool fans were given 3-year sentences for involuntary manslaughter.^[17] Half the terms were suspended^[18] and it is unclear how many served their sentences. Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. ...

Heysel Stadium continued to be used for hosting athletics for almost 10 years, but no further football matches took place in the old stadium. In 1995 the stadium was demolished and the King Baudouin Stadium built on the site. In 1996 the new stadium welcomed the return of football to Heysel in the form of a friendly match between Belgium and Germany. It then hosted a major European final on May 8, 1996 when Paris Saint-Germain defeated Rapid Vienna 1–0 to win the Cup Winners Cup. The Heysel Stadium was a sports ground in north-west Brussels, Belgium. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Paris Saint-Germain FC, or PSG, is a French football club based in Paris. ... The Sportklub Rapid Wien or SK Rapid Wien is one of the two large football teams in Vienna. ...

Players' and supporters' reactions

Several Juventus players and supporters have expressed unhappiness with the way Juventus dealt with the incident, in that they displayed the trophy in their trophy cabinet straight after the game, and didn't do enough to help the bereaved families, for example, not having any kind of memorial to the supporters who died.^[17]

Some Liverpool players and supporters feel that it was wrong to entirely apportion the blame for the disaster on Liverpool supporters, and that other factors, such as the ticketing arrangements and inadequate policing, contributed to the events. The fact that there was never an official inquiry also raised eyebrows.

Consequences for football in England

The ban from European competition undoubtedly had a profound effect on the game in England. Before the 5-year ban English clubs had been dominant in European competition with 6 consecutive European cup victories, 1977–1982, and again in 1984. Since the ban ended in 1990, English teams have only won the tournament twice. Liverpool, had already captured four titles within the 8 year span, but they would have to wait twenty-one years to win the fifth. This also increased the pressure on English clubs to perform well in the 'home leagues'. The 2005 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match that took place at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey on May 25, 2005 and lasted until the early hours of May 26, 2005. ...

After Heysel, English clubs began to impose stricter rules intended to make it easier to prevent trouble-makers from attending games. However, the main reforms did not come until after the Hillsborough disaster (also involving Liverpool supporters), in which 96 people died in 1989. The Memorial at Hillsborough. ...

An example of the new rules is that fans are now often required to become members of clubs in order to apply for game tickets, and closed-circuit cameras have been installed throughout stadiums. Fans who misbehave can have their tickets revoked and be legally barred from attending games at any English stadium. television cameras for surveillance. ...

Teams affected by the ban

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007)

During the duration of the ban arising from the Heysel disaster, 17 teams missed out on the chance to play in the three European competitions. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

Even after the ban was lifted in 1990, English teams had to wait five seasons before earning back all of the European places which they had held before 1985. This affected eight teams, who missed qualification for the UEFA Cup until and including the 1994-95 tournament. Liverpool Football Club are an English professional football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, who play in the Premier League; they are historically the most successful club in the history of English football, having won more trophies than any other English club. ... Everton Football Club is an English football club located in the city of Liverpool. ... Arsenal Football Club (also known as Arsenal, The Arsenal or The Gunners) are an English professional football club based in Holloway, north London. ... Current season Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is an English professional football club which currently plays in the Premier League. ... Manchester United Football Club are a world-famous English football club, based at the Old Trafford stadium in Trafford, Greater Manchester, and are one of the most popular sports clubs in the world, with over 50 million supporters worldwide. ... Chelsea Football Club (also known as The Blues or previously The Pensioners) are an English professional football club based in west London. ... Norwich City Football Club (also known as The Canaries) is an English professional football club based in Norwich, Norfolk. ... Nottingham Forest Football Club is an English professional football club based at The City Ground in Nottingham, England. ... Southampton Football Club is a professional English football team, nicknamed The Saints and based in the city of Southampton. ... For the Northern Irish football club, see Oxford United Stars F.C. Oxford United Football Club are an English football team who are currently playing in the fifth tier of English football for the 2007–08 season. ... Current season West Ham United Football Club is an English football club based in Upton Park, London Borough of Newham, East London, and have played their home matches at the 35,303 capacity Boleyn Ground stadium since 1904. ... SWFC redirects here. ... Luton Town Football Club are an English football team based in the town of Luton in Bedfordshire. ... Queens Park Rangers Football Club is an English football club, based at Shepherds Bush in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in West London. ... Current season Derby County Football Club are an English football club based in Derby. ... Coventry City Football Club, otherwise known as the Sky Blues owing to the traditional colour of their strip, is an English football club based in Coventry, England. ... This article refers to the original club from London which existed until 2003. ...

Current season Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is an English professional football club which currently plays in the Premier League. ... Arsenal Football Club (also known as Arsenal, The Arsenal or The Gunners) are an English professional football club based in Holloway, north London. ... Chelsea Football Club (also known as The Blues or previously The Pensioners) are an English professional football club based in west London. ... Crystal Palace Football Club is an English professional football team based in the London Borough of Croydon. ... Leeds United Football Club is the only professional association football club in the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire. ... Manchester City Football Club is an English professional football club based in the city of Manchester. ... Arsenal Football Club (also known as Arsenal, The Arsenal or The Gunners) are an English professional football club based in Holloway, north London. ... Manchester City Football Club is an English professional football club based in the city of Manchester. ... Blackburn Rovers Football Club are an English Premier League football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire. ... Queens Park Rangers Football Club is an English football club, based at Shepherds Bush in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in West London. ... Leeds United Football Club is the only professional association football club in the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire. ...

Commemorations

The Kop creates a mosaic saying "Amicizia" ("Friendship")

During Euro 2000, all the members of the Italian team left flowers on the site, in honour to the dead fans of Juventus. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (949x299, 110 KB) Summary Photo of the Amicizia banner held up by Liverpool fans in the Champions League tie against Juventus in 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (949x299, 110 KB) Summary Photo of the Amicizia banner held up by Liverpool fans in the Champions League tie against Juventus in 2005. ... This article is about the football stadium. ... The 2000 UEFA UEFA European Championship, or Euro 2000, was the 11th UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and organised by UEFA, footballs governing body in Europe. ...

On May 29, 2005, a £140,000 sculpture was unveiled at the new Heysel stadium, to commemorate the disaster. The monument is a sundial designed by French artist Patrick Rimoux and includes Italian and Belgian stone and the poem Funeral Blues by Englishman W. H. Auden to symbolise the sorrow of the three nations. 39 lights shine, one for each who died that night.^[19] is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Sundial (disambiguation). ... Funeral Blues is a poem first published in 1936 by W. H. Auden. ... Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) IPA: ;[1], who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. ...

Juventus and Liverpool were drawn together in the quarter-finals of the 2005 Champions League. This match took place 20 years after the Heysel incident and was the first time the clubs faced each other since that time. Before the first leg at Anfield Liverpool fans held up placards to form a banner saying "amicizia" ("friendship" in Italian) - the first time Liverpool FC have acknowledged or commemorated the disaster. Some Juventus fans applauded the gesture, but others chose to turn their backs on it.^[20] The 2004-05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFAs premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992. ... This article is about the football stadium. ...

The second leg in Turin was played against a backdrop of crowd trouble as Juventus fans clashed with police, attacked Liverpool supporters and threw missiles.^[21] Liverpool ended up winning the tie 2-1, enroute to their 2005 Champions League victory. For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ...

References in pop culture

• The disaster was the subject of a song titled "38" by Revolting Cocks.

• British composer Michael Nyman made a piece called "Memorial" which was originally part of a larger work of the same name written in 1985 in memory of the Juventus fans who died at Heysel Stadium.

• Claudio Baglioni, in his song "Naso di Falco", wonders "chi ha schiacciato i cuori dell'Heysel" ("who crushed the hearts in Heysel").

• The Icicle Works, in a song from their 1987 album If You Want to Defeat Your Enemy, Sing His Song, had a song entitled 'Up here in the North of England'. The song laments the depths the City of Liverpool sunk to at the end of the 1980s, and refers to the Heysel Disaster in the line 'McDonalds finally found us, and we're folklore in Turin, we used to pull the ships in, now we're going down, look at the state we're in'

Revolting Cocks (often abbreviated Revco) were a musical side-project for Alain Jourgensen (Ministry) and Luc Van Acker. ... This article is about the composer/musician Michael Nyman. ... Claudio Baglioni is an Italian musician. ... The Icicle Works were an independent English band of the 1980s. ...

See also

• 1985 European Cup Final
• Football hooliganism
• Hillsborough disaster

The 1985 European Cup Final was played between Liverpool FC of England and Juventus FC of Italy at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium on May 29th, 1985. ... Football hooliganism (sometimes described as the English Disease) is hooliganism by football club supporters. ... The Memorial at Hillsborough. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Heysel Tragedy article on LFC Online
• BBC Sports columnist Alan Hansen - Reds tie evokes Heysel memories
• DoubleBand Films documentary on The Heysel Stadium Disaster
• Football Violence in Europe Paper by the Social Issues Research Centre
• Memorial Italian Fansite Memorial Fansite (In Italian)
• Videos

The Social Issues Research Centre (SIRC) is an independent non-profit agency researching on social and lifestyle issues. ...

Journal Articles

- The International Journal of the History of Sport; Football hooliganism as a transnational phenomenon: Past and present analysis: A critique – More specificity and less generality, (Routledge; Volume 24, Number 4/April 2007)

- Soccer and Society, (Routledge; Volume 5, Number 2/Summer 2004)

- Soccer and Society, 'Heads in the Sand': Football, Politics and Crowd Disasters in Twentieth-Century Britain, (Routledge; Volume 5, Number 2/Summer 2004)

- Soccer and Society, English Football Fan Groups in the 1990s: Class, Representation and Fan Power, (Routledge; Volume 5, Number 2/Summer 2004)

- Soccer and Society, For Club and Country: Taking Football Disorder Abroad, (Routledge; Volume 3, Number 1/Spring 2002)

- Soccer and Society, Hit and tell: A review essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir, (Routledge; Volume 5, Number 3/Autumn 2004)

- Soccer and Society, The Nature and Extent of Football Hooliganism in England and Wales, (Routledge; Volume 7, Number 4/December 2006)

- Soccer and Society, The Ownership and Control of Elite Club Competition in European Football, (Routledge; Volume 8, Number 1/January 2007)

- Soccer and Society, This Sporting Life: The Realism of The Football Factory, (Routledge; Volume 8, Number 1/January 2007)

- Soccer and Society, 'Protect Me From What I Want’: Football Fandom, Celebrity Cultures and ‘New’ Football in England, (Routledge; Volume 7, Number 1/January 2006)